Padziko lonse lapansi, wachibale wapamtima wa ngamila ndi ma llamas omwe ali ndi dzina losaiwalika la alpaca (m.) Amayamikiridwa ndi ubweya wake wabwino kwambiri, womwe umatengedwa ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chotumiza ku Peru.
Kufotokozera kwa alpaca
Camelid wopanda ungwiruyu anali chifukwa cha kuswana kuti apange mtundu woweta wokhala ndi ubweya wambiri, wapamwamba kwambiri.... Vicugna pacos (alpaca) amadziwika kuti ndi nyama yokhotakhota, yochokera ku Vicugna vicugna (vicuña kapena vigone). Vicuña yokha ndi ya suborder ya ma callus ochokera kubanja la Camelidae (camelids).
Maonekedwe
Nyama zimatchedwa callus chifukwa cha corpus callosum yomwe imalowetsa phazi ndi ziboda. Miyendo yawo ya miyendo iwiri ili ndi zikhadabo zopindika, chifukwa chomwe alpaca amakakamizidwa kuyenda, kudalira phalanges zala. Chifukwa cha ichi, ma callus onse saponda msipu ngati nkhosa kapena mbuzi. Alpaca ili ndi mlomo wapansi wobisidwa, wopanda mano pachibwano chapamwamba komanso zotchinga zolimba (zokula moyo wonse) kumunsi. Chifukwa chosowa mano apamwamba, nyama zimadya zomera ndi milomo yawo ndipo zimatafuna ndi mano ofananira nawo.
Kusiyana pakati pa alpaca ndi llama
Onsewa ndi am'banja lamakamelo, koma ma alpaca amadziwika kuti ndi mbadwa za Vicuña, ndipo llama ndi mbadwa za mtundu wa Guanaco. Alpaca, wamtali pafupifupi mita, nthawi zambiri amakhala wokulirapo pang'ono kuposa nkhosa, koma pafupifupi theka la kukula kwa llama. Alpaca wamkulu amalemera makilogalamu 45-80, pomwe llama wamkulu amalemera 90-160 kg. Amadziwikanso ndi kasinthidwe kamlomo kameneka: mu llama ndiyotalikirana kwambiri, mu alpaca imafewa. Nkhope ndi mutu wa a llama kulibe, pomwe phiri la alpaca lili ndi ziboda zazitali zokutira m'maso. Kuphatikiza apo, llama ili ndi makutu onga nthochi pamutu pake. Alpaca ali ndi timiyendo tating'onoting'ono ndipo timawoneka ngati ma katatu.
Kuchokera mkati, ubweya wonyezimira wa llama umafanizidwa ndi chovala chamkati, chomwe sichipezeka mu malaya ochepera a alpaca. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe kake kaubweya ndi kothina, komwe kumalola kudula nthawi zochulukirapo ndi malo ocheperako. Kusiyanaku kumawonekeranso mwa otchulidwa. Alpaca ochezeka samakonda kukankha, kuluma, kapena kulavulira popanda chifukwa, monga ma llamas. Omalizawa nthawi zina amachoka pagulu, pomwe ma alpaca amakonda kukhala pagulu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mitundu yonse iwiri imasakanizana, ndikupanga huarizo (uariso). Haibridi ndiwomvera komanso yosavuta kuwongolera, komabe, ilibe msana wolimba wamtundu wa llama komanso zodabwitsa za alpaca, kupatula apo, siyingathe kuberekanso.
Ndipo chinthu chomaliza. Alpacas amadziwika kuti ndiwo opanga ubweya wapadera, ndichifukwa chake sagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama zonyamula (mosiyana ndi ma llamas). Amati ma lamama amapatsidwa ntchito zoweta kuti aziyang'anira alpaca.
Ubweya
Alpaca imakhala ndi ubweya waubweya wofewa wopachikidwa m'mbali ndi masentimita 15-20, omwe amapita kukamverera, nsalu kapena ulusi. Nyama zimametedwa chimodzimodzi ndi nkhosa, koma zimakhala ndi ubweya wolimba katatu komanso zotentha kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa nkhosa. Phale la mitundu limaphatikizaponso 52 (!) Mitundu yachilengedwe, yotchuka kwambiri (koma yosowa) yomwe imadziwika kuti yoyera, chifukwa ndikosavuta kuipanga.
Ubweya wa albino ukufunika kwambiri ndipo umagulitsidwa pamtengo wokwera, ndichifukwa chake ma alpaca oyera amakhala opindulitsa kwambiri pakuswana... Ubweya wometedwa kuchokera ku nyama zazing'ono umayamikiridwa makamaka, ngakhale utali wake wocheperako (mpaka 1 kg m'zaka 2). Kuti muwone, alpaca wamkulu amapereka pafupifupi 5 kg.
Katundu wa ubweya wa Alpaca:
- ilibe lanolin (mafuta omwe amapezeka mu ubweya wa nkhosa);
- hypoallergenic (nthata zafumbi siziyambira mmenemo);
- tsitsili ndi lofewa ndipo silipuntha ngati la nkhosa;
- kugonjetsedwa ndi kuipitsa kwakunja;
- opepuka kwambiri;
- imabwezeretsa chinyezi.
Makhalidwe onsewa pamodzi amapanga ubweya wa alpaca kukhala chinthu chamtengo wapatali, chomwe zotumphukira zake ndizodziwika chifukwa chothandiza, kuwala, chiyero, kutonthoza komanso kulimba.
Zofunika! Makalapeti, zopukutira ndi zokutira zopangidwa ndi ubweya wa alpaca sizimataya chiyero chawo kwa nthawi yayitali. Zovala zopangidwa ndi Alpaca sizimazirala, sizigudubuzika, zimakutenthetsani nyengo yozizira komanso kutentha.
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti anthu akugula zinthu zambiri, osasamala mtengo wawo wokwera.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Alendo akuwoneka kuti nyama zimakhala ndi moyo wopanda ufulu, koma sizili choncho. Ma alpaca ena amasungidwa m'mafamu apadera, ena (omwe amapezeka nthawi ndi nthawi kuti amete ubweya) adasinthidwa kukhala amoyo wamtchire komanso msipu waulere wamapiri.
Moyo m'chilengedwe
Alpaca amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, nthawi zambiri amakhala amphongo amodzi ndi akazi 4-10. Banja liri ndiulamuliro wolimba ndi kukana amuna akunja komanso kulimbana kwamkati mwaudindo. Nyama zimadzuka masana ndikupumula usiku: panthawiyi, zikuphimba chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa patsiku. Alpacas amagwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chamthupi polumikizana ndi alpaca, kuphatikiza kupendekera khutu, kuzungulira kwa khosi komanso mawonekedwe amthupi.
Mamembala a gululo amadzichepetsadi wina ndi mnzake ndipo samakwiya kawirikawiri. Monga lamulo, amathawa ngozi. Ngakhale amasinthasintha mapiri, ma alpaca (mosiyana ndi mbuzi zam'mapiri) amatha kudyetsa m'malo opingasa okhala ndi malo akulu. Kupulumuka m'malo ovuta a mapiri ataliatali (okhala ndi kutentha kwakutali kwa madigiri 30) amaperekedwa ndi mawonekedwe odabwitsa aubweya, komanso kapangidwe ka maselo ofiira amwazi. Monga ma calluses ena, maselo ofiira amtundu wa alpaca sakhala ozungulira koma owulungika, motero alipo ambiri. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma erythrocyte, nyama zimatha kupuma mosavuta ngakhale mpweya wochepa.
Alpaca ndi munthu
Ali mu ukapolo, alpaca amazolowera anthu, kuwonetsa mawonekedwe awo abwino - chidwi, mtendere, manyazi ndi chithumwa. Kumbali yamakhalidwe, ali ngati amphaka, pamene amafikira munthu potengera zofuna zawo. Monga ma camelids onse, alpacas amalavulira nthawi ndi nthawi, koma samachita izi mochulukira kuposa ma llamas, ndipo nthawi zambiri pakafunika kutero, amadzimasula ku asidi wosasangalatsa m'mimba.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kulavulira makamaka kumalankhulidwa kwa gulu linzake ndipo, makamaka kawirikawiri, kwa anthu opanda chifundo. Akazi omwe ali pamalo osangalatsa "amawombera" ndi malovu kuchokera kwa amuna okonda kwambiri kuwalowera.
Mwambiri, alpaca ndi zolengedwa zanzeru komanso zoyera zomwe zimathetsa kufunika kuzimbudzi zapagulu (zokhala ndi mafamu). Nyama zimakonda madzi, pomwe nthawi zambiri zimawombana, amasambira kapena amangonama. Nthawi ndi nthawi amapanga mawu oseketsa omwe amawoneka ngati nkhosa yodekha ikulira. Alpaca omwe anathawa adauza a Inca za ngoziyo, pambuyo pake kunali koyenera kuthamangitsa chiwombankhangacho kapena kulowa nawo nyama yokhotakhota. Masiku ano, ma alpaca amatenga nawo gawo moyenera pamagawo azithandizo la ziweto kapena nyama, zomwe zimapindulitsa ana ndi akulu.
Alpaca amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Malinga ndi malipoti ena, ndi nyama zowetedwa zokha, zomwe zimakhala nthawi yayitali kumapiri, zimakhala nthawi yayitali - mpaka zaka 20-25... Alpaca apakhomo omwe amakhala m'mafamu amakhala ndi zaka zitatu - mpaka zaka 7 (zambiri zosatsimikizika).
Mitundu ya Alpaca
Odyetsa abweretsa mitundu iwiri, yosiyana ndi kapangidwe ka ubweya - Huacaya (Wakaya) ndi Suri (Suri). Popeza mtundu woyamba ndiwofala kwambiri, ndi Huacaya yemwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "alpaca". A huakaya ali ndi malaya amfupi pomwe tsitsi limakula mozungulira khungu, kupatsa nyamazo mawonekedwe azoseweretsa zamtengo wapatali.
Suri, ndi ubweya wake wofewa utali wokutidwa ndi ma dreadlocks pansi, ndiwopadera (5% kapena 120 mitu zikwi) ndi mtundu wamtengo wapatali kwambiri (wowirikiza kawiri kuposa Huacaya) wa alpaca. Unali ubweya wa Suri womwe kale udagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zovala za anthu ovala korona. Runo Suri (motsutsana ndi Wakaya) amawoneka wokulirapo komanso yunifolomu. Ilibe tsitsi loyang'anira lomwe limachepetsa ubweya, koma ili ndi tsitsi labwino, lowongoka (19-25 microns) lokhala ndi malekezero pang'ono.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Amwenye aku Peruvia adayamba kuweta makolo a alpaca pafupifupi zaka 6,000 zapitazo. Malinga ndi nthano, ubweya wa nyama (momwe ngakhale manyowa ogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta anali amtengo wapatali) adalandira dzina lofanizira "fiber ya milungu".
Ndipo m'masiku athu ano, ma alpaca, omwe ambiri amakhala ku Peru, amakhalabe gwero lofunikira kwa Amwenye amakono. Kuphatikiza apo, nyamazi zimakhala kumpoto kwa Chile, Ecuador, kumadzulo kwa Bolivia ndi Argentina. Ziweto za Alpaca zimayendayenda kumapiri aku Peruvia (800 mita kumtunda kwa nyanja) ndikudyetsa kumapiri a Andes (pamtunda wa 3.5-5.0 zikwi zikwi), ndikufika kumalire a chisanu ndi masamba ochepa.
Zakudya za Alpaca
Pafupifupi samasiyana ndi zomwe kavalo amadya - ma alpaca ndiopanda ulemu ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhutitsidwa ndi udzu wachinyamata... Ekala imodzi imatha kudyetsa nyama 6-10.
Zosankha nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo:
- herbaceous zomera;
- mphukira;
- ubweya;
- masamba;
- mchere umanyambita.
Pofunafuna mbewu zatsopano komanso zopatsa thanzi kwambiri, ma artiodactyl amapenda mosamala mapiri ataliatali ndikusuntha pang'onopang'ono. Ngati ndi kotheka, gululo limasamukira kumadera achonde. Alimi olemera nthawi zambiri amalemeretsa msipu wawo pobzala clover kapena alfalfa m'minda yawo, komanso kuwonjezera mchere ndi udzu ku chakudya chawo cha alpaca.
Mukamadyetsa, muyenera kuwona mfundo zingapo:
- msipu wopanda namsongole wakupha;
- msipu wapamwamba (wokhala ndi mapuloteni);
- mlingo woyenera wa mchere;
- mankhwala azirombo ndi mavitamini (kamodzi pamwezi);
- mwayi wopanda madzi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kulimbikitsidwa kwazakudya kumakhala paudzu / udzu, ngakhale kuchuluka komwe kumadyedwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kochepa - 1.5 makilogalamu pa 55 makilogalamu ake. Akuti alpaca m'modzi amadya maudzu pafupifupi 500 kg pachaka. Kuchuluka ndi kapangidwe ka zakudya zomwe amadya zimadaliranso zaka (mwana wa ng'ombe kapena wamkulu), jenda, mimba ndi nyengo yoyamwitsa.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nyengo yokwatirana ya Alpaca siyokhazikika ndipo imatha chaka chonse... Mtsogoleri amatenga akazi onse okhwima ogonana mwa azimayi ake. Nthawi zina azimayi amagawidwa m'magulu akulu, zomwe zimayambitsa ndewu zankhanza pakati pa amuna.
Kubereketsa kwa alpaca mu ukapolo kumayendetsedwa ndi anthu, kuswana nyama zamtundu wosiyana m'makola osiyana ndikulola amuna odalitsika kukwatirana.
Amayi samakhala achonde kwambiri ndipo samakonda kupita padera, koma ali ndi katundu wosangalatsa - kukhala ndi pakati nthawi iliyonse pachaka kapena masana, chifukwa kutulutsa nthenda kumachitika ndikulumikizana kulikonse ndi wamwamuna. Mkaziyo amakhala wokonzeka kugonana atangobereka kumene, koma, chodabwitsa, mwana amabadwa kamodzi zaka ziwiri zilizonse.
Kubala kumatenga miyezi 11, kufika pachimake pakubadwa kwa ng'ombe, yomwe ikatha ola limodzi imayimirira molimba mtima. Alpaca wakhanda amalemera 1 kg, koma akukulira mwachangu, ndikufika makilogalamu 30 ndi miyezi 9 (nthawi zambiri mayi amasiya kumuyamwitsa mkaka). Kukula kwakulimbitsa thupi kumapitilira mpaka chaka chachitatu cha moyo, ndipo ntchito zobereketsa za alpaca "zimadzuka" patatha zaka ziwiri.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani achilengedwe a ma callus makamaka cougars akulu ndi akambuku. Alpacas amalimbana ndi zilombo zazing'ono pogwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zam'mbuyo ndi zida zawo, kulavulira. Podziteteza, nyamazo zimapanga mawu akuchenjeza anzawo za ngozi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Omenyera ufulu wazinyama amakhulupirira kuti palibe chomwe chimaopseza kukhalapo kwa alpaca, chifukwa chake sichiphatikizidwa mu International Red Book.
Zofunika! Mitunduyi imatetezedwa ndi malamulo azachilengedwe aku Peru, omwe amaletsa kutumiza ndi kupha alpaca. Malinga ndi zomwe zaposachedwa, anthu aku Peruvia ali ndi anthu opitilira 3 miliyoni (88% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi).
Kuyesera kobwerezabwereza nyama kuthengo (kunja kwa South America) kwalephera, koma zimayesedwa bwino m'minda yapamtunda / nazale ku Australia (mitu yopitilira 60 zikwi), Europe ndi USA. Alpacas nawonso adawonekera ku Russia: mkazi akhoza kugula $ 13,000, wamwamuna - $ 9,000.
