Mbalame yanyimboyo ndiyotchuka pakuyimba kwake, momwe mawu ake amafanana ndi phokoso la mafuta anyama mbale. Chifukwa chake dzinali, lomwe mophiphiritsa limafotokozera zaphokoso, kutsutsana ndikumenya. Ku Czech Republic, nyenyezi zotchedwa nyenyezi zimatchedwa spachek, zotanthauzidwa kuti "mafuta".
Wotsatira nthenga wamamvekedwe ndi osiyanasiyana mu luso lake. Ngakhale chakudya cha mphaka chimamveka pagulu louluka pafupi. Masika nyenyezi osati wamba monga ambiri amaganizira.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mbalame nyenyezi yaying'ono kukula, nthawi zambiri imafaniziridwa ndi mawonekedwe a blackbird. Kutalika kwa mbalame sikuposa masentimita 22, kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 75 g, mapiko ake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 37-39. Thupi lake ndi lokulirapo, ndi nthenga zakuda zonyezimira padzuwa ndi timadontho tating'onoting'ono ta utoto wowonekera, wowonekera kwambiri mchaka cha akazi. Kufalikira kwa mawanga oyera kapena kirimu kumawonekera makamaka munthawi yosungunuka, pambuyo pake nthenga zimakhala pafupifupi yunifolomu.
Mchira wa mbalame ndi waufupi, masentimita 6-7 okha. Mtunduwo umaphatikizapo utoto wachitsulo. Zotsatira zake zimatheka chifukwa cha mtundu wa pigment, koma mapangidwe ake a nthenga. Kutengera mawonekedwe, kuyatsa, mtundu wa nthenga zimasintha mithunzi.
Mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyenyezi, kutuluka kwa dzuwa kumatha kukhala kofiirira, mkuwa, wobiriwira, wabuluu. Miyendo ya mbalame nthawi zonse imakhala yofiirira, ndi zikhadabo zopindika.
Mutu wa mbalame ndi wofanana ndi thupi, khosi ndi lalifupi. Mlomo ndi wakuthwa kwambiri, wautali, wokhotakhota pang'ono kutsika, wophwatalala kuchokera mbali, wakuda, koma nthawi yakumasulira umasintha mtundu kukhala wachikasu. Anapiye ali ndi milomo yokha yakuda bulauni. Unyamata wawo umaperekedwa ndi mapiko ozungulira, khosi lowala komanso kusowa kwa gloss wachitsulo mumtundu wawo.
Pali kusiyana pang'ono pakati pa akazi ndi amuna. Mutha kuzindikira yamphongo ndi zipsera za lilac pamlomo ndi nthenga zazitali pachifuwa, ndipo chachikazi ndimadontho ofiira, nthenga zazifupi zazithunzi zokongola. Kuuluka kwa nyenyezi kumakhala kosalala komanso kwachangu.
Nyenyezi zoyimba zomwe zimayimba zimasiyana ndi mbalame zakuda chifukwa chothamanga pansi, osadumpha. Mutha kuzindikira nyenyezi momwe amayimbira - nthawi zambiri imagwedeza mapiko ake nthawi yomwe gululi limaimba.
Kutha kutsanzira mawu a mbalame ndi nyama zina kumasandutsa nyenyezi yodziwika kukhala wojambula wapadera. Amatha "kulankhula" ndi mawu a mbalame zosiyanasiyana:
- orioles;
- zinziri;
- jays;
- khungu;
- kumeza
- zankhondo;
- mitsempha yam'mimba;
- thrush;
- bakha, tambala ndi nkhuku, ndi zina.
Mobwerezabwereza tinawona nyenyezi zomwe zinafika mchaka ndikuimba ndi mawu a mbalame zotentha. Mbalamezi zimatulutsa phokoso la chipata, phokoso la taipilaita, kudina kwa chikwapu, kulira kwa nkhosa, kulira kwa achule am'madzi, kuchuluka kwa amphaka, ndi galu kukuwa.
Kuyimba nyenyezi Chokhazikitsidwa ndi kulira kwamphamvu kwa mawu ake omwe. Mbalame zachikulire "zimadzikundikira" unyinji wawo, zimagawana katundu wawo mowolowa manja.
Mverani mawu a nyenyezi
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mbalameyi imadziwika m'dera lalikulu la Eurasia, South Africa, Australia. Kubwezeretsa anthu kumachitika chifukwa cha amuna. Nyenyeziyi imapezeka ku Turkey, India, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran. Kuyika mizu ya nyenyezi kunali kovuta ku Central ndi South America. Mbalame zambiri zinafa, koma zina zinapulumukiranso komweko.
Zambiri pazomwe mbalame zokhala ndi nyenyezi, zosamukira kapena zozizira, zimatengera kugawa kwawo. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Europe sizikhala, ndipo zomwe zimapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa zimasamukira kwina, nthawi zonse zimauluka kumwera m'nyengo yozizira.
Nthawi zambiri kusamuka kwa nyenyezi kuchokera ku Belgium, Holland, Poland, Russia. Ndege zamagulu oyamba zimayamba mu Seputembala ndikutha Novembala. Kwa nthawi yozizira, mbalame zimasamukira kumadera akumwera kwa Europe, India, ndi zigawo zakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa.
Mbalame zolimba mtima zimayenda mtunda wa makilomita 100 mpaka 1-2 zikwi. Mbalame zimafuna kuyima 1-2 masana. Maulendo apandege panyanja nthawi zonse amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Gulu lonse la mbalame zimatha kuphedwa ndi mphepo yamkuntho.
Nthawi zina nyenyezi zimapeza chipulumutso pazombo zam'madzi, zikutsikira m'madzi ambiri. Malinga ndi zamatsenga komanso zikhulupiriro za amalinyero, imfa ya mbalame imodzi yokha yomwe ikuwopseza kuti idzasefukira. Ntchentche nthawi zonse zimatetezedwa ndi zomwe zili kunyanja.
Mbalame zomwe zimauluka kuchokera kutali sizilandiridwa nthawi zonse chifukwa cha phokoso lomwe zimapanga. Chifukwa chake, okhala ku Roma amatseka mawindo awo madzulo kuti asamve kulira kwa mbalame, zomwe ndizokulirapo kuposa kulira kwa magalimoto odutsa. Starlings m'nyengo yozizira amatengedwa m'magulu akuluakulu, opitilira miliyoni miliyoni.
Starlings amatha kusonkhana m'magulu angapo
Masika, mu Marichi komanso koyambirira kwa Epulo, nthawi yachisanu ikasungunuka, anthu oyamba kubwerera kwawo amabwerera kwawo. M'madera akumpoto, amatha kuwonekera kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena Meyi. Ngati mbalame zabwerera, ndipo kuzizira sikubwerera, ndiye kuti ambiri ali pangozi yakufa.
Amuna amayamba kuwonekera, amasankha malo oti adzaikire mazira mtsogolo. Akazi amafika pambuyo pake. M'nyengo yokhwima, mbalame zimayang'ana mitengo yokhala ndi mabowo akale kuti izitha kukonza zisa kapena kumakhala zipilala za nyumba zosiyanasiyana.
Zoyambira masika Kulimbana kwambiri, yogwira. Sakuyimira pamwambo ndi mbalame zina, mokalipa akubwezeretsanso malo oyenera kukaikira mazira, apulumuka oyandikana nawo. Pali milandu yodziwika yosunthira anthu okhala ndi mitu yofiira komanso odzigudubuza m'nyumba zawo.
Nyenyezi zokha zilinso ndi adani okwanira. Ndiwo nyama zokoma za mphamba, ziwombankhanga, ziwombankhanga zagolide. Zisa nthawi zambiri zimawonongedwa ndi zolusa zapadziko lapansi; ngakhale akhwangwala ndi anyani agalu samanyansidwa ndi kudya mazira ndi ana amwana.
Mbalame ndizocheza pakati pawo, zimakhala m'magulu. Mitundu yambiri ya nyenyezi imatha kuwuluka, komwe imangoyandama nthawi imodzi, kutembenuka ndikufika, ndikugwira malo momasuka pansi.
Gonani usikuwo m'magulu okhala ndi nkhalango zowirira, mabwalo a msondodzi, nthambi za m'minda kapena zitsamba zamitengo, mitengo.
Malo okhala nyerere ndi malo athyathyathya okhala ndi madambo, mitsinje ndi madzi ena. Mbalame zouluka zimapezeka m'nkhalango, madera ozungulira, pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, nyumba zaulimi.
Mbalame zimakopeka ndi minda yam'munda ngati chakudya. Mbalame zam'mlengalenga zimapewa madera amapiri, magawo osakhalamo. Zochita za anthu zimapatsa mbalame chakudya.
Nthawi zina ziwombankhanga zazikulu zimawononga mbewu za tirigu, minda ya mabulosi. Gulu lalikulu lingawopseze kuthawa kwawo. Komabe anthu nthawi zonse amayamikira olemba nyimbo kuti awononge tizirombo ta m'munda: kafadala, mbozi, dzombe, slugs, ntchentche. Kukhazikitsa nyumba zodyeramo mbalame nthawi zonse kwakhala kukuitana mbalame kuti zizikayendera minda yawo.
Mitundu
Asayansi amatsutsa za kuchepa kwa mtundu wa subspecies wokhala ndi nyenyezi, chifukwa kusiyana kochepa kwa nthenga ndi kukula kwake kumatha kukhala kovuta kudziwa potengera momwe mbalame imawonekera. Pali mitundu 12 ikuluikulu, yotchuka kwambiri mdziko lathu ndi nyenyezi yodziwika bwino (shpak), nyenyezi yaying'ono, imvi ndi Chijapani (masaya ofiira). Starlings amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe awo ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino:
- pinki;
- ndolo;
- Mmwenye (myna);
- njati (kukoka);
- mapiko akuda.
M'busa ali nalo dzinali chifukwa cha utoto wake. Chifuwa cha pinki, pamimba, mbali, kumbuyo komwe kumapangidwa ndi mapiko akuda, mutu, khosi zimapanga chovala chodabwitsa cha mbalame yamasika. Kuyang'ana pachithunzichi ngati kuti wavala mwadyerero. Kuyenda kwa gulu la mbalame zapinki kuli ngati mtambo wapinki woyandama. Chakudya chachikulu cha mbalamezi ndi dzombe.
Mbalame imodzi imasowa pafupifupi 200 g ya tizilombo patsiku, zomwe ndizochulukirapo kuwirikiza kwa nyenyezi yomwe. Mbalame zimakhazikika pafupi ndi zigwa za chipululu ndi zitunda, ndi chisa m'ming'alu, m'ming'alu, m'miyala. Mbalame zamapiko a pinki ndi amtendere modabwitsa, palibe ndewu zolimbana pakati pawo.
Ng'ombe yamphongo (yaminyanga) yokhala ku Africa imangokhala ku Africa. Ili ndi dzina loti kukula kwa mnofu pamitu yamphongo yomwe imawonekera munthawi yoswana. Kukula kumeneku kumafanana ndi tambala wowoneka ngati mawonekedwe.
Mitunduyi imadzala zitsamba zamitengo, ndikupanga nyumba zazitali. Masukulu anyama yang'ombe amadyetsa dzombe lokha, choncho amazitsatira ngati tizilombo tachotsedwa mmalo mwake. Mtundu wa nyenyezi ndizimvi.
Indian nyenyezi (myna). Mbalame yaku Asia nthawi zina imatchedwanso nyenyezi yaku Afghanistan. Mayina onse amalumikizidwa ndi kufalitsa mbalame zambiri. Mtundu wa nthenga umayang'aniridwa ndi wakuda, koma kumapeto kwa mchira ndi kumapeto kwa mapiko kumakhala koyera.
Mlomo wa mbalameyi, "magalasi" ozungulira maso ndi miyendo ndi achikasu. Maina akukhazikika pang'onopang'ono, akulanda madera atsopano. Tinakumana ndi mbalameyi ku Kazakhstan ndi madera ena ku Central Asia. Talente ya mbalame zotsogola idapangitsa kuti mana anga azitchuka m'mizinda, ndipo ambiri adayamba kusunga nyenyezi m'nyumba zawo. Kukongola kwa mbalameyi komanso kucheza kwawo kumathandizira kufalikira kwa nyenyezi zaku India.
Indian starling kapena myna
Mbalame za njati (kukoka). Mbalame zokhala pansi zaku Africa ndizofiirira mumtundu ndi mchira woboola pakati. Mutha kuzindikira nyenyezi izi ndi maso awo a lalanje ndi mlomo wofiira. Ndi njira zosasinthika zanyama zamtchire ndi zoweta.
Mbalame zimakhazikika pamatupi a njati, zipembere, agwape ndi anthu ena amiyendo inayi ndikutola nkhupakupa, ntchentche, ntchentche ndi tiziromboti tina tomwe takumba pakhungu ndikukhazikika muubweya wa nyama.
Nyama zoyesa Starlings ngati zomangira matabwa zimachita mitengo ikuluikulu, ikulendewera m'mimba mwao kapena ikulowerera m'makhola olimba mthupi. Nyamazo sizisonyeza kukana, podziwa kuti kukakwilidwa ndi mbalamezo kungangowapindulitsa.
Nyenyezi zamapiko akuda. Zilumba zowopsa ku Indonesia, anthu okhala m'chipululu. Oimira wamba omwe adalembedwa mu Red Book chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa anthu. Mbalame zamapiko akuda zinagwidwa kuti zigulitsidwe kuti zisungidwe m'nyumba, potero zimawononga anthu achilengedwe.
Mtundu wosiyana wa mbalameyi ndi wachilendo: nthenga zoyera za thupi ndi mutu zimaphatikizidwa ndi mapiko akuda ndi mchira. Pamwamba pamutu pali kachilombo kakang'ono ka nthenga. Khungu lachikaso limayika maso, miyendo ndi milomo ndi mtundu womwewo. Amakhala makamaka m'malo odyetserako ziweto, malo olimapo, komanso amakhala kutali ndi anthu. Pofunafuna chakudya, zimapangitsa ndege zosamukasamuka.
Pakadali pano, mbalameyi imasungidwa m'malo otetezedwa, pomwe nyenyezi sizimakana kubwereka nyumba zokonzera mbalame zomwe zakhala zikukonzedwa. Koma chiwerengero chawo chikadali chochepa kwambiri.
Zakudya zabwino
Skvortsov amawerengedwa kuti ndi mbalame zokonda kudya, zomwe zakudya zawo zimadya ndi kudyetsa nyama. Zamoyo zotsatirazi ndizo gwero la mapuloteni a mbalame:
- Nkhono;
- mbozi;
- mbozi za tizilombo;
- agulugufe;
- ziphuphu;
- ziwala;
- akangaude;
- achifundo.
M'nyengo yamasika, chipale chofewa chimasungunuka, nyenyezi zimapeza chakudya m'malo osungunuka, m'malo obisika a tizilombo - m'ming'alu ya makungwa a mitengo. Ndikutentha, kusaka kwa nyamakazi ndi nyongolotsi kumayamba.
Mu zakudya zamasamba, nyenyezi zimakonda zipatso ndi zipatso. Nthawi zonse mumakhala mbalame zambiri m'minda ya maapulo ndi zipatso zamatcheri, sizipereka zipatso zoyipa ndi mapeyala.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti mbalame zimatsegula khungu lolimba kapena chipolopolo cha mtedza molingana ndi malamulo onse a fizikiya - amaboola kabowo kakang'ono, amalowetsa mlomo ndikutsegula chipatso molingana ndi lamulo la lever kuti afike pazomwe zili. Kuphatikiza pa zipatso zowutsa mudyo, nyenyezi zimagwiritsa ntchito mbewu za mbewu ndi mbewu zambewu.
Mbalamezi zingayambitse ulimi ngati ziweto zambiri zayamba kulamulira mundawo. Amithenga a masika ndi othandiza kwambiri pobzala, koma mizati ya mbalame imasokoneza mbewu zamtsogolo.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Nyengo yakumasirana imatsegulidwa koyambirira kwa masika kwa mbalame zomwe zimangokhala, mbalame zosamuka zimayamba kukhwima zikafika kwawo. Kutalika kwa kukaikira mazira kumatengera nyengo, chakudya. M'madera ena, mbalame zimaikira mazira katatu pachaka chifukwa cha nyenyezi zambiri.
Anapiye otentha
Chisa chowoneka bwino amapezeka mumapanga akale, nyumba zakale za mbalame zazikulu - ziwombankhanga, ziwombankhanga zoyera. Nyumba zokonzera mbalame zokonzeka zimakhalansomo. Mkazi amayitanidwa ndi kuyimba kwapadera.
Starlings amapanga awiriawiri angapo munyengo, kusamalira angapo osankhidwa nthawi imodzi. Onse m'tsogolo makolo akuchita. Nthenga, nthambi, ubweya, masamba, mizu ndizofunikira kwa zinyalala.
Chilango chilichonse chimakhala ndi mazira abuluu 4-7. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 12-13. Amuna nthawi zina amalowa m'malo mwa akazi panthawiyi. Malo okhala zisa amasungidwa mosamala mkati mwa utali wa mamita 10. Chakudya chimapezeka kutali ndi malo osungira - m'mphepete mwa malo osungira, m'malo okhala anthu, minda yamasamba, minda.
Yotchera yogona chisa
Kutuluka kwa anapiye kuli chete, mutha kuphunzira za anawo ndi zipolopolo zomwe zaponyedwa pansi. Pofuna kudyetsa ana akhanda, makolo onse awiri amathawira kwina kukafuna chakudya. M'masiku oyamba amoyo, anapiye amadya zakudya zofewa, kenako amasinthana ndi tizilombo tolimba.
Anapiye akukula amakula muchisa kwa masiku 21-23, kenako amayamba kudziyimira pawokha, amasochera pang'ono. Ngati mwana wankhuku sakufulumira kukula, ndiye kuti makolo amamunyengerera kuti atuluke m'chisa ndi chakudya.
Mumikhalidwe yachilengedwe, moyo wa mbalame yomwe ili m'malo abwino imakhala zaka 12. Asayansi aku Russia alemba izi. M'nyumba zosamalidwa bwino, mbalame zimakhala ndi moyo wautali.
Ambiri amabala ana anyenyezedwe komanso mbalame zomwe zimaweta mosavuta zomwe zimaopa anthu. Amatenga chakudya m'manja, amakhala pamapewa awo, amawona zomwe zikuchitika pafupi ndi munthu. Ziweto zomwe zimalumikizana zimatsanzira mawu amunthu, zimatulutsa mamvekedwe ena.
Oyang'anira mbalame amakhulupirira kuti mawu achibadwa a nyenyezi ndi mluzu wodekha, wakuthwa komanso wamphamvu. Ziweto zimakondedwa chifukwa cha mtundu wawo wokoma mtima komanso mawonekedwe achikhalidwe. Fidgets ndimasewera, okonda chidwi, amakhala osangalala ndi makonsati awo okopera.
