Curlews (Numenius) ndi oimira owoneka bwino komanso osangalatsa a mbalame za banja la Snipe ndi dongosolo la Charadriiformes. Mbalame zotere zimatha kuzindikirika mosavuta mukamakotama pang'ono kutsika komanso mulomo wautali, womwe umathandiza kupindika kuti apeze nyama yomwe ili pansi pake pofewa.
Kufotokozera kwa ma curlews
Kukula kwa thupi ndi kutalika kwa milomo, kulemera kwake ndi mapiko ake, komanso mtundu wa nthenga ndi miyendo oimira banja la Snipe ndi dongosolo la Charadriiformes zimasiyana kutengera mtunduwo.
Maonekedwe
Big curlew ndi mbalame, 50-60 masentimita kukula kwake ndikulemera 600-1000 g, yokhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 80-100... Uyu ndiye nthumwi yayikulu kwambiri komanso yodziwika bwino pabanja ku Europe. Chikhalidwe cha curlew ndi mulomo wautali komanso wopindika. Mtundu wa curlew ndiwofatsa, ndipo mtundu wa nthenga umasiyanasiyana kuyambira beige-bulauni mpaka imvi-bulauni mithunzi yokhala ndi mikwingwirima kapena mabala osiyanasiyana.
Ma curlews aku Far East ndiwo nyama zazikulu kwambiri zam'madzi ku Russia. Mapikowo amafikira mita. Oimira mitunduyo amasiyanitsidwa ndi miyendo yayitali, kumbuyo kofiirira ndikutsogolo kofiira pa nthenga. Mbali yamimba ndiyopepuka, ndikupezeka kwa ocher pachimake ndi mizere yakuda yakutali. Little Curlew ndi mbalame yayitali masentimita 28-34 yokhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 57-63 ndi kulemera kwa 150-175 g Nthambi zambiri zimakhala zofiirira, koma m'mimba mwake ndi zoyera. Ndalamayi ndi yaifupi komanso yopindika. Pali mikwingwirima yowala komanso yakuda pamutu pake, yomwe ili pakorona komanso pamwamba pa nsidze.
Kutalika kwa thupi kwa curlew sikungopitilira 40-46 cm, wokhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 78-80. Kulemera kwamunthu wamwamuna wamkulu ndi 268-550 g, ndipo chachikazi kumakhala mkati mwa 315-600 g. Kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera kupindika kwakukulu ndikupezeka kwakuda Korona wonyezimira wonyezimira wakutali ndikuzungulira ndi nsidze zowala. Kuphatikiza apo, oimira mitundu iyi ali ndi milomo yayifupi. Mtundu wonse wa nthenga ndi imvi, wokhala ndi timatumba tonse pathupi pake.
Chokhotakhota cha Tahiti ndi mbalame kutalika kwa 40-44 cm ndi mapiko a 80-90 cm ndi thupi lolemera 300-350 mpaka 500-550 g. Pansi pa mulomo wautaliwu ndi pinki, ndipo kumtunda kwake kumakhala ndi mdima wakuda. Mbalameyi imadziwika ndi miyendo imvi, beige wonyezimira pansi pa thupi ndi mchira wopepuka wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Gawo lakumtunda la nthenga ndi lofiirira lakuda komanso katsitsi koyera. Pansi pake pa mapikowo pamakhala pabirawuni ndipo mbali yakumtunda ndi imvi.
Ndizosangalatsa! The Eskimo kapena dwarf curlew ndi mbalame yokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi mkati mwa 30 cm, yomwe ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa kansalu kakang'ono kwambiri kamene kamadziwika pano, koma kocheperako poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina yonse ya mbalame zotere.
Kutalika kwa thupi kokhotakhota koonda ndi pafupifupi masentimita 40. Oimira mitundu iyi amakhala ndi miyendo yayitali ndi mlomo wakuthwa, womwe umakhala wopindika kutsika. Nthengazo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wa imvi wapadziko lapansi wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yolimba kwambiri ndi timadontho. Pali mikwingwirima yopepuka yakutali pamutu. Mtundu wa amuna ndi akazi ulibe kusiyana kowoneka.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Curlews ndi otsatira moyo wamakhalidwe, chifukwa chake, magulu ambiri a oimira mtunduwo amatha kuwonedwa nthawi zambiri. Pamalo awo obisalira, akulu amasonkhana limodzi, awiriawiri, kapena ngati gawo la gulu lomwe lakhazikika kale. M'madera apakati pa Russia, nthawi yokhotakhota yokhotakhota imayamba, monga lamulo, mu Epulo, ndi madera otsika - mu Marichi. Nthawi yobereketsa kumadera akumpoto imayamba mu Meyi.
Nthawi zambiri, atangofika, mbalame zimayamba kukwerana... Pakadali pano, yamphongo imakwera m'mwamba ndikutulutsa mluzu wokweza kwambiri, kenako imayamba kuyenderera pansi. Makhalidwe oterowo amabwerezedwa ndi mbalameyo kangapo. Njira yokhazikitsira kukaikira mazira kumayandikira pafupi ndi madzi.
Ngakhale kuti mitundu yonse yaziphuphu yomwe ilipo masiku ano ndi mbalame zamtendere komanso zomwe zimakhala ndi moyo wabwino, nthumwi zoterezi zimayang'anira mwakhama malire awo. Malinga ndi asayansi, zomwe zimatchedwa nesting conservatism ndizodziwika bwino pamakhalidwe achikulire, chifukwa chake chaka chilichonse amabwerera kumagawo omwe amawakonda.
Ndi ma curlews angati omwe amakhala
Nthawi yayitali ya moyo waziphuphu zazikulu m'chilengedwe zimakhala zaka khumi mpaka makumi awiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwake (malinga ndi kulira kwa deta) ndi zaka makumi atatu.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala okulirapo kuposa amuna, ndipo amakhala ndi milomo yayitali komanso yopindika. Kuphatikiza pa chizindikiro ichi chazakugonana, palibe kusiyana kwakunja pakati pa amuna ndi akazi.
Mitundu yama curlews
Pakadali pano pali mabanja asanu ndi awiri okha a mbalame zotere, ndipo zisanu zokha mwa izo tsopano zikupezeka ku Russia.
Mitundu yama curlews:
- Great curlew (Numenius arquata) kuphatikiza ma subspecies Numenius arquata arquata ndi Numenius arquata orientalis;
- Curlew wa nthawi yayitali (Numenius amеriсanus);
- Kum'maŵa kwa curlew (Numenius mаdаgаssariensis);
- Medile curlew (Numenius phaeorus);
- Mwana Curlew (Numenius minutus);
- Kuphwanyidwa kwachitahiti (Numеnius tаhitiеnsis);
- Zopindika (zazing'ono) zopindika (Numеnius tenuirоstris).
Eskimo kapena pygmy curlew (Numenius borealis) ayenera kuti adamwalira mzaka zapitazi.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Zisa za curlew m'malo athyathyathya komanso m'malo achinyezi, ndipo nthawi yozizira zimakhala pafupi ndi magombe kapena kumtunda, zimakonda minda komanso malo osefukira madzi.
Gawo lalikulu logawidwa likuyimiriridwa ndi Kumpoto ndi Central Europe, komanso gawo la British Isles. M'nyengo yozizira, Great Curlews amauluka kupita kugombe lakumwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Europe.
Zisa zakum'mawa kwa Far East m'chigawo cha Amur ndi Kamchatka, komanso ku Primorsky Territory. M'nyengo yotentha, oimira mitunduyo amapezeka ku Vilyui, kumapiri a Koryak komanso kudera la Nizhnyaya Tunguska, komanso pachilumba cha Bering, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China ndi ku Korea Peninsula. Ana a Curlew zisa m'mphepete mwa nkhalango ndi zigwa za mitsinje kumpoto kwa Siberia. Oimira mitunduyo ali mgulu la mbalame zosamuka, chifukwa chake amapita nthawi yozizira ku Malay Archipelago kapena ku Western Europe.
Ma curlews apakatikati amakhala m'madambo ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'minda yamatabwa pafupi ndi madzi. Oimira chisa cha mitundu ku Western Europe ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa North America, komanso ku Russia, kuchokera ku Kola Peninsula kupita ku Kamchatka ndi Anadyr. Mbalame yosamukayi imabisala kuchokera kumwera chakum'mawa kwa China ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean kupita ku New Zealand, kumwera kwa Africa, Tasmania ndi South America.
Chiphona cha Tahiti chimakhazikika pachilumba cha Alaska pafupi ndi chigwa cha Yukon komanso ku Seward Peninsula. Oimira mitunduyo ndi mbalame zosamuka, zomwe zimasamukira kuzilumba zam'madzi otentha kudutsa ku Japan pomwe nthawi yophukira imayamba. Mbalame zotere zimapezeka nthawi zambiri ku Hawaii, Fiji kapena ku French Polynesia.
Kakhali kameneka kamakhala malo akuthwa okhaokha, madambo a m'chigawo cha Asia, ndipo akamauluka amapita kunyanja. Kwa nyengo yozizira, nthumwi zonse zamtunduwu zimapita kum'mwera kwa Europe, kudera la Asia Minor kapena kumpoto kwa Africa.
Zakudya zokhotakhota
Ma curlews aku Far East amatenga bivalve ndi gastropods, amadya gammarus, oligochaetes, ndipo nthawi zina nkhanu zazing'ono ndi nsomba. Nthawi yakucha ya zipatso, mbalame zimakonda kuwononga minda yamabulosi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikudya mabulosi abuluu kapena ma crowberries.
Ma curlews ochepa kwambiri amadya nyama zing'onozing'ono, kuphatikiza tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo, nyongolotsi ndi nkhono, ndipo pagombe mbalame zotere zimagwira timitengo ting'onoting'ono ndi molluscs.
Ndizosangalatsa! Curlew waku Tahiti ali ndi chakudya chosazolowereka chomwe chimaphatikizapo osati tizilombo, akangaude, zipatso ndi maluwa, komanso abuluzi, zovunda, mazira ndi nyama zazing'ono. Mbalame zimatsegula chigoba cha dzira pogwetsa pansi kapena miyala.
Mwana wokhotakhota amagwiritsa ntchito nyama zopanda mafupa ngati chakudya, chomwe amasakidwa ndi nthumwi zamtunduwu m'matope ofewa, ndipo curlew wamba m'nyengo yachilimwe amadyetsa zipatso za crowberry wakuda zokha. M'nyengo yozizira, ma curlews apakati amakhala kumtunda, komwe amadya tizilombo ndi mphutsi, nkhono kapena nyongolotsi. Akakhala pagombe, mbalamezi zimadya nkhanu, nkhanu, nkhono zotchedwa amphipods ndi nkhono zam'nyanja.
Kubereka ndi ana
Far East Curlew amafikira kukhwima ali ndi zaka ziwiri... M'nyengo yoswana, imakhazikika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ndikuyika chisa chake mkati mwazomera kapena pamalo omangirira. Clutch imodzi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mazira anayi, ndipo makolo onse amachita makulitsidwe. Kumalo obisalira, mbalame zotere zimapezeka kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, ndipo anapiye amabadwa mzaka khumi zapitazi za Juni.
Chowotcha cha curlew wapakati chimayimiriridwa ndi mazira atatu kapena anayi a mbalame yotuwa, yofiirira kapena yakuda ya azitona yokhala ndi mawanga akuda amasiyana kukula, mawonekedwe, kachulukidwe ndi kulimba. Mzimayi ndi wamwamuna amatenga nawo mbali pachilichonse, omwe amasinthana kwa milungu inayi. Anapiye amapezeka kumapeto kwa Meyi, ndipo amakhala odziyimira pawokha kale mu Julayi.
Chisa cha mphanda woonda kwambiri ndi koboo kakang'ono pansi, kokutidwa pang'ono ndi udzu. Chilango chilichonse chimakhala ndi mazira anayi obiriwira obiriwira ngati mulibe tinthu tating'onoting'ono tofiirira.
Adani achilengedwe
Zisa, zomangidwa ndi mitundu ina m'malo otseguka, nthawi zambiri zimaukiridwa ndi agalu osochera, ndipo nthawi zina, zowalamulira zimaphedwa ndi kusefukira kwamvula. Khwangwala ndi nkhandwe, nyama zikuluzikulu ndi nyama zowononga ndege zitha kuwopsezanso ana. Chiwerengero cha ma curlews onse chikuchepa mwachangu kwambiri, chifukwa cha ngalande zamadambo, madzi ochulukirapo, kutsika kwa madera akuluakulu olima kapena ntchito zaulimi, komanso kuwononga malo okhala mbalame.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kuyambira pakati pa zaka zana zapitazi, chiwerengero cha oimira mitundu ina ya ma curlews chakhala chikuchepa. M'madera ambiri, ma curlews adalembedwa mu Red Book, ndipo chithunzi cha curlew wowonda chitha kuwonedwa pachizindikiro cha Russian Bird Conservation Union.
