Penguin, kapena ma penguin (Spheniscidae) ndi banja lochulukirapo masiku ano, loyimilidwa ndi mbalame zam'nyanja zopanda ndege, nyama zokhazokha zokhazokha zomwe zimayambira Penguin-like (Sphenisciformes). Oimira banjali amadziwa kusambira ndikusambira bwino, koma sangathe kuwuluka konse.
Kufotokozera kwa anyani
Ma penguin onse ali ndi thupi losasintha, loyenera kuyenda momasuka m'malo am'madzi... Chifukwa cha minofu yotukuka komanso kapangidwe ka mafupa, nyama zimatha kugwira ntchito ndi mapiko awo m'madzi, pafupifupi ngati zomangira zenizeni. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndi mbalame zopanda ndege ndikupezeka kwa sternum yokhala ndi minofu yolimba komanso yamphamvu. Mafupa apamapewa ndi nkono amangolumikizana molunjika komanso mosasunthika m'zigongono, zomwe zimakhazikika pantchito yamapiko. Minofu m'chifuwa imapangidwa, mpaka 25-30% ya thupi lathunthu.
Penguin amasiyana kukula komanso kulemera kwake kutengera mitundu. Mwachitsanzo, kutalika kwa wamkulu emperor penguin ndi 118-130 cm ndipo amalemera 35-40 kg. Ma penguin amasiyanitsidwa ndi akazi achimfupi kwambiri, mawondo osasunthika olumikizana ndi miyendo yomwe imasunthika mmbuyo, yomwe imachitika chifukwa chakuwongola kwanyama koteroko.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mafupa a penguin ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi minofu ya nyama monga ma dolphin ndi zisindikizo, chifukwa chake, ilibe minyewa yamkati mwa mbalame zouluka.
Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame yam'nyanja imadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mapazi afupiafupi okhala ndi chotupa chapadera chosambira. Mchira wa anyani onse afupikitsidwa, chifukwa chiwongolero chachikulu chimaperekedwa ku miyendo. Komanso, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nthumwi zina za mbalame ndi kuchuluka kwa mafupa a penguin.
Maonekedwe
Thupi lodyetsedwa bwino la penguin limapanikizika pang'ono kuchokera mbali, ndipo mutu waukulu kwambiri wa nyama uli pakhosi losunthika komanso loyenda, koma lalifupi. Mbalame yam'nyanja ili ndi mlomo wamphamvu komanso wakuthwa. Mapikowo amasinthidwa kukhala zipsepse zamtundu wotanuka. Thupi la nyama limakutidwa ndi nthenga zingapo zazing'ono, zopanda chidwi, ngati tsitsi. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya achikulire imakhala ndi buluu wamtambo, wosandulika nthenga zakuda kumbuyo ndi mimba yoyera. Pochita molting, gawo lalikulu la nthenga latsanulidwa, lomwe limakhudza kusambira.
M'malo awo achilengedwe, ma penguin amakhala m'malo achilengedwe, koma amatchedwa nyengo yovuta kwambiri, yomwe imafotokozera zina mwazomwe zimayambira mbalame zam'nyanja. Kutchinjiriza kwamafuta kumayimiriridwa ndi mafuta okwanira, omwe makulidwe ake ndi 20-30 mm... Pamwamba pa mafutawo pali zigawo zopanda madzi komanso zazifupi, zolimba kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kusunga kutentha kumathandizidwanso ndi "reverse flow principle," yomwe imasamutsa kutentha kuchoka pamitsempha kupita kumwazi wozizira wa ma venous, womwe umachepetsa kutentha.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'malo okhala m'madzi, anyani nthawi zambiri samveka, koma kumtunda mbalame zam'nyanja zotere zimalumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito kulira komwe kumafanana ndi kulira kwa lipenga kapena lipenga.
Maso a penguin ndiabwino kuthawira m'madzi, okhala ndi diso lathyathyathya kwambiri komanso kulumikizana ndi ana, koma pamtunda mbalame yam'nyanja imavutika ndi myopia. Chifukwa chakuwunika kwa mtundu wa pigment, zidatheka kudziwa kuti ma penguin amatha kuwona bwino mtundu wa buluu, ndipo amatha kuzindikira bwino kuwala kwa dzuwa. Makutuwo alibe mawonekedwe akunja owoneka bwino, koma pakadumphira m'madzi, amatsekedwa mwamphamvu ndi nthenga zapadera zomwe zimalepheretsa madzi kulowa mkati ndikutchingira kuwonongeka kwa kuthamanga.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ma Penguin ndi osambira abwino kwambiri, amatha kutsikira mpaka kuya kwa mita 120-130, komanso mosavuta kuphimba mtunda wamakilomita 20 kapena kupitilira apo, pomwe akuthamanga msanga mpaka 9-10 km / h. Kunja kwa nyengo yoswana, mbalame zam'nyanja zimasuntha pafupifupi makilomita 1,000 kuchokera kunyanja, ndikusunthira m'madzi am'nyanja otseguka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma Penguin amakhala m'midzi komanso pamtunda amalumikizana m'magulu achilendo, kuphatikiza makumi kapena mazana a anthu.
Kuti zisunthire pamtunda, ma penguin amagona pamimba ndikunyamuka ndi mawoko awo. Chifukwa chake, nyamayo imayenda motsetsereka pamwamba pa chipale chofewa kapena ayezi, ndikupanga liwiro lalikulu la 6-7 km / h.
Kodi ma penguin amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Kutalika kwa moyo wa anyani achilengedwe kumatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira zaka khumi ndi zisanu mpaka kotala yazaka.... Kutengera malamulo onse osunga ndikuwonetsetsa kuti onse ali mu ukapolo, chizindikirochi chitha kuwonjezeka mpaka zaka makumi atatu. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mwayi wopulumuka kwa ma penguin, mosasamala kanthu za mitundu, mchaka choyamba cha moyo ndiwotsika.
Mitundu ya anyani
Banja la Penguin limaphatikizapo mibadwo isanu ndi umodzi ndi mitundu isanu ndi itatu:
- Ma penguin akuluakulu (Zojambula) - mbalame zokhala ndi nthenga zakuda ndi zoyera komanso mtundu wa khosi lalanje lalanje. Oimira mtunduwo ndi wokulirapo komanso olemera kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina yonse, samamanga zisa ndikukhalira mazira mkati mwa khola lapadera lachikopa m'mimba. Mitundu: Emperor penguin (Artёdytes fоrstеri) ndi King penguin (Artеnоdytes ratagonicus);
- Ma penguin okhala ndi tsitsi lagolide (.Udyрtes) Ndi mbalame yam'nyanja mpaka 50-70 masentimita kukula kwake, yokhala ndi tuft yotchuka kwambiri kumutu. Mtunduwu umayimiriridwa ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yamoyo pakadali pano: penguin yotchedwa crested (p. Great Crested Penguin (E. schlateri) ndi Macaroni Penguin (E. chrysolorhus);
- Penguin zazing'ono (.Udyрtula) Ndi mtundu womwe umaphatikizapo mitundu iwiri: Penguin yaying'ono, kapena buluu (Еudyрtula minоr) ndi mapiko a White-winged penguin (Еudyрtula аlbosignata). Oimira amtunduwo ali ndi kukula kwake, amasiyana kutalika kwa thupi pakati pa 30-42 masentimita ndi kulemera pafupifupi pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka;
- Maso achikaso, kapena penguin wokongolayemwenso amadziwika kuti Antipodes penguin (Меgаdyрtes аntiроdеs) Ndi mbalame yomwe ndiyo mitundu yokhayo yomwe sinathere ya Megadyrte. Kukula kwa munthu wokhwima ndi 70-75 cm ndikulemera thupi kwa 6-7 kg. Dzinali limapezeka chifukwa chakupezeka kwa mzere wachikaso pafupi ndi maso;
- Ma penguin a Chinstrap (PygoscelisNdi mtundu womwe pano ukuimiridwa ndi mitundu itatu yokha yamasiku ano: Adélie penguin (Rygosselis adéliae), komanso Chinstrap penguin (Rygosselis antarctisa) ndi Gentoo penguin (Rygosselis papua);
- Ma Penguin owoneka bwino (Sрhenisсus) Ndi mtundu womwe umangokhala ndi mitundu inayi yokha yomwe imakhala yofanana ndi mtundu ndi kukula kwake: Ma penguin owoneka bwino (Sрhenisсus dеmersus), ma penguin a Galapagos (Sрhenisсus mendisulus), ma penguin a Humboldt (Sрhеnisсus magellus m.
Oyimira akulu akulu amakono a ma Penguin ndi emperor penguin, ndipo ochepera kwambiri ndi a Little Penguin, okhala ndi kutalika kwa 30-45 masentimita olemera makilogalamu 1.0-2.5.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Makolo a penguin amakhala kumadera okhala ndi nyengo yabwino, koma panthawiyo Antarctica sinali madzi oundana olimba. Ndikusintha kwanyengo padziko lathuli, malo okhala nyama zambiri asintha. Kuyenda kwamakontinenti ndikusamutsidwa kwa Antarctica kupita ku South Pole kudapangitsa kuti nthumwi za zinyama zisamuke, koma ndi ma penguin omwe amatha kuzolowera kuzizira.
Malo okhala anyani ndi nyanja yotseguka ku Southern Hemisphere, madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Antarctica ndi New Zealand, kumwera kwa Australia ndi South Africa, gombe lonse la South America, komanso zilumba za Galapagos pafupi ndi equator.
Ndizosangalatsa! Masiku ano, malo otentha kwambiri a anyani amakono ali pamzere wa zilumba za Galapagos.
Mbalame yam'nyanja imakonda kuzizira, chifukwa chake, m'malo otentha, nyama zotere zimawoneka kokha ndi kuzizira. Gawo lalikulu la mitundu yonse yamasiku ano limakhala pakati pa 45 ° mpaka 60 ° S, ndipo anthu ambiri amakhala ku Antarctica ndi zilumba zoyandikana nayo.
Zakudya za anyani
Chakudya chachikulu cha ma penguin chimayimiriridwa ndi nsomba, nkhanu ndi plankton, komanso ma cephalopods apakatikati... Mbalame zam'nyanja zimakonda krill ndi anchovies, sardines, Antarctic silverfish, octopus ang'ono ndi squids. Pakusaka kamodzi, penguin imatha kupanga ma dive pafupifupi 190-900, kuchuluka kwake kumatengera mtundu wamitundu, komanso nyengo munyumba ndi zofunika kuchuluka kwa chakudya.
Ndizosangalatsa! Oimira anyani amamwa makamaka madzi amchere amchere, ndipo mchere wochulukirapo umachotsedwa mthupi la nyama kudzera m'matope apadera omwe amapezeka mdera lamaso.
Zida zam'kamwa mwa penguin zimagwira ntchito potengera pompu wamba, chifukwa chake, nyama yayikuluyo imayamwa kudzera pakamwa pa mbalameyo, komanso madzi okwanira. Monga momwe tawonera, mtunda wapakati womwe mbalame yam'nyanja imayenda nthawi yodyedwa kwake ndi pafupifupi makilomita 26-27. Penguin amatha kukhala pafupifupi ola limodzi ndi theka patsiku kuzama kopitilira mita zitatu.
Kubereka ndi ana
Penguin chisa, mwalamulo, m'magulu akuluakulu, ndipo makolo onse amachita nawo mazira ndi kudyetsa anapiye. Msinkhu wokhwima umatengera mtundu wamwamuna ndi mtundu wa nyama. Mwachitsanzo, anyani ang'ono, okongola, abulu ndi ma sub-Antarctic penguin amakumana koyamba ali ndi zaka ziwiri, pomwe ma macaroni penguin amangokwatirana ali ndi zaka zisanu.
Kwa a Galapagos, ma penguin ocheperako ndi abulu, kuswana kwa anapiye kumakhala kofanana chaka chonse, ndipo ma penguin ang'onoang'ono nthawi zina amatha kugwira ngakhale kangapo mchaka chimodzi. Mitundu yambiri yomwe imakhala kumadera akumwera kwa Antarctic ndi Antarctic imayamba kuswana nthawi yachilimwe ndi chilimwe, ndipo ma emperor penguin amangogwira kokha nthawi yophukira. Anapiye nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa kukhala maboma otentha kwambiri ndipo amakonda nyengo yachisanu kumadera akumpoto. M'nyengo yozizira, makolo samadyetsa ana awo, motero anapiye amatha kuonda kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Amuna omwe ali ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino yoti amangokhala amangokhala nthawi yayitali kuposa akazi, omwe amawaloleza kukhala m'dera linalake, lomwe lidzagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga chisa.
Amuna amakopa chidwi chachikazi potulutsa malipenga, koma nthawi zambiri mbalame zam'nyanja zomwe zidakwatirana nyengo yathayi zimakhala zibwenzi... Palinso ubale wapamtima womwe ukupezeka pakati pa njira yosankhira bwenzi komanso zovuta zamakhalidwe azikhalidwe zomwe zili ndi kukula kwa njuchi. Monga lamulo, m'madera akulu miyambo yokomerana imatha kutsatiridwa ndi chidwi ndi zokopa za chidwi, pomwe anyani okhala m'mitengo yambiri amakonda kuchita mochenjera komanso mosawonekera.
Adani achilengedwe
Ma penguin ndi nyama zomwe zimakhazikika m'dera lakutali, chifukwa chake, akuluakulu pamtunda, alibe mdani. Komabe, nyama zodya nyama zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatumizidwa ndi anthu, kuphatikiza agalu ndi amphaka, zimatha kuopseza ngakhale mbalame yayikulu yam'nyanja.
Pofuna kudzitchinjiriza, ma penguin amagwiritsa ntchito zipsepse zotanuka ndi mulomo wakuthwa, zomwe ndi zida zothandiza kwambiri.... Anapiye omwe amasiyidwa osayang'aniridwa ndi makolo awo nthawi zambiri amakhala nyama ya petrels (Procellariidae). Mitundu ina yamphongo imagwiritsanso ntchito mwayi uliwonse kuti idye mazira a penguin.
Zisindikizo za Leopard (Hydrurga lertonykh), zisindikizo za Antarctic (Arctocerhalus), mikango yam'madzi yaku Australia (Neorhosa cinerea) ndi mikango yam'nyanja ya New Zealand (Phhosarctos hookerii), komanso orcas ndi mikango yam'madzi (Orsacinus) Mitundu yonse yazisindikizo zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa imakonda kuyang'anira madzi osaya pafupi ndi madera ambiri, pomwe anyani sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wachilengedwe ngati kuthamanga kwambiri. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa asayansi ambiri, pafupifupi 5% ya chiwerengerochi cha Adélie penguins amafera m'malo amenewa chaka chilichonse.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mwachidziwikire, ndi pamaso pa nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimayambitsa mantha owoneka ngati osamvetsetseka a mbalame zam'nyanja zam'madzi, momwe anyani onse amangosinthira, mabodza.
Asanalowe kapena kulowa m'madzi, anyani amakonda kupita kunyanja m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Pakusunthira koteroko, nyamazo zimazengereza ndikuwonetsa kukayikira, nthawi zambiri njira yosavuta imeneyi imatenga theka la ola. Pokhapokha imodzi mwa mbalame zam'nyanja izi itayerekeza kulowa m'madzi, nthumwi zina zonse zimalowa m'madzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, mitundu itatu yamitundu ya ma penguin idadziwika kuti ili pangozi yayikulu: ma penguin (Еudyрtes sсlаteri), ma penguin okongola (Меgаdyрtes аntirode) ndi ma penguin a Galapagos (Sрhenisсulus me. Nthawi ina m'mbuyomu, kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa mbalame zam'nyanja kunachitika ndi munthu. Anthu amatolera mazira mwachangu, ndipo akulu amaphedwa kuti apeze mafuta ochepa.
Zofunika! Masiku ano, mbalame zam'nyanja zimakumana ndi zoopsa zina zambiri, kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa malo awo okhala. Pachifukwa ichi kuchuluka kwa ma penguin okongola tsopano akuwopsezedwa kuti atha kwathunthu.
Anthu ambiri a ma Galapagos penguin amafera m'mano mwa agalu, ndipo mitundu yambiri yatsika chifukwa chakusintha kwanyengo mderalo komanso kuchepa kwa chakudya. Njira yotsirizayi ndiyofunika kwa Rocky penguins (Еudyрtes сhrysоshome), magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) ndi Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humbоldti), omwe amasaka sardines ndi anchovies, zomwe zimakhudza chidwi cha asodzi ogulitsa. Abulu ndi ma penguin a Magellanic akumana ndi zovuta zoyipa za kuwonongeka kwamadzi m'malo awo okhala ndi mafuta.
