Nsomba - nsomba zakuya zam'nyanja, okhala m'madzi ozizira a Antarctic. Dzinalo "fishfish "limagwirizanitsa mtundu wonsewo, womwe umaphatikizapo mitundu ya Antarctic ndi Patagonian. Amasiyana mofananamo, amakhala ndi moyo wofanana. Mitundu ya Patagonian ndi Antarctic toothfish imadzaza pang'ono.
Mitundu yonseyi imakocheza kunyanja za Antarctic. Dzinalo lodziwika kuti "toothfish" limabwereranso ku mawonekedwe apadera a zida za mano a mano: pa nsagwada zamphamvu pali mizere iwiri ya mano a canine, yopindika pang'ono mkati. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsombazi ziziwoneka zosasangalatsa.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Nsomba — nsomba wolanda nyama, wolusa komanso wosasankha. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika mamita 2. Kulemera kumatha kupitirira makilogalamu 130. Ndi nsomba yayikulu kwambiri yomwe ili m'nyanja za Antarctic. Gawo la mtanda wa thupi ndi lozungulira. Thupi limayenda bwino kutsogolo. Mutu ndi waukulu, amawerengera 15-20 peresenti ya kutalika kwa thupi lonse. Wofewa pang'ono ngati nsomba zambiri zapansi.
Pakamwa pake pamakhala ndi milomo yothinana, yotetemera, yokhala ndi nsagwada zowonekera kwambiri. Mano a mkanda, amatha kugwira nyama ndikulumata chipolopolo cha nyama yopanda nyama. Maso ndi akulu. Zili choncho kuti gawo lamadzi likhale loyang'ana, osati kokha mbali ndi kutsogolo, komanso pamwamba pa nsomba.
Mphunoyi, kuphatikizapo nsagwada zakumunsi, ilibe mamba. Ma slill amadzaza ndi zokutira zamphamvu. Kumbuyo kwawo kuli zipsepse zazikulu za pectoral. Ali ndi 29 nthawi zina ma radiation otanuka 27. Masikelo omwe ali pansi pa zipsepse za pectoral ndi ctenoid (wokhala ndi gawo lakunja lakunja). Thupi lonse, ndi cycloid yaying'ono (yokhala ndi m'mbali mwake).
Toothfish ndi imodzi mwamitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya nsomba
Pali zipsepse ziwiri motsatira mzere wakumbuyo. Choyamba, chakumaso, chili ndi kuwala kwa 7-9 kwa sing'anga kuuma. Chachiwiri chimakhala ndi matabwa pafupifupi 25. Mchira ndi kumapeto kwake kumakhala kofanana. Chowoneka bwino chosalala chopanda ma lobes otchulidwa, pafupifupi mawonekedwe amakona atatu. Kapangidwe kameneka ndizofanana ndi nsomba za notothenium.
Toothfish, monga nsomba zina za notothenium, nthawi zonse imakhala m'madzi ozizira kwambiri, amakhala ozizira kwambiri. Chilengedwe chimakumbukira izi: m'magazi ndi madzi ena am'madzi a nsomba mumakhala ma glycoprotein, shuga, kuphatikiza mapuloteni. Amalepheretsa kupangidwa kwa makhiristo oundana. Ndizoletsa zachilengedwe.
Magazi ozizira kwambiri amakhala owoneka bwino. Izi zitha kubweretsa kuchepa kwa ntchito ya ziwalo zamkati, kupangika kwa magazi ndi mavuto ena. Thupi la nsombazi laphunzira kuchepa magazi. Ili ndi ma erythrocyte ochepa ndi zinthu zina zosiyanitsidwa kuposa nsomba wamba. Zotsatira zake, magazi amathamanga kwambiri kuposa nsomba wamba.
Monga nsomba zambiri zapansi ,fishfish ilibe chikhodzodzo. Koma nsomba nthawi zambiri imakwera kuchokera pansi mpaka kumtunda kwa gawo lamadzi. Ndizovuta kuchita izi popanda chikhodzodzo. Pofuna kuthana ndi ntchitoyi, thupi la nsomba lidapeza mphamvu zokhazokha: pali mafuta omwe amapezeka m'misempha ya nsombazo, ndipo m'mafupa mwake mumakhala mchere wocheperako.
Toothfish ndi nsomba yomwe ikukula pang'onopang'ono. Kulemera kwakukulu kwambiri kumachitika mzaka 10 zoyambirira za moyo. Pofika zaka 20, kukula kwa thupi kumayima. Kulemera kwa nsombayi pamsinkhuwu kumapitilira chizindikiro cha 100 kilogalamu. Ndi nsomba yayikulu kwambiri pakati pa notothenia potengera kukula ndi kulemera kwake. Nyama zolemekezeka kwambiri pakati pa nsomba zomwe zimakhala m'madzi ozizira a Antarctic.
Pakuya mtunda, nsomba sizimadalira kumva kapena kuwona. Mzere wotsatira umakhala chida chachikulu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mitundu yonse iwiri ilibe imodzi, koma mizere iwiri yotsatira: kupindika ndi kwamankhwala. Mu Patagonian toothfish, mzere wamankhwala umaonekera kutalika kwake konse: kuyambira kumutu mpaka kutsogolo. Mbali yake yokha ndi yomwe imawonekera ku Antarctic.
Pali kusiyana kochepa pakati pa mitundu. Izi zikuphatikiza malo omwe amapezeka pamutu pa mitundu ya Patagonian. Ndiwosakhalitsa ndipo ali pakati pa maso. Chifukwa chakuti mtundu wa Patagonian umakhala m'madzi ofunda pang'ono, mulibe zachilengedwe zoziziritsa kukhosi m'magazi ake.
Mitundu
Toothfish ndi mtundu wina wa nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray, zomwe zimawerengedwa pakati pa banja la Notothenia. M'mabuku a sayansi, mtundu wafishfish umawoneka ngati Dissostichus. Asayansi apeza mitundu iwiri yokha yomwe ingaganizidwe kuti ndi nsomba.
- Patagonian toothfish... Malowa ndi madzi ozizira a Nyanja Yakumwera, Atlantic. Amakonda kutentha pakati pa 1 ° C ndi 4 ° C. Imadutsa panyanja pakuya mamita 50 mpaka 4000. Asayansi amatcha nsombazi kuti Dissostichus eleginoides. Inapezeka m'zaka za zana la 19 ndipo imaphunziridwa bwino.
- Nsomba yotchedwa Antarctic toothfish... Mitunduyi imakhala yapakatikati ndi pansi panyanja kumwera kwa kutalika kwa 60 ° S. Chinthu chachikulu ndikuti kutentha sikuposa 0 ° C. Dzinalo ndi Dissostichus mawsoni. Iwo anafotokoza yekha m'ma XX. Zina mwazinthu zamoyo ku Antarctic sizikudziwika.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Toothfish imapezeka kuchokera kugombe la Antarctica. Malire akumpoto amtunduwu amathera ku Uruguay. Apa mutha kupeza Patagonian toothfish. Malowa samangokhala madzi akulu okha, komanso akuya kwambiri. Kuchokera pamtunda wapamwamba, ma 50-pelagials mpaka 2-km pansi.
Nsombazi zimasunthira mopingasa komanso mozungulira chakudya. Imayenda mozungulira mwachangu, kupita kuzama zosiyanasiyana popanda kuwononga thanzi. Asayansi sanadziwebe momwe nsomba imatha kupilira kuthamanga. Kuphatikiza pa zosowa za chakudya, kutentha kumakakamiza nsombazo kuti ziyambe ulendo wawo. Thupi lafishfish silikonda madzi ofunda kuposa 4 ° C.
Agalu ndiwo omwe amasakidwa ndi nsomba zam'badwo uliwonse. Gulu la nsomba zambiri za nyamayi zimaukira bwinobwino. Ndi squid yakuya yakunyanja, maudindo amasintha. Akatswiri a sayansi ya moyo ndi asodzi amati chilombo cham'madzi chamiyala yambiri, simungachitchule kuti nyamayi ina yayikulu, imagwira ndikudya ngakhale nsomba yayikulu.
Kuphatikiza pa cephalopods, mitundu yonse ya nsomba, krill, imadyedwa. Otsatira ena. Nsombazo zimatha kuchita ngati wonyezimira. Samanyalanyaza kudya anzawo: nthawi zina, amadya ana awo omwe. Pa shelufu yadziko lonse, nsombazi zimasaka nkhanu, siliva ndi notothenia. Chifukwa chake, amakhala wopikisana nawo pachakudya cha ma penguin, anamgumi amizeremizere, ndi zisindikizo.
Pokhala nyama zolusa zazikulu, nsomba zam'madzi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosaka. Nyama zam'madzi nthawi zambiri zimaukira nsomba zonenepa, zolemera. Toothfish ndi gawo la zakudya zam'madzi ndi anamgumi opha. Nsomba yotchedwa Toothfish pachithunzichi nthawi zambiri amajambulidwa ndi chidindo. Kwa nsombazo, ichi ndiye chomaliza, osati chithunzi chosangalatsa konse.
Squid ndiye chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri nsomba za mano.
Toothfish ili pafupi kwambiri ndi mndandanda wazakudya zam'madzi aku Antarctic. Nyama zikuluzikulu zam'madzi ndizodya zomwe zimadalira. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo awona kuti ngakhale nsomba zochepa za toothfish zachititsa kuti kadyedwe ka anamgumi aphe asinthe. Anayamba kuukira anzawo ambiri nthawi zambiri.
Gulu la toothfish silikuyimira gulu lalikulu, logawidwa mofanana. Awa ndi anthu angapo akomweko omwe amakhala okhaokha. Zambiri kuchokera kwa asodzi zimapereka tanthauzo la malire amitundu. Kafukufuku wa majini akuwonetsa kuti kusinthana kwamitundu ina pakati pa anthu kulipo.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timamvetsetsa bwino. Sizikudziwika bwinobwino kuti nsombazi zimatha kubereka msinkhu wanji. Mitunduyi imakhala yazaka 10 mpaka 12 mwa amuna, zaka 13 mpaka 17 mwa akazi. Chizindikiro ichi ndi chofunikira. Nsomba zokha zomwe zakwanitsa kupatsa ana zimayenera kugwidwa.
Patagonian toothfish imabereka chaka chilichonse, osasamukira kwina kulikonse kuti akwaniritse izi. Koma kusunthira kuzama pafupifupi 800 - 1000 m kumachitika. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, Patagonian toothfish imakwera kumalo okwera kwambiri kuti ibereke.
Kuberekana kumachitika mu Juni-Seputembala, nthawi yachisanu ku Antarctic. Mtundu wobalalika ndi pelagic. Caviar ya mano inasesa m'mbali yamadzi. Monga nsomba zonse zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njirayi, nsombazi zazimayi zimatulutsa mazira mazana, mpaka mazira miliyoni. Mazira oyandama mwaulere amapezeka ndi goome yamphongo yamphongo. Akasiya okha, mazirawo amalowa m'madzi.
Kukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi itatu. Mphutsi yomwe ikubwera imakhala gawo la plankton. Pambuyo pa miyezi 2-3, mchilimwe ku Antarctic, nsomba zamankhwala zazing'ono zimatsikira patali, ndikukhala bathypelagic. Mukamakula, kuzama kwakukulu kumadziwika. Potsirizira pake, Patagonian toothfish imayamba kudyetsa kuya kwa 2 km, pansi.
Njira zopangira kuswana kwa nsomba ku Antarctic sizinaphunzirepo kwenikweni. Njira yoberekera, kutalika kwa kukula kwa mluza komanso kusuntha kwakanthawi kwa ana kuchokera kumtunda kupita kumtunda ndikofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi Patagonian toothfish. Moyo wa mitundu yonseyi ndiwotalika. Akatswiri a zamoyo amati mitundu ya Patagonian ikhoza kukhala ndi moyo zaka 50, ndi Antarctic 35.
Mtengo
Mnofu woyera wa nsomba umakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo komanso zinthu zonse zomwe nyama zam'madzi ndizolemera. Kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimadyedwa ndi nsomba kumapangitsa kuti mbale za nsomba zikhale zokoma kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuvuta kwa usodzi komanso zoletsa zochulukirapo pakupha nsomba. Zotsatira zake mtengo wa nsomba kukwera mmwamba. Malo ogulitsa nsomba zazikulu amapereka Patagonian toothfish kwa ma ruble 3,550. pa kilogalamu. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, kupeza nsomba zogulitsa mano sikophweka.
Amalonda nthawi zambiri amapereka nsomba zina zotchedwa mafuta, zodzibisa kuti ndi nsomba. Amapempha ma ruble 1200. Zimakhala zovuta kuti wogula wosazindikira azindikire zomwe zili patsogolo pake - toothfish kapena omutsanzira: escolar, butterfish. Koma ngati toothfish igulidwa, palibe kukaikira kuti ndiyopangidwa mwachilengedwe.
Sanaphunzire kuweta nsomba zamatsenga ndipo mwina sangaphunzire. Chifukwa chake, nsomba imayamba kulemera, pokhala m'malo oyera, kudya chakudya chachilengedwe. Kukula kumachita popanda mahomoni, kusintha kwa majini, maantibayotiki ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimadzaza ndi nsomba zomwe zimadya kwambiri. Nyama ya nsomba Titha kutchedwa chinthu cha kukoma kwabwino komanso mtundu.
Kugwira nsombazi
Poyamba, Patagonian toothfish yekha ndi amene anali kugwira. M'zaka zapitazi, m'ma 70s, zitsanzo zazing'ono zidagwidwa pagombe la South America. Iwo adakwera paukonde mwangozi. Ankachita ngati kugwiranagwirana. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, mitundu yayikulu idagwidwa posodza. Kugwidwa kotereku kunapangitsa asodzi, amalonda ndi ogula kuyamikira nsombazo. Kusaka koyembekezera kwa nsomba za mano kwayamba.
Kugulitsa nsomba kwa toothfish kumakhala ndi zovuta zazikulu zitatu: kuya kwakukulu, kutalika kwa mtunda, kupezeka kwa ayezi m'madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zoletsa kugwira nsomba za toothfish: Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna (CCAMLR) ikugwira ntchito.
Kusodza nsomba za toothfish kumayendetsedwa mosamalitsa
Chombo chilichonse chopita kunyanja chofuna nsomba chimatsagana ndi woyang'anira wochokera ku komiti ya CCAMLR. Woyang'anira, malinga ndi CCAMLR, wowonera zasayansi, ali ndi mphamvu zambiri. Amayang'anitsitsa kuchuluka kwa nsombazo ndikusankha nsomba zomwe zagwidwa. Ikuwuza kapitawo kuti kuchuluka kwa nsomba zikwaniritsidwa.
Nsomba za mano zimakololedwa ndi zombo zazing'ono zazitali. Malo okopa kwambiri ndi Nyanja ya Ross. Asayansi akuti m'madzi amenewa muli nsomba zing'onozing'ono zingati. Anapezeka kuti anali matani 400,000 okha. M'nthawi yotentha ya ku Antarctic, gawo lina la nyanja limamasulidwa ku ayezi. Zombo zimapita kukatsegula madzi m'karavani yodutsa mu ayezi. Zombo zazitali sizinasinthidwe bwino kuti ziziyenda m'minda ya ayezi. Chifukwa chake, kupita kumalo osodza ndi chintchito kale.
Usodzi wautali ndi njira yosavuta koma yowononga nthawi. Zingwe - zingwe zazitali zokhala ndi leashes ndi ngowe - zofananira kapangidwe kake ndi zingwe. Chidutswa cha nsomba kapena nyamayi chimamangiriridwa pa mbedza iliyonse. Kuti mupeze nsomba zam'madzi, ma longline amamizidwa mpaka kuya kwa 2 km.
Kukhazikitsa mzere ndikukweza nsomba ndizovuta. Makamaka mukaganizira momwe zinthu zimachitikira. Izi zimachitika kuti zida zoyikirazo zimaphimbidwa ndi ayezi wobwerera. Kukoka kwa nsomba kumasandutsa vuto. Munthu aliyense amakwezedwa m'ngalawayo pogwiritsa ntchito mbedza.
Kukula kwamsika wamsika kumayambira pafupifupi 20 kg. Anthu ocheperako saloledwa kugwira, kuchotsedwa ku ndowe ndi kumasulidwa. Zazikulu, nthawi zina, pomwepo pa sitimayo zimaphedwa. Nsombazo zikafika pamlingo wokwanira wololedwa, kusodza kumayima ndipo otalikirako amabwerera kumadoko.
Zosangalatsa
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo anadziwa nsombazo mochedwa kwambiri. Zitsanzo za nsomba sizinagwere mmanja mwawo nthawi yomweyo. Pamphepete mwa nyanja yaku Chile mu 1888, ofufuza aku America adapeza nsomba yoyamba ya Patagonian toothfish. Sakanakhoza kupulumutsidwa. Zithunzi zokha ndizomwe zimatsalira.
Mu 1911, mamembala a Robert Scott Expeditionary Party adatenga nsomba yoyamba ku Antarctic kuchokera ku Ross Island. Iwo adalemba chisindikizo, akutanganidwa kudya nsomba yosadziwika, yayikulu kwambiri. Akatswiri a zachilengedwe adathetsa nsomba kale.
Toothfish ili ndi dzina lapakati pazifukwa zamalonda. Mu 1977, wolemba nsomba Lee Lanz, pofuna kupanga malonda ake kukhala osangalatsa kwa anthu aku America, adayamba kugulitsa nsombazi pansi pa dzina loti nyanja yaku Chile. Dzinali lidakakamira ndikuyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Patagonian, patangopita nthawi pang'ono, ku Antarctic toothfish.
Mu 2000, Patagonian toothfish adagwidwa m'malo achilendo kwa iye. Olaf Solker, msodzi waluso wochokera ku Zisumbu za ku Forest, wagwira nsomba yayikulu yomwe sinayambe yawonapo gombe la Greenland. Akatswiri a zamoyo adamuzindikira kuti ndi Patagonian toothfish. Nsombazo zinayenda makilomita 10,000. Kuchokera ku Antarctica kupita ku Greenland.
Njira yayitali yokhala ndi cholinga chosamveka sichodabwitsa kwambiri. Nsomba zina zimasamukira kutali. Toothfish, mwanjira inayake, idagonjetsa madzi a ku equator, ngakhale thupi lake silimatha kuthana ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 11. Mwina pali mafunde ozizira kwambiri omwe adalola Patagonian toothfish kumaliza kusambira kwa marathon.
