N'zovuta kupeza munthu padziko lapansi amene sakudziwa nkhunda. Mbalameyi ndi yotchuka kwambiri moti zikuwoneka kuti yakhalapo kuyambira kalekale monga momwe anthu analili. Chithunzi cha mbalameyi chimasungidwa m'mapiramidi aku Egypt. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti zaka 10,000 zapitazo mbalame ya njiwa wayambitsidwa kale ndi anthu - chidwi cha munthu pa iyo chikuwonetsedwa lero.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mbalamezi ndizosiyanasiyana kotero kukula kwake ndi mitundu yamitundu imasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Nkhunda zachifumu zitha kutchedwa zimphona m'banja. Kulemera kwa munthu m'modzi ndi 3 kg, kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 75 cm.
Poyerekeza ndi iwo, zinyenyeswazi zenizeni ndi nkhunda za diamondi, zomwe kulemera kwake ndi 30 g okha, kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 20. Ambiri mwa nkhunda zam'mizinda, omwe amakhala anzawo wamba, ndizotalika 35-40 cm, zolemera 300-400 g.
Mtundu umasintha kutengera malo okhala mbalame - nkhunda zimatha kukhala zamtundu umodzi (zoyera, imvi, zonona, pinki, zachikasu, ndi zina zambiri), zosiyanasiyana, ndi mawonekedwe. Nthenga nthawi zonse zimakhala zowirira, zowirira, pali mitundu yokhala ndi nthenga zopindika, malo osagawanika osakanikirana - kudzikongoletsa kwa nthenga pamapazi kapena pamutu.
Pali kufanana kwakunja kwamitundu ina ndi pheasants, ma parrot, turkeys, ngakhale akatswiri nthawi zonse amazindikira njiwa ndi mawonekedwe a morphological. Nkhunda zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimagwirizanitsa thupi lokhalokha, mutu wawung'ono, mapiko otambalala ndi nsonga zachindunji, miyendo yayifupi ndi mchira wautali.
Miyendo ya miyendo inayi imasinthidwa kuti iziyenda pansi. Mlomo nthawi zambiri umakhala waufupi, wotambalala kumunsi. Ma dimorphism ogonana samawonetsedwa pakuwoneka kwa mbalame, koma amuna amakhala okulirapo pang'ono kuposa akazi.
Nkhunda - mbalame yamphamvu. Kwa nthawi yayitali munthu wazindikira kuthekera kwa mbalame kuyenda maulendo ataliatali, mpaka 300 km, ndikukula kwambiri - mpaka 140 km / h. Ngakhale nkhunda wamba zam'mizinda zimauluka mwachangu mpaka 80 km / h.
M'mbuyomu, mbalame zimaweta nyama, koma pambuyo pake zidayamba kuweta ngati mitundu yokongoletsa, yogwiritsidwa ntchito pochitira masewera. Mbalame sizomwe zimakhala zosamukasamuka, koma zimayang'aniridwa ndi dzuwa, kununkhira, maginito, zimapeza malo obadwira patali mpaka 1000 km, ndikukwera mpaka 3 km.
Kukhoza kuzindikira infrasound, pafupipafupi mpaka 10 Hz, kumapangitsa kuti kumveke kuyandikira kwa mvula yamkuntho, mkuntho, chivomerezi. Mbalame zimasiyanitsa mithunzi yambiri yomwe imapezeka m'diso la munthu, masomphenya amasinthidwa ndi kunyezimira kwa dzuwa.
M'nthawi zakale, nkhunda zimadziwika kuti zidachokera kwa Mulungu, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a anatomical - kusapezeka kwa ndulu. Amakhulupirira molakwika kuti mbalameyo ilibe ndulu konse, zomwe zikutanthauza kuwawa (imachotsedwa m'mimba).
Amayamikira mbalame monga chizindikiro cha kukongola, chikondi, chiyero. Mbiri, m'malingaliro a gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi nkhunda ndi mbalame yamtendere, kubweretsa zabwino ndi kuunika kwa anthu.
Mitundu
Pakati pa nkhunda zosiyanasiyana, ndizosiyana kusiyanitsa mitundu:
- masewera (positi);
- kuthamanga (kuthawa);
- zokongoletsa;
- nyama.
Gawoli ndi lololedwa, chifukwa mtundu umodzi ukhoza kukhala wokongoletsa komanso masewera. Mphamvu zosasintha za mbalamezo zobwerera ku zisa zawo zasinthidwa kukhala makalata a njiwa. Aroma akale, Agiriki ankawona mbalame ngati anthu otumizira odalirika.
Munthawi ya Middle Ages, kutumiza makalata ndi nkhunda kunali kofulumira kwambiri. Ngakhale m'zaka za zana la 20, panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, adagwiritsabe ntchito njira yotumizira makalata. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito ntchito za mbalame kwakhala chinthu chakale. Masewera ampikisano amachitikira ndi nkhunda zonyamula.
Nkhunda zouluka zimasiyana mumayendedwe andege. Ena amatha kutulutsa mlengalenga kwa maola 15, ndikukwera kwambiri kotero kuti ndizosatheka kuwawona kuchokera pansi. Ena (kuthamanga, kumenya nkhondo) - amawuluka mwanzeru ndikumenya mapiko. Nkhunda zodzigudubuza zimapanga zoyendetsa mlengalenga pozungulira mozungulira.
Mitundu yambiri ya mbalame imasiyanasiyana ndimitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chiwonetsero chilichonse, zokongoletsa nkhunda pachithunzichi imagunda ndi mawonekedwe a thupi, mtundu wa nthenga, mawonekedwe a nthenga.
Ku America, Western Europe, mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana imafunikira kuphika. Nyama ya nkhunda ndi chakudya chokoma chomwe amapangira zakudya. Zakudya za nkhunda zimayamikiridwa makamaka ku France. Mitundu yotchuka:
Nkhunda ya Nikolaev. Anabadwa mu mzinda wa Nikolaev. Kukula kwake kuli pafupifupi. Mtunduwo ndi wosiyana - wabuluu, woyera, wachikasu. Chinthu chapadera ndi kuthawa kofanana ndi khungwa.
Vyakhir (vituten). Nkhunda yamtchire utoto wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yoyera pamapiko, kumchira. Amawonekera makamaka pakuuluka kwa mbalame yakutchire. Kukula kwake ndi kwakukulu - mpaka 40 cm m'litali, misa imafika ma g 800. Mosiyana ndi abale akumatauni, nkhumba zamatabwa ndizosagwirizana.
Positi yaku Belgian. Mbalame yamasewera yothamanga kwambiri. Kukula pachifuwa kumaonekera. Nthenga zosalala nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotuwa, koma zina ndizotheka.
Chitsulo chachingerezi. Mtundu wamasewera, kusiyana kwake kumawonetsedwa pamaso pa zophuka zachikopa kuzungulira maso, pamunsi pamlomo. Mawonekedwe okongola a thupi - khosi lalitali, miyendo. Mtunduwo ndi wosiyana, makamaka monochromatic - yoyera, yofiira, yakuda, yamtambo.
Kulipira kwanthawi yayitali ku Berlin. Mitunduyi imakhala ndi mawonekedwe osazolowereka chifukwa cha miyendo yake yayitali, mutu wa njiwa yaying'ono wokhala ndi mulomo wokulirapo. Pali mtundu woseketsa wa mbalame yakuda yokhala ndi mapiko oyera, kukumbukira chovala cha magpie. Pakuthawa, imagunda mapiko ake - mtundu wankhondo.
Mmonke wachijeremani. Dzinalo limachokera pagulu la nthenga kumbuyo kwa mutu wa nkhunda, womwe umafanana ndi hood - chinthu chovala cha monki. Ndege ndiyotsika. Mbalameyi imakwera m'mwamba nthawi zonse ikawona mlendo.
Peacock. Mchira wokongola ndiye chuma chachikulu cha mbalame. Nkhunda zoyera azikongoletsa maukwati ndi zochitika zapadera ndi kupezeka kwawo.
Lopotana. Nthenga zopiringizika zimapanga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a mbalameyi, yomwe mawonekedwe ake amasiyana pang'ono ndi njiwa yakumunda yanthawi zonse. Nthenga zazikulu zimakongoletsa ngakhale miyendo ya munthu wokongoletsa. Mtunduwo ndi wosiyana - wosakanikirana komanso wowoneka bwino.
Wansembe wa Saxon. Mbalameyi ili ndi miyendo yodabwitsa komanso nthenga zazitali. Gulu la nthenga limakongoletsa pamphumi loyera, mtundu womwewo wakuda uli kumbuyo kwa mutu. Mtundu wake ndi wosiyana, koma pamphumi nthawi zonse imakhala yoyera.
Wogulitsa Wosakhazikika ku Berlin. Kukula pang'ono kwa mbalame sikulepheretsa mawonekedwe okongola. Chodziwika bwino cha mtunduwo chikuwonetsedwa m'mapiko otsika atapachikidwa pansi pa mchira. Mitengo ya nthenga pamapazi ake. Nthenga zakuda buluu ndizofala kwambiri, ngakhale chovalacho chimatha kusiyanasiyana.
Marchenero. Nkhunda yochokera ku Italiya. Munthu wosautsa amene ali ndi khosi lotupa lotumphukira amalira mopepuka. Mtundu wake ndi wosiyana kwambiri.
Nicobar kapena njiwa yamphongo... Imadziwika kuti ndi njiwa wokongola kwambiri. Ili pangozi ngati mbalame yachilendo.
Nkhunda yamapiko yamkuwa
Mtundu wowoneka bwino kwambiri ndi njiwa yazipatso.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Nkhunda zimapezeka paliponse. Kulibe mbalame zokha ku South Pole. Kusintha kwakukulu kumawalola kuti azikhala m'nkhalango zowirira, m'chipululu, komanso m'malo akumatauni. Nkhunda yakuthengo amapezeka kumtunda mpaka mamita 5000. Kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ya zamoyo kumalumikizidwa ndi madera osiyanasiyana, malo okhala. Oposa theka la mitundu ya nkhunda ndizomwe zimapezeka kuzilumba za South America ndi Australia.
Nkhunda yamwala yakhala mbalame wamba m'matawuni m'maiko ambiri, kuphatikiza dziko lathu. Palibe munthu yemwe sanakumanepo ndi cisar pakiyo, panjira ya nkhalango, pabwalo la nyumba yogona. Kuphatikiza pa iye, kuthengo, mutha kupeza njiwa wamba, nkhunda yayikulu ndi yaying'ono, ndi klintukha.
Malo okhala anthu monga maziko azakudya nthawi zonse amakopa mbalame, zomwe zidathandizira kuweta, kuweta, ndi kuswana mitundu yatsopano.
Mwachilengedwe, njiwa ili ndi adani ambiri. Ziwombankhanga zazikulu (falcon, kite, marsh harrier) zimagwira nkhunda mlengalenga. Padziko lapansi, mbalame zimakhala nyama yokoma ya martens, amphaka amtchire, ferrets.
Mu chithunzicho njiwa yamangamanga
Nkhunda zomwe zimakhala m'tawuni zimazolowera kuyenda pansi, pomwe nthawi zonse zimakhala zopindulitsa. Amakhala ocheperako panthaka, mosiyana ndi okhala kuthengo.
Kafukufuku wamakhalidwe a mbalame akuwonetsa kuti malo okhala m'mizinda siophweka nkhunda. Mbalame zamtundu wanji, zosamuka kapena nyengo yozizira, odziwika mosavuta ndi omwe amadyetsa mbalame m'nyengo yozizira. Padzakhala pali njiwa nthawi zonse yemwe, pamodzi ndi mpheta, adzauluka kuti akalandire gawo lawo. Amakhala m'nyengo yozizira komwe adabadwira.
Zakudya zabwino
Kudzichepetsa komanso kupatsa nkhunda zakudya zamagulu kumafotokozedwa ndikukula kwakumverera kwa kukoma. Mbalame zimakhala ndi 37 zokha mwa izo motsutsana ndi zolandilira anthu zikwi 10,000. Zakudya zonse zomwe zapezeka ndizofanana kwa iwo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti azitha kusintha mosiyanasiyana. Kukwanitsa kupeza chakudya kumathandiza kuti tikhale ndi nyengo yovuta.
Zakudyazo zimachokera ku zakudya zazomera - mbewu, zipatso, zipatso, chimanga. Nkhuku zimameza zipatso zazing'ono, kenako mafupa. Mbeu zimasankhidwa kuchokera kuzomera kapena kutola pansi. Nkhunda zimaulukira m'minda ya tirigu, mbewu za chimanga. Mapiko a nthenga sangang'ambe, koma mbewu zomwe zagwa zimawathandiza.
Mbalame zam'mizinda zimapeza chakudya m'malo otayilamo fumbi, pakati pazotayira. Anthu ambiri amadyetsa mbalame zawo, makamaka nthawi yozizira. Nkhunda zimazolowera kuchitira ena, kuyang'ana m'mazenera kudikirira chakudya, kuwuluka kupita kumalo komwe adalandira posachedwapa.
Mbalame zimafuna madzi, zimakoka madzi ngati kuti zikudutsa mu udzu. Izi zimasiyanitsa nkhunda ndi mbalame zambiri, zomwe zimagwira madontho pakamwa pawo ndikuponyera mitu yawo kumbuyo kukataya madzi pakhosi. Pofuna madamu, mbalame zimayenera kuyenda maulendo ataliatali.
Nthawi zina nkhunda zimasenzetsa mbozi, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Kuphatikiza pa mbewu zambewu, mbalame zowetedwa zimadyetsedwa buledi, chimanga, ndi zitsamba. Kuti musinthe chimbudzi, onjezani zipolopolo za dzira losweka, miyala yaying'ono. Zakudya zabwino kwa mbalame ndi nandolo zachikasu, mbewu za mpendadzuwa zosaphika, ndi mtedza wosweka.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Awiri a nkhunda amapangidwa kamodzi kwamoyo wonse. Nthawi ya chibwenzi imawonetsedwa ndi kulira kwapadera kwa mbalame, kufalikira kwa mchira, kuzungulira mozungulira chachikazi. Banja lokhazikitsidwa limatsukirana nthenga, likuyandikira ndi milomo yawo, ngati kupsompsona.
Nthawi yoswana siimangirizidwa ku nyengo inayake. Chisa cha mbalamecho chimakonzedwa m'malo obisika. Nkhunda ziwirizi zikuchita nawo ntchito yomanga. M'chakachi mumakhala nkhwangwa pafupifupi 8, iliyonse yomwe imakhala ndi dzira limodzi kapena angapo otuwa okhala ndi zipsera zakuda. Mkazi amakhala akugwirana mpaka masiku 19, koma nthawi zina yamphongo imalowa m'malo mwake.
Anapiye aswedwa ndi akhungu, opanda thandizo, okutidwa ndi fluff wachikasu wofewa. Makolo amadyetsa anawo ndi ntchofu, zotuluka kuchokera ku chotupa, ndipo patapita kanthawi amabweretsa mbewu. M'mwezi umodzi, nyama zazing'ono zimakhala ngati mbalame zazikulu.
Pansi pa chilengedwe, moyo wa nkhunda sichidutsa zaka 5. Anthu okhala m'nyumba amakhala motalikirapo motetezedwa ndi chisamaliro choyenera - mpaka zaka 20. Anthu amoyo wautali adalembedwa, akukondwerera zaka 30 zawo.
Kuswana nkhunda
Mbalame yomwe imawoneka ngati nkhunda zokhala ndi zokongoletsera, zakhala zikukopa okonda mbalame nthawi zonse ndizodzichepetsa, mawonekedwe apachiyambi. Koma akupanga mitundu yowala osati kungotenga nawo mbali zowonetserako, komanso maphunziro, malonda.
Pokonzekera ma dovecotes, kusowa kwa chinyezi ndikofunikira, kuyatsa bwino ndi ukhondo zimafunikira. Kutentha kwambiri, mdima wakuda ndizomwe zimayambitsa matenda a mbalame. Malo oyenera ndi nyumba zapamwamba kapena nyumba zosanjikizika zokhala ndi khomo loyang'ana kumwera.
Zowola, mashelufu pamakoma, zisa zamatabwa ndizofunikira kuti mbalame zizikhala bwino. Kuwerengetsa kwa dera kumapangidwa poganizira kufunika kwa nkhunda mu 1 mita mita imodzi ya aviary. Payenera kukhala mabokosi achisa ochulukirapo kuposa awiriawiri omwe akufuna kuti mbalame zizitha kusankha yoyenera.
Zaka zabwino kwambiri zoswana nkhunda ndi zaka zitatu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi. Mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri komanso zakale sizokonzeka kubereka ana athanzi. A nkhunda zokhazikika zimalimbikitsidwa kugula. Anthu osungulumwa amatha kukhala chidani, kumenya nkhondo.
Chakudya chatsopano, mbale yakumwa ndi madzi oyera, kuyeretsa kwakanthawi ndizofunikira za mbalame. Kusunga ma dovecotes ndizosangalatsa. Mbalame zimazolowera anthu, zimawonjezera chidwi chawo. Kuyankhulana nawo kumadzutsa kukoma mtima, malingaliro owona kwa mbalame zodabwitsa, anzawo osatha a anthu.
