Marten Ndi nyama yodya nyama yayitali msinkhu wokhala ndi thupi lokongola ndi mchira waukulu. Oimira banja la weasel ndi osaka bwino kwambiri, apanga maluso oyenda pamiyendo, komanso ziphuphu zakuthwa ndi zikhadabo zomwe zitha kupweteketsa anthu.
Akuluakulu amachita masewera olimbitsa thupi, omwe amawalola kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 20, ndipo anawo amasewera nthawi zonse, kutulutsa kulira.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Marten
Funso la chiyambi cha martens ndi lovuta komanso losamvetsetseka. Pachifukwa ichi, kunali koyenera kuchita kafukufuku wapolisi, kuti adziwe mitundu yonse yomwe ilipo:
- Sable.
- Nkhalango marten.
- Mwala marten.
- Ussuri marten (kharza).
- Kidus (chisakanizo cha sable ndi pine marten).
Mitunduyi ndi yamtundu wa martens ndipo ndi abale apamtima a mtundu wa minks, weasels, makoswe, wolverines, ferrets, mavalidwe, ma badger, ngakhale otters am'nyanja ndi mitsinje. Nyama izi zasinthira moyo wawo kumayiko onse momwe anthu amakhala momasuka. Mutha kukumana nawo ku Taiga, Europe, Africa, South ndi North America, komanso kulikonse.
Iwo adachokera kwa kholo limodzi lomwe mwina lidakhala zaka 35 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu yomwe ili pamwambayi ndi ya banja la a marten ndipo imakhudzana ndi banja la agalu, ma raccoon, zimbalangondo ndi amphaka. Ndizovuta kulingalira, koma anali ofanana wina ndi mnzake, chifukwa amayimira gulu la adani.
Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi kholo lomwe la miacid, lomwe limakhala padziko lapansi zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo! Amakhulupirira kuti ndiye kholo la nyama zonse zodziwika bwino za mammalian. Anali wocheperako, wosinthasintha, wokhala ndi mchira wautali komanso ubongo waukulu, zomwe zimawonetsa luntha labwino panthawiyo. Pambuyo pa zaka 15 miliyoni, oimira ena adayamba kukhala ndi ma martens, kuyambira pomwe mbiri yawo idayamba.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi marten amawoneka bwanji
Martens ali ndi thupi lithe, lowonda komanso lalitali lokutidwa ndi ubweya wofewa, womwe ungafanane ndi mphaka. Amasiyana ndi minks ndi ma ferrets okhala ndi mphuno yamakona atatu ndi makutu, ali ndi malo owala pachifuwa, pakhosi wachikaso kapena choyera. Mtundu wochokera ku bulauni wonyezimira umadutsa wakuda. Ngati mumdima muwona nyama yokhala ndi maso ofiira - musachite mantha, musanakhale ndi pine marten, osati mzimu woyipa.
Sable ndi nyama yokongola modabwitsa yochokera kubanja la marten, yomwe imakhala ndi utoto wofiirira womwe umasiyana pakati pa kuwala mpaka mdima. Chosiyana ndi mitundu ina ndi kupezeka kwa ubweya pa zidendene, motero ndikosavuta kuzizindikira panjira yake. Khola lakuda limakhala pafupi ndi Baikal, Yakutia ndi Kamchatka. Imakula mpaka 50 cm, ndikulemera mpaka 2 kg.
Kidus (nthawi zina Kidas) ndi wosakanizidwa wa m'badwo woyamba wa pine marten ndi sable, womwe umasakanikirana ndi malo oyandikana nawo. Nthawi zina zimawoneka ngati mayi, nthawi zina ngati bambo - zimatengera zomwe zimayambitsa chibadwa. Ndi wamkulu wokulirapo, wokhala ndi mchira waukulu kwambiri komanso malo achikasu. Ngati amawoneka ngati marten m'mawonekedwe, ndiye kuti amakhala mogwirizana ndi zizolowezi zonyamula.
Mwala wamatabwa kunja ndi wosiyana ndi nkhalango marten mu mtundu wa khosi lake ndi mawonekedwe amachitidwe: imakhazikika ndikufika kutsogolo. Ngakhale nthumwi zina za mayiko aku Asia zilibe konse. Chovalacho ndi chokhwima, chamtundu wa utoto wowala. Mphuno ndi yopepuka kuposa ya obadwa nayo. Ngakhale ndi yaying'ono, imakhala yolemera kwambiri: kuyambira imodzi mpaka awiri ndi theka kg.
Kharza wa abale onse ndiye wamkulu kwambiri komanso wokongoletsedwa kwambiri: kumtunda kwa thupi kuli 57 - 83 cm kutalika, wonyezimira wonyezimira. Mutu ndi mphuno ndi zakuda, nsagwada zakumunsi ndizopepuka ndipo zimaphatikizana ndi thupi. Mchira ndi bulauni, kukula kwake ndi kwa masentimita 36 mpaka 45. Kulemera kwa nyama mpaka makilogalamu 6.
Kodi marten amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: pine marten
Pine marten amapezeka ku Europe, kumpoto kwa Asia ndi Caucasus. M'derali limakhala pamitengo yayitali ya Urals ndi Western Siberia. Nthawi zina zimapezeka m'mapaki amzinda wa Moscow: Tsaritsyno ndi Vorobyovy Gory. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, mphalapala mopanda manyazi adazichotsa m'dera la Ob River, koyambirira zidapezedwa zokwanira.
Sable adakhala gawo lalikulu: Siberia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, Korea, kumpoto kwa Japan, Mongolia, komanso mbali ina ya Far East. Mosiyana ndi pine marten, amakonda kuthamangira pansi m'malo mokwera mitengo; amakonda kukhala m'malo okhala ndi mitengo yambiri m'malo mokhala nkhalango zowuma. Nyama zangokhala izi sizimasintha malo omwe zimatumizidwa, koma zikafika povuta: moto, kusowa kwa chakudya, kapena kukhuta mopitirira muyeso ndi zolusa.
Kidas, monga wolowa m'malo mwa pine marten ndi sable, amakhala pamphambano ya anthu olanda awa. Malinga ndi mboni, amapezeka nthawi zambiri mumtsinje wa Pechora, ku Trans-Urals, Cis-Urals ndi kumpoto kwa Urals. Monga sable, imakonda kukhala padziko lapansi.
Pine marten, mosiyana ndi abale ake, amakonda nyengo yotentha ndipo amakhala kumwera chakumwera. Malowa amakhala pafupifupi ku Eurasia konse ndipo amayambira ku Pyrenees mpaka kudera la Mongolia komanso mapiri a Himalaya. Amakonda dera lamapiri ndi zitsamba zambiri. Anthu ena amamva bwino pamalo okwera a 4000 metres, pomwe adadziwika ndi dzina.
Kharza amakonda nyengo yotentha ndipo amakhala kutali kwambiri kumwera kuposa pine marten. Pali zambiri zake ku Indian Peninsula, zigwa za China ndi zisumbu. Amapezeka ku Malaysia, komanso m'chigawo cha Amur, Primorsky ndi Khabarovsk Territories. Anthu ena okhala mdera la Amur nthawi zina amakumananso ndi kharza, koma kangapo.
Kodi marten amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Animal marten
Forest martens ndi omnivorous. Amasaka, makamaka usiku, agologolo, hares, voles, mbalame ndi mazira awo. Nthawi zina amadya nkhono, achule, tizilombo komanso nyama zowola. M'mapaki amzindawu, makoswe am'madzi ndi ma muskrats akumenya nkhondo. M'dzinja, amadya zipatso, mtedza ndi zipatso. Amagwira nsomba ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Nthawi zina ma hedgehogs amawukiridwa. Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe ndi kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira amakonzekera chakudya m'nyengo yozizira.
Khola, monga hybrid yake ya Kidas, imasunganso nkhalango. Koma, mosiyana ndi pine marten, imayika kusaka pansi, ndichifukwa chake chipmunks ndi timadontho timadontho timene timakonda kwambiri. Amphongo akulu amatha kupha kalulu. Pakati pa mbalame, kusaka kumakhalapo pa mpheta, magawo ndi ma grouse - mwayi wopulumuka akakumana ndi zero.
Kusaka agologolo kumakhala chinthu chosangalatsa kwambiri - khola limatsata nyama yake mumitengo, nthawi ndi nthawi kulumpha kuchokera kutalika kwa mita 7.
Stone martens nawonso amabadwa osaka, okhala ndi maso abwino, akumva komanso kununkhiza. Chifukwa cha izi, amatha kusaka nyama iliyonse yomwe akuwoneka kuti idya. Amasiyana ndi oimira am'mbuyomu a banja la weasel molimba mtima komanso mwankhanza: amalowa m'makungu a nkhunda, momwe amawononga nyama zonse.
Kharza ndiye mlenje wamphamvu kwambiri m'banja. Imathamanga mwachangu ndikudumpha mpaka 4 mita. Amasaka makoswe, mbalame, ndipo samanyoza ziwala. Nthawi zambiri imathamangitsa ma sables. Mtedza ndi zipatso zimadyedwa pang'ono kuti mukhale ndi mavitamini okwanira mthupi. Amakonda kusangalala ndi nyama zam'mimba.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal marten
Monga tanenera kale, paini martens amakhala nthawi yayitali m'mitengo. Amayenda bwino, kudumpha pamtunda wa 4 mita. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi gawo lawo, lomwe limatha kudutsana, pomwe agologolo kapena mbalame zimamanga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito malo okhala. Chinsinsi chobisika cha ma glands a kumatako chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira malo awo. Amagona masana, amasaka usiku.
Mbali yayikulu ya khanga: kumva kumva ndi chidwi cha kununkhiza. Kutha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali, zomwe zikuwonetsa kupirira kwakukulu. Khadi loyimbira sable ndi njira yolumikizirana yosangalatsa. Nthawi zambiri, amalira modekha, ngati mukufuna kuwachenjeza za zoopsa, amasokonekera, ndipo pamasewera olimbirana amakondana kwambiri.
Moyo wa Kidas umatengera chibadwa choperekedwa ndi makolo: kukopa mokweza kapena mphanga, komanso udindo wawo poleredwa. Ichi ndi chinyama chodabwitsa kwambiri, chosowa komanso chosaphunzira bwino, chomwe chingapezeke ali wamng'ono ndi nthumwi zosiyanasiyana za banja la mustelids: sable ndi pine marten.
Ma marten amwala amasaka usiku, koma masana amagona milu yamiyala ndi miyala, osati mumitengo, ngati nkhalango. Mitunduyi ili pafupi ndi anthu, chifukwa makola kapena zipinda zam'mwamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pogona ndipo amasaka nkhuku ndi nkhunda zomangidwa ndi alimi. Kunja kwa nyengo yokwatirana, amakhala moyo wosungulumwa, osafuna kudutsana ndi mtundu wawo.
Kharza amadziwika chifukwa chakuti amasaka paketi ndipo ndi nyama yochezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi wamphamvu kwambiri ndipo amatha kupirira ana a nyama yayikulu, mwachitsanzo, mphalapala kapena nguluwe. Pakusaka wovutikayo, adadula njirayo moyenera, kuwoloka zotchingira matalala pambali pa nthambi. Siligwera pansi pa chipale chofewa, chifukwa chimakhala ndi miyendo yayikulu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Marten
Rut mu pine martens imayamba kuyambira kumapeto kwa Juni mpaka koyambirira kwa Ogasiti. Mimba imakhala pafupifupi miyezi 9, ndipo ana amabadwa mchaka kuyambira anthu atatu mpaka asanu. Poyamba, mkaziyo amakhala mdzenje limodzi ndi anawo, patatha mwezi umodzi ndi theka amayamba kudyetsa nyama, mano ake ataphulika, pakatha mwezi amakwera mitengo.
Mu ma sables, nyengo yokhwima ndiyofanana, koma nthawi zambiri ana 2-3 amabadwa. Amuna ali ndiudindo waukulu pabanja ndipo samasiya akazi pambuyo pobereka ana, kuteteza gawolo ndikupeza chakudya. Masabata ang'onoang'ono amadya mkaka kwa miyezi iwiri, ndipo pambuyo pazaka ziwiri iwo ali ndi mabanja.
Ma Kidase potengera kupanga mabanja amawoneka osowa. Izi zidachitika kuti chifukwa cha kusakanizidwa, amuna amataya mwayi wawo wobereka. M'magulu, monga harz, nawonso samasokera, chifukwa chake amatchedwa osungulumwa.
Ma miyala a miyala amafanana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha nkhalango martens. Momwemonso, maubwenzi apakati pa akazi ndi abambo amamangidwa, maimidwe apakati komanso ana amakula. Kumtchire, pafupifupi, amakhala zaka zitatu, mwayi kapena opambana - mpaka 10. Ali mu ukapolo, nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka 18.
Kharza, ngakhale amachita zambiri pamodzi, mwachangu amasiyana atakwatirana. Mbewuyo imakhala ndi mayi mpaka ina ikadzatuluka, pambuyo pake amusiya. Koma nthawi zambiri abale ndi alongo amamatira limodzi, zomwe zimawathandiza kupulumuka mu nkhanza. Anthu akayamba kudziyimira pawokha, amasiyana.
Adani achilengedwe a marten
Chithunzi: Kudumpha marten
Ziribe kanthu momwe ankhondo amtundu wa pine martens alili, kuthengo kuli chilombo cha chilombo chilichonse. Adani owopsa ndi akamba ndi ziwombankhanga zagolide - simungathe kuzithawa m'malo awo achilengedwe, mumitengo. Usiku, posaka, pamakhala chiopsezo chotenga kadzidzi. Ndipo pansi, ankhandwe, mimbulu ndi ankhandwe akuyembekezera. Martens nthawi zambiri amaukiridwa osati chifukwa cha chakudya, koma pochotsa mpikisano.
Sable akhoza kugwidwa ndi chimbalangondo, nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe. Koma nthawi zambiri samachita bwino. Zowopsa zenizeni zimachokera kwa woimira weasel - harza. Komanso, ngati kuli kotheka, chiwombankhanga kapena chiwombankhanga choyera chitha kuukira. Opikisana nawo ndi ma ermines, grouse yamatabwa, grazel grouse, grouse wakuda, Partridge ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimadya zipatso zomwe zimadya.
Ma martens amwala alibe adani owopsa. Nthawi zina mimbulu, ankhandwe, akambuku kapena mimbulu zimawasaka, koma kuthamangitsa nyama yolimba komanso yosachedwa kumakhala kovuta. Vuto lina limatha kubwera ndi mbalame: ziwombankhanga zagolide, ziwombankhanga, nkhwangwa ndipo kadzidzi nthawi zambiri.
Kharza ndi makina akupha enieni, okhoza kulimbana ndi nyama zolusa zomwe ma mustelid ena onse angakonde kuthawa. Ndipo omwe amatha kuigwira samachita chifukwa cha kununkhira kwakuthupi kwa nyama, komwe kumakhala konyansa kwambiri. Koma zimbalangondo zoyera ndi akambuku nthawi zina zimapha nyamazi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Marten mu chisanu
M'nthawi zakale, khungu la pine marten linali lotchuka kwambiri, chifukwa chake anali pafupi kuwonongedwa. Chifukwa chokhala kwawo kwakukulu, sizimayambitsa nkhawa zakukhalapo kwawo. Koma kuchepa kwanthawi zonse m'nkhalango kumatha kukhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa omwe akuyimira mitundu iyi.
Sable nawonso anali pachiwopsezo, koma chifukwa chazomwe zachitika pobwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso nyamazo, nyamayi ndiyotetezeka. Pankhani yoteteza, sizofunika kwenikweni.
Kidases ndiye osowa m'banja la marten. Mwa kuchuluka kwa ma pine martens ndi masabata, amapanga gawo limodzi mwabwino kwambiri. Anthu sanaphunzire za nyama zodabwitsa izi zomwe ndizapadera m'njira zawo.
Mitundu ya miyala yamatenda imakhala yotetezeka. M'mayiko ambiri, amathanso kusakidwa. Ndipo chifukwa chakuti nyama zoyipazi zimaukira magalimoto, zimatafuna zingwe ndi maipi, anthu ena amayenera kupeza agalu kapena kugula zoletsa.
Kharza ndiye wolimba kwambiri m'banja la marten, koma yekhayo amene adatchulidwa mu Red Book. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali kuwononga nkhalango ndi chakudya.
Pamalamulo, amatetezedwa ndi mayiko otsatirawa:
- Thailand;
- Myanmar;
- Russia;
- Malaysia.
Martens adadutsa m'mbiri yakale, osapereka kwa owononga ena ndikupulumuka pazovulaza za anthu komanso nyengo. Mitundu yawo yakhazikika padziko lonse lapansi ndipo amatha kukhala m'malo otentha kapena ozizira. Ena amakhala kumapiri pomwe ena amakhala kunkhalango. Amasiyana pamakhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe, koma dzina lawo limagwirizana - chantika.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 24.01.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 10:24
