Zisindikizo ndizinyama ngati nyama zokhala ndi thupi lopindika, mutu wawung'ono ndi miyendo yomwe idasandulika m'mapiko, chifukwa chake zisindikizo zimasambira ndikulumpha bwino. Zisindikizo zonse, makamaka zamadzi, ndi zotsalira zomwe zidapulumuka Padziko lapansi kuyambira kumapeto kwa nyengo yamaphunziro apamwamba.
Kufotokozera za chisindikizo
Chisindikizo ndi cha banja la zisindikizo zenizeni... Kutengera mitunduyo, imatha kukhala m'madzi amchere komanso abwino am'madera ozizira kwambiri. Pakadali pano, mitundu itatu ya zisindikizo imadziwika: ziwiri mwa izo ndi zam'madzi, ndipo imodzi ndi madzi amchere.
Maonekedwe
Thupi la chisindikizo limapangidwa ngati chokhotakhota, chomwe chimathandiza kuti nyama iziyenda mosavuta m'madzi. Kutengera mtunduwo, kukula kwa chidindo kumatha kufikira masentimita 170, ndipo chimalemera 50 mpaka 130 kg. Khosi la chisindikizo limafotokozedwa moperewera, nthawi zina limatha kuwoneka ngati kulibe, ndipo thupi limangosandulika laling'ono, mutu wokhala ndi chigaza chophwatalala, ndikusandulika pamphuno pang'ono. Mwambiri, mutu wa chisindikizo umafanana mofanana ndi mphaka, kupatula kuti mphuno yake imakutidwa kwambiri. Makutu a chisindikizo kulibe, amalowedwa m'malo ndi ngalande zomvera, zomwe sizowoneka.
Maso a nyama iyi ndi akulu, amdima komanso owonekera bwino. Maso a ana a zisindikizo amawoneka akulu kwambiri: ndi akulu komanso amdima, amawoneka osiyana kwambiri motsutsana ndi ubweya wopepuka ndipo amapatsa chidindo chaching'ono kufanana ndi kadzidzi kapena cholengedwa china. Chifukwa cha chikope chachitatu cha zisindikizo, amatha kusambira ndikutsika mopanda mantha kuti awononga maso awo. Komabe, panja, maso a chisindikizo amakhala ndi madzi, zomwe zimapereka chithunzi chakuti nyamayo ikulira.
Muli chidutswa chachikulu cha mafuta mthupi la chisindikizo, chomwe chimathandiza nyamayi kuti ikhale ndi moyo m'malo ozizira komanso osazizira m'madzi achisanu. Mafuta omwewo omwewo amatha kuthandiza chisindikizo kupulumuka pakumenyedwa kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kanjala, ndipo chifukwa cha iwo, chinyama chimatha kugona kwa maola ambiri komanso kugona pamwamba pamadzi. Khungu la chisindikizo ndilolimba komanso lolimba. Imakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi, lolimba komanso lolimba, lomwe limatetezeranso nyama ku hypothermia m'madzi ozizira komanso pa ayezi kapena pagombe.
Pakati pa zala za nyama izi pali nembanemba, ndipo pamapambapo am'mbali, kuphatikiza apo, pali zikhadabo zamphamvu, chifukwa chomwe chisindikizo chimapanga zibowo mu ayezi kuti chifike kumtunda kapena kuti chikwere pamwamba pamadzi ndi mpweya wabwino. Kutengera mtundu, mtundu wa ubweya wachisindikizo umatha kukhala wakuda siliva kapena bulauni, wokhala ndi mawanga akuda nthawi zambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Imodzi mwa mitundu ya nyama izi, chisindikizo chokhwima, idatchulidwa choncho chifukwa cha utoto wake wosazolowereka, momwe mphete zowala pakhungu lake zimakhala zakuda.
Khalidwe, moyo
Chisindikizo chimakhala moyo wake wonse m'madzi. Nyama iyi imadziwika kuti ndi yosambira yopanda malire: chifukwa cha thupi lake lopindika ndi mutu wake wawung'ono, imamira bwino kwambiri ndipo imatha kukhala mphindi 70 pansi pamadzi, kutengera mtunduwo. Mukamayenda, ngalande zomveka ndi mphuno za nyama zimatsekedwa, kotero kuti pansi pamadzi imatha kupuma kokha chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mapapu ake komanso mpweya womwe umakwanira.
Nthawi zambiri, nyama izi zimagona pamwamba pamadzi, ndipo kugona kwawo kumakhala kwamphamvu modabwitsa: zidachitika kuti anthu, atasambira mpaka zidindo zogona, adawatembenuza, ndipo sanaganize ngakhale zodzuka. Chisindikizo chimakhala m'nyengo yozizira m'madzi, nthawi zina chimakwera pamwamba pamadzi kuti mupume mpweya wabwino. Pa ayezi kapena pamtunda, nyamazi zimayamba kuyandikira kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa masika, nthawi yoswana ikayamba.
Komanso, monga lamulo, zisindikizo zimakhala ndi malo omwe amakonda kwambiri malo ogulitsira, komwe amasonkhana kuti apitilize mpikisano wawo. Nyama izi zimatha kuwona komanso kumva bwino, komanso zimakhala ndi fungo labwino. Amasamala mokwanira akadzuka, choncho kuyandikira pachisindikizo panthawiyi si ntchito yophweka. Pozindikira kuyandikira kwa mlendo, chisindikizo nthawi yomweyo, popanda kuwaza pang'ono, chimalowa m'madzi, pomwe amatha kuwona mdani yemwe ali ndi chidwi kwanthawi yayitali.
Zisindikizo zokha padziko lapansi zitha kuwoneka zopanda pake komanso zosamveka. M'madzi, komabe, amakhala achangu, olimbikira komanso osatopa. Pansi pamadzi, kuthamanga kwa chisindikizo kumatha kukhala 25 km / h, ngakhale m'malo abata nyama izi zimasambira pang'onopang'ono. Mphepete mwa nyanja, zisindikizo zimayenda mothandizidwa ndi zikwangwani ndi mchira wawo wakutsogolo, ndikuzidinda. Pakakhala ngozi, amayamba kudumpha, ndikumenya mokweza pa ayezi kapena pansi ndi zipsepse zawo zakutsogolo ndikukankhira kumtunda mwamphamvu ndi mchira wawo.
Zisindikizo zam'nyanja zamalo ozizira, mosiyana ndi zisindikizo zamadzi amadzi, mosasamala nyengo, amakonda kukhala nthawi yayitali pa ayezi kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja, osati m'madzi, komwe amathamangira pansi pangozi kapena kuti apeze chakudya.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zisindikizo zonse ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala moyo wokhazikika. Pokhapokha m'nyengo yoswana m'pamene amasonkhana pamodzi. Koma ngakhale zili choncho, chisindikizo chilichonse chimayesetsa kuti chisiyane ndikuthamangitsa abale ake mokalipa.
Kodi chisindikizo chimakhala motalika bwanji
M'mikhalidwe yabwino, chisindikizo chimatha kukhala zaka 60... M'malo ake achilengedwe, nyama iyi sikukhala kwambiri: nthawi yayitali ndi zaka 8-9. Pafupifupi theka la zisindikizo zimapangidwa ndi anthu omwe zaka zawo zimakhala zaka 5 kapena kucheperapo. Poganizira kuti kukula kwa chidindocho kumatenga zaka 20, titha kunena kuti nyama zambiri zimamwalira pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana ngakhale kuti sizikhala ndi nthawi yakukula msinkhu.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kunja, zimawonetsedwa poti anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana amasiyana pakulingana. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati akazi achisindikizo cha Baikal ndi akulu kuposa amuna, ndiye kuti mu chisindikizo cha Caspian, m'malo mwake, amunawo amakhala akulu.
Mitundu ya zisindikizo
Pali mitundu itatu ya zisindikizo:
- Kupukutidwa, yomwe imakhala m'madzi ozizira a Pacific ndi Pacific nyanja ndi Arctic Ocean, ndipo ku Russia imapezeka munyanja zonse zakumpoto, komanso m'nyanja za Okhotsk ndi Bering.
- Caspiankufalikira ku Nyanja ya Caspian.
- Baikal, omwe sapezeka kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi, kupatula Nyanja ya Baikal.
Mitundu itatu yonseyi imasiyana mosiyanasiyana mtundu wina ndi umodzi, kukula kwake: Chisindikizo cha Caspian ndi chaching'ono kwambiri, kukula kwake ndi pafupifupi mita 1.3 m'litali ndipo chimalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 86.
Ndizosangalatsa! Asayansi ena amati mitundu yonse ya zisindikizo ndizogwirizana ndi chiyambi chimodzi, komanso chisindikizo chotchedwa ringed chimatchedwa kholo la mitundu ya Caspian ndi Baikal, yomwe idasamukira ku Baikal ndi Caspian pafupifupi zaka mamiliyoni awiri zapitazo ndipo pamenepo idasandulika mitundu iwiri yatsopano.
Komabe, palinso mtundu wina, malinga ndi zomwe zisindikizo zaminga ndi Baikal zimangokhala ndi kholo limodzi, lomwe linawonekera mochedwa kuposa mitundu ya Caspian ya chisindikizo.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Chisindikizo cholumikizidwa
Zigawo zinayi za chisindikizo ichi zimakhala makamaka mdera la polar kapena subpolar.
- Belomorskaya Chisindikizo chimakhala ku Arctic ndipo ndichisindikizo chochuluka kwambiri m'nyanja ya Arctic.
- Baltic Chisindikizo chimakhala m'madzi ozizira akumadera akumpoto a Baltic, makamaka, amatha kuwona pagombe la Sweden, Finland, Estonia ndi Russia. Nthawi zina nyamayi imasambira mpaka kugombe la Germany.
- Ma subspecies ena awiri a chisindikizo cholumikizidwa ndi Ladoga ndipo saimaa, ndimadzi amchere ndipo amakhala ku Lake Ladoga ndi Lake Saimaa.
Chisindikizo cha Caspian
Amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso pazilumba zam'mbali mwa Nyanja ya Caspian, nthawi yozizira imatha kuwonekeranso ikamawayandama. M'nyengo yotentha, imatha kusambira pakamwa pa Volga ndi Urals.
Chisindikizo cha Baikal
Amakonda kukhazikika kumpoto ndi pakati pa Nyanja ya Baikal... Zilumba za Ushkany zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo okonda nyama, pomwe mu Juni mutha kuwona zisindikizo zambiri.
Zisindikizo, kutengera mtundu wawo, zimakhala m'madzi amchere kapena amchere amchere, makamaka m'malo ozizira. M'nyengo yozizira, nyama zimathera nthawi yochuluka m'madzi, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa masika zimayandikira kugombe kapena kutera pamtunda, monga zisindikizo za Baltic ndi Caspian.
Sindikiza zakudya
Kutengera mtundu ndi malo okhala, nyamazi zimatha kudyetsa nsomba zosiyanasiyana kapena zopanda mafupa:
- Kupukutidwa Zisindikizo zimadya ma crustaceans - mysids ndi shrimps, komanso nsomba: Arctic cod, hering'i, smelt, whitefish, nsomba, gobies.
- Zamgululi zisindikizo zimadya nsomba ndi nkhanu zomwe zimakhala mu Nyanja ya Caspian. Amakhala ofunitsitsa kudya tinthu tating'onoting'ono tosiyanasiyana - nsomba zamtunduwu ndizomwe zimadya kwambiri. Gawo la ma crustaceans ndilochepa - ndi pafupifupi 1% yazakudya zonse.
- Baikal Zisindikizo zimadyetsa nsomba zamalonda apakatikati osagulitsa: makamaka golomyanka kapena gobies.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'mbuyomu, amakhulupirira kuti zisindikizo za Baikal zimawononga kwambiri nsomba za whitefish, koma, pambuyo pake, zimangowakumana nawo mwamwayi ndipo kuchuluka kwa nsomba za sturgeon zomwe zidya chisindikizo sizopitilira 1-2%.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kutengera mtundu ndi zogonana, zisindikizo zimakula msinkhu wazaka 3-7, ndipo amuna amakula msanga kuposa akazi. Nyama izi zimabweretsa ana kamodzi pachaka kapena zaka 2-3 pambuyo pobadwa kale. Zimachitika kuti gawo lina la akazi silimabala ana atakwatirana. Monga lamulo, 10-20% ya zisindikizo za Baikal amavutika ndi "ziphuphu" izi pachaka.
Zifukwa za izi sizikudziwikabe: ngati izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ziweto, kapena sizimayi zonse zomwe zimayimitsa kukula kwa mazira zimayambiranso pakapita kanthawi. Ndizotheka kuti chodabwitsachi chitha kuphatikizidwa ndi matenda ena omwe amasamutsidwa ndi akazi kapena moyo wosakhala wabwino.
Zisindikizo nthawi zambiri zimakhwima mchaka, kenako nthawi yoyembekezera imatenga miyezi 9-11. Amayi amaberekera pa ayezi, panthawiyi iwo ndi ana awo obadwa kumene amakhala pachiwopsezo cha adani ndi osaka. Nthawi zambiri, zisindikizo zimabereka chimodzi, koma nthawi zina ana awiri kapena atatu, ndipo mtundu wa makanda umasiyana ndi mtundu wa achikulire: mwachitsanzo, ana a Baikal seal amabadwa oyera, pomwe dzina lawo limachokera - zisindikizo.
Poyamba, mayi amadyetsa mwana mkaka, pambuyo pake mwana wamwamunayo amasamutsidwa pang'onopang'ono kuti adye chakudya chachikulire chomwe chimakhala ndi nsomba ndi nyama zopanda mafupa. Pomwe izi zimachitika, amakhala ndi nthawi yosungunuka kwathunthu ndikusintha mtundu wa ubweya kukhala womwe umakhala mwa akulu. Ngakhale asanabadwe, zisindikizo za Baikal zimamanga mapanga apadera kuchokera pachipale chofewa, momwe amadyetsera ana awo mkaka kwa mwezi umodzi kapena mwezi ndi theka. Kutengera nyengo ndi kutentha, mkaka wa m'mawere umatha miyezi 2 mpaka 3.5.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chisindikizo ndi nyama yokhayo yomwe ingayimitse mwadala ndikuyambiranso kukula kwa intrauterine ya ana ake amtsogolo. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika nthawi yayitali komanso kuzizira kwambiri, pamene ana obadwa munthawi yake sangakhale ndi moyo.
Amuna satenga nawo mbali pakulera ana, pomwe akazi amapitiliza kusamalira ana mpaka ataphunzira kukhala pawokha. Anawo atasiya kuyamwa kuchokera mwa mayi, chisindikizo chachikazi chimatha kukweranso, koma nthawi zina nthawi yoberekera imabwera msanga: mwana wamwamuna wakale akadali kudya mkaka.
Adani achilengedwe
Amakhulupirira kuti Chisindikizo cha Baikal palibe adani achilengedwe m'chilengedwe: munthu yekha ndiye chiwopsezo kwa icho. Komabe, nthawi zambiri, koma zimachitika kuti nyama izi zimasakidwa ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira. Zisindikizo zazing'ono, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabisala m khola, amayi osapuma pantchito pofunafuna chakudya, zimatha kukhala nkhandwe, masababa kapena ziwombankhanga zoyera.
Khalani nawo chisindikizo chazitsuloakukhala mu ayezi a Arctic, pali adani ambiri. Ndi zisindikizo zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pazakudya za zimbalangondo zakumtunda, ndipo nkhandwe za kumadzulo ndi nkhono zazikulu zimasaka ana awo. M'madzi, anamgumi opha ndi nsombazi ku Greenland ndizoopsa kuzisindikizo. Nthawi zina ma walrus amathanso kuwasaka.
Chifukwa Chisindikizo cha Caspianziwombankhanga ndizoopsa makamaka kwa nyama zazing'ono. M'mbuyomu, padalinso milandu yakufa kwazisindikizo za ku Caspian zomwe zasandulika mimbulu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pakadali pano, mitundu iwiri ya zisindikizo - Baikal ndi ringed, ndi amitundu yolemera kwambiri ndipo apatsidwa mwayi wokhala ndi nkhawa. Koma chisindikizo cha Caspian sichinali ndi mwayi waukulu: chifukwa cha ntchito zachuma za anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Caspian iwonongeke, mitundu iyi ili pachiwopsezo chotha. Ndipo, ngakhale pakadali pano pali zoyesayesa zonse zomwe zikuchitika kuti zibwezeretse zisindikizo za Caspian, kuchuluka kwawo kukucheperachepera chaka ndi chaka.
Zisindikizo nthawi zonse zimakhala zopindulitsa, koma ndi iye amene pamapeto pake adachepetsa ziwetozi. Ndipo, ngakhale pakadali pano pali zoyesayesa zonse zomwe zikupangidwa kuti zisawonongeke zisindikizo, imodzi mwa mitundu yawo ili pachiwopsezo chotheratu. Pakadali pano, zisindikizo ndi nyama zodabwitsa. Ali ndi chidwi komanso chidwi ndipo ndiosavuta kuphunzitsa.
Mwachilengedwe, amakonda kusambira mpaka kulowerera zombo ndikuwatsata.... Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, zaka zazisindikizo zimatha kuzindikirika mosavuta ndi mphete zapachaka pamakina awo ndi zikhadabo. Ndipo ichi ndi mawonekedwe awo apadera, osafanana ndi nyama ina iliyonse padziko lapansi.
