Kaluga ndi nyama yodabwitsa, imalembedwa mu International Red Book ndi Red Book of Russia, ngati mitundu yosowa kwambiri ya nsomba zamadzi. Kaluga ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali yamalonda, caviar yake imalemekezedwa kwambiri. Poyamba ankakhulupirira kuti nsombayi ndi madzi abwino okhaokha, koma posachedwa zidadziwika kuti achinyamata amakhalanso ndi nyanja yayikulu kwambiri kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk.
Kufotokozera kwa kaluga nsomba
Nsombazo ndi za banja la sturgeon, nthawi zambiri zimasokonezeka ndi beluga... Koma mawonekedwe ake odziwika bwino komanso odziwika bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa kunyezimira kwakumbuyo kwa dorsal - kuli ochepera 60 a iwo.
Maonekedwe
Kaluga ndi yayikulu kwambiri, nthawi zina achikulire amakula mpaka 560 cm m'litali ndipo amalemera kuposa 1 ton - nsomba imadziwika kuti ndi yokhwima pogonana zaka 16, ikafika kutalika kwa 230 cm, kulemera - pafupifupi 380 kg. Kutalika konse kwa moyo wa Kaluga ndi zaka 50-55. Mtundu wa nyama nthawi zambiri umakhala wobiriwira, mimba nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyera.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zilonda za m'mimba mwa nsomba zoterezi zimaphatikizana, zomwe zimapanga khola lalikulu pansi pamiyala pakati pamiyala.
Mphuno kapena mphuno zimaloza pang'ono, zowoneka bwino, osati zazitali komanso pang'ono pang'ono pambali. Pakamwa pake ndi mokwanira, chimafanana ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ndipo kamakhala mbali yonse yakumunsi kwa mphuno, kumangopita pang'ono pamutu. M'mphepete mwa pakamwa pa Kaluga pali ndevu zothinikizidwa, zopanda masamba.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Pali mitundu ingapo ya nsomba — malo osakira zinthu, bwato komanso Kaluga yemwe akukula mwachangu. Nyama zonsezi zimapita kukaphulika ku Amur. Palinso Kaluga yogona - mawonekedwe ake amawerengedwa kuti ndi "moyo" wokha - nsomba sizitsikira mumtsinje wa Amur, ndipo sizimayenda munjira yake.
Kodi Kaluga amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Kukula msinkhu kwa akazi ndi abambo ku Kaluga sikuchitika nthawi imodzi – amuna okhwima 1-2 zaka m'mbuyomo. Nsombazo "ndizokonzeka" kubereka ana azaka za 15-17, bola zikangofika pafupifupi 2m. Zikuwoneka kuti, moyo wamunthu aliyense ndi wazaka pafupifupi 48-55.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ngakhale dzina lake lachilendo - Kaluga - nsomba sakhala mumtsinje wamadzi, koma mu beseni la Amur. Chiwerengero cha anthu chimangobwera ku Amur Estuary.
Zofunika! Chifukwa chofunidwa kwambiri pamalonda, nsomba zasowa pafupifupi m'malo ambiri amchere komanso mitsinje ya Amur, pomwe kale inali yofala kwambiri.
Zakudya za Kaluga
Kaluga ndi nyama yolusa yoopsa, mzaka zoyambirira za moyo wake imadyetsa abale ang'onoang'ono ndi nyama zopanda mafupa... Anthu okalamba amadya nsomba zazikulu zam'mitsinje - nsomba nthawi zambiri zimakhala "zokoma" za Kaluga.
Ku Amur estuary (malo okhalamo ndi malo opangira Kaluga), chum saumoni ndi nsomba ya pinki zimakhala chakudya chachikulu, ndipo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha nsomba zonse zamalonda m'zaka zaposachedwa, milandu yokhudzana ndi kudya anthu nthawi zambiri.
Pakamwa pakamwa pa nyamayo pakufanana ndi chitoliro - imayamwa nyama limodzi ndi mtsinje wamadzi. Zokhumba za nsombazi ndizazikulu kwambiri - Kaluga wa mita zitatu amatha kumeza nsomba ya mita imodzi kapena pinki ya pinki yayitali - m'mimba mumatha kukhala ndi nsomba pafupifupi khumi ndi ziwiri kukula kwake. Chilakolako chimenechi chimalola kuti zamoyo zikule msanga ndikukula msanga.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mpaka pano, kuwonekera kwenikweni kwa nsomba ngati iyi mu Amur kumawonedwa kukhala kosangalatsa komanso kosamvetsetseka. Asayansi akufotokoza izi posuntha kwakanthawi kwa nsomba kuchokera kumalire akumadzulo kale kwambiri. Koma sizikudziwikabe - ndi liti, motani ndipo chifukwa chiyani ma sturgeon awa adawonekera mu doko la Amur. Palinso mtundu womwe Kaluga adakhazikitsa Amur chifukwa cha mbalame zosamuka zomwe zimanyamula mazira ake - koma chikhulupiriro ichi ndichopanda nzeru kotero kuti sichingakhale chowonekeratu.
Kaluga imangobala m'nthaka yamiyala kapena yamiyala yokha. Kubzala nthawi zonse kumachitika mu Meyi - Juni. Unyinji wa mazira asanabadwe ndi pafupifupi 25% ya kulemera kwake konse, ndipo kubereka kumafika mazira 4-5 miliyoni. Munthu aliyense amabereka zaka zinayi kapena zisanu zilizonse.
Mazirawo amalumikizidwa kumtunda wapansi - mazirawo amakhala ndi m'mimba mwake pafupifupi 2-4 mm. Mazira amakula munthawi zina - kutentha kwamadzi kozungulira 18-19 ° C kumafunika. Kukolola kwa dzira kumachitika pakatha maola 100-110, m'malo otentha, kukula kwa mazira kumachepetsa mpaka masiku 15-17. Mazira omwe aswedwawo amafika kutalika kwa 10-12 mm, patatha masiku ochepa, kachiwiri ngati kutentha pang'ono, nsombazo zimakula mpaka 18-22 mm ndikusinthira mtundu wodziyimira wokha.
Pofika nyengo yozizira, mwachangu amafika pafupifupi masentimita 30 ndi magalamu 20-100. M'chaka nsomba chimakula mpaka masentimita 35 ndipo chimalemera mpaka magalamu 150-200. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, Kaluga mwachangu amakhala olusa - pamsinkhuwu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi vuto la kudya anzawo, ndipo nthumwi za mtundu uwu wa nsomba zimakula msanga kuposa ma sturgeon ena onse.
Zofunika! Ndi m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Amur komanso pakati pamtsinje pomwe nsomba zimakula msanga kwambiri kuposa malo ena okhala.
Anthu okhwima mwa kugonana amaganiza kuti ali ndi zaka 20 mpaka 25, mpaka 100 kg ndi 230-250 cm kutalika. Kuchuluka kwa nsomba pakati pa atsikana omwe sanakwanitse kutha msinkhu ndikofanana, koma azimayi achikulire ku Kaluga akukhala owirikiza kawiri.
Adani achilengedwe
Popeza Kaluga nsomba chilombo ndi kukula zazikulu kwambiri zachilengedwe, alibe adani amenewa m'chilengedwe... Koma Kaluga ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali - "chuma" chenicheni cha msodzi - ilibe nyama yokoma komanso yokoma kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba ilibe mafupa. Ndi maubwino awa omwe adapangitsa nyamayo kukhala chinthu chosakidwa mosaloledwa kwenikweni.
Osaka nyama mozemba amapha anthu osakhwima zolemera makilogalamu 5 mpaka 20, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mitunduyo. Chifukwa cha kutchera kotere, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kunatsika kangapo konse, monganso momwe zimayambira, chomwe chinali chifukwa chophatikizira nsomba za Kaluga mu Red Book. Ndizotheka kupulumutsa mitunduyo kuti isathere pokhapokha ngati zachilengedwe ndi kupha anthu kwayimitsidwa kwathunthu ndikuberekanso kwina pazinthu zina.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pakadali pano, nsomba za Kaluga zapatsidwa udindo wokhala nyama yomwe ili pangozi... Chiwerengero chake chimakhala ndi anthu 50-55 masauzande okhwima ogonana (azaka 15 mpaka kupitilira ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 50-60 kg, 180 cm cm). mzaka zingapo zapitazi, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mitunduyi kwawonedwa, komwe kumakhudzana ndi kuwononga anthu. Ngati izi zipitilira mtsogolomo, ndiye kuti kumapeto kwa zaka khumi izi chiwerengero cha Kaluga chichepetsedwa kakhumi. Ndipo mzaka makumi angapo, anthu aku Kaluga atha kutayika kwathunthu.
Mtengo wamalonda
Nsomba za banja la sturgeon, kuphatikiza Kaluga, nthawi zonse zimawerengedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pamitundu yonse. Koma koposa zonse, caviar ndi wofunika kwambiri mu nsomba ngati izi, chifukwa ndizomwe zimakhala ndi michere yambiri - ayodini, omega-3 fatty acids, mchere, mavitamini ndi mafuta osungika mosavuta, ofunikira thupi. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe apadera a mafupa mwanjira inayake amakhudza pafupifupi kudya kwathunthu kwa nsomba za nsomba iyi - kusowa kwa mafupa ndi msana wamatenda kumatha kugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi 85% ya thupi lake kuphika mbale kuchokera ku Kaluga.
Ndizosangalatsa!Malinga ndi malingaliro a mankhwala, nsomba za nsomba ndi zachilengedwe zachilengedwe, zomwe zimagwiritsira ntchito pang'onopang'ono chitukuko cha arthrosis ndi osteoarthritis.
Kuchepetsa kuchepa thupi mukalandira chithandizo cha kutentha, kuchuluka ndi mawonekedwe apadera a malo a minofu ya adipose mu nsomba za Kaluga zimapangitsa kukhala chinthu chomwe chimakonda kwambiri gastronomic. Izi ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala zofunika kwambiri kuti nyama zigwidwe kwambiri ndipo "ndizomwe zimayambitsa" kutha kwa mitunduyo.
