Chiwombankhanga chagolide ndichoyimira chachikulu kwambiri cha ziwombankhanga (Aquila). Mbalame yodyerayi imagawidwa pafupifupi ku Northern Hemisphere. Amatha kukhala malo aliwonse, kumapiri ndi zigwa. Komabe, ngakhale amatha kuzolowera momwe zinthu ziliri kunja, ziwombankhanga za golidi zimazimiririka pang'onopang'ono ndikukhala chimodzi mwazinthu zosowa kwambiri.
Kufotokozera kwa chiwombankhanga chagolide
Makhalidwe omwe chiwombankhanga chagolide chimasiyanitsa ndi mamembala ena amtundu wa chiwombankhanga ndi kukula, mtundu ndi mawonekedwe akumbuyo kwamapiko.
Maonekedwe
Chiwombankhanga chagolide wamkulu kwambiri... Kutalika kwakuthupi kwa mbalame yayikulu ndi 85 cm, mapiko ake ndi 180-240 cm, kulemera kwake kumasiyana pakati pa 2.8 mpaka 4.6 kg mwa amuna komanso kuyambira 3.8 mpaka 6.7 kg mwa akazi. Mlomo umakhala wofanana ndi ziwombankhanga zambiri - zazitali, zopindika, zofewa kuchokera mbali. Mapikowo ndi aatali komanso otambalala, akugundana pang'ono kumunsi, komwe kumapangitsa kumbuyo kwawo kupindika ngati mawonekedwe a S - mawonekedwe omwe amathandizira kuzindikira chiwombankhanga chagolide chikuuluka. Mchira ndi wautali, wozungulira, wotuluka mothamanga. Mapiko a ziwombankhanga zagolidi ndi akulu kwambiri ndipo amakhala okutidwa kwathunthu ndi nthenga.
Nthenga za mbalame wamkulu zimakhala zofiirira-zakuda, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi utoto wagolide kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi khosi. Akazi ndi amuna amitundu imodzimodzi. Mwa ana, nthenga zimakhala zakuda, pafupifupi zakuda, ndimadontho oyera "mbali" zakumtunda komanso zakumunsi zamapiko. Komanso, mbalame zazing'ono zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mchira wopepuka wokhala ndi mzere wakuda m'mphepete mwake. Mtundu uwu umawasiyanitsa ndi ziwombankhanga zazikulu zagolide ndikuwateteza ku nkhanza zawo - mbalamezi sizimalekerera kupezeka kwa alendo mdera lawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbali yapadera ya ziombankhanga zagolidi ndiwo maso awo akuthwa kwambiri. Amatha kuwona kalulu wothamanga kuchokera kutalika kwa makilomita awiri. Nthawi yomweyo, minofu yapadera yamaso imayang'ana mandala pachinthucho, kuteteza kuti mbalameyi isachiwone, kuchuluka kwa maselo amdima owoneka bwino (ma cones ndi ndodo) amapereka chithunzi chowoneka bwino kwambiri.
Ziwombankhanga zagolidi zimasiyana ndi mbalame zina chifukwa zimatha kusiyanitsa mitundu, komanso masomphenya openyerera - kutha kuphatikiza zithunzi kuchokera m'maso onse awiri, ndikupanga mawonekedwe azithunzi zitatu. Izi zimawathandiza kuwerengetsa mtunda wonyamula molondola momwe angathere.
Moyo ndi machitidwe
Mphungu zazikulu zagolidi zimakhala mbalame zokhazikika zokha... Chiwombankhanga chimodzi chachikulire chokhoza kukhala mdera lina kwa zaka zingapo. Mbalamezi sizilekerera nyama zina zolusa m'dera lawo. Palibe mgwirizano pakati pawo. Nthawi yomweyo, mbalamezi zimapanga awiriawiri olimba omwe amapitilira mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngakhale kuti ziwombankhanga zagolide sizimakonda kucheza, m'malo ena (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia) pali chikhalidwe chosaka ndi mbalamezi.
Ndipo alenje amatha kuthana nawo bwinobwino - ngakhale kuti, chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi mphamvu yake, chiwombankhanga chagolide chimatha kukhala chowopsa ngakhale kwa anthu. Komabe, mbalame zoweta sizimayesa kuyesa kuwukira alenje ndipo ngakhale kuwasonyeza chikondi china chake.
Kodi ziwombankhanga zagolide zimakhala motalika bwanji
Mwachilengedwe, nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi zaka 23. Mbalameyi imakhala itakwanitsa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, koma nthawi zambiri ziwombankhanga za golide zimayamba kuswana zaka zinayi kapena zisanu.
M'malo osungira nyama, mbalamezi zimatha kukhala zaka 50.
Mitundu ya mphungu zagolide
Subpecies ya ziwombankhanga zagolide zimasiyana kutengera kukula ndi mtundu. Lero, ma subspecies asanu ndi amodzi amadziwika, koma ambiri aiwo sanaphunzire chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mbalame zomwezo komanso kuvutika kuziona.
- Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos amakhala ku Eurasia konse, kupatula ku Iberia Peninsula, Eastern ndi Western Siberia. Ndiwo subspecies mwadzina.
- Aquila chrysaetus daphanea imagawidwa ku Central Asia, kuphatikiza Pakistan ndi India; imadziwika ndi mtundu wakuda wakuda mu "kapu" yakuda, ndipo nthenga za occipital ndi khosi sizagolide, koma zofiirira.
- Aquila chrysaetus homeyeri amakhala kumapiri pafupifupi ku Eurasia, kuchokera ku Scotland mpaka ku Pamirs. Pafupifupi, imapepuka pang'ono kuposa ziwombankhanga zagolide ku Siberia, yokhala ndi "kapu" yowoneka bwino pamutu.
- Aquila chrysaetus japonica amakhala kuzilumba za South Kuril ndipo sanaphunzirepo mokwanira.
- Aquila chrysaetus kamtschatica amapezeka ku Eastern Siberia ..
- Aquila chrysaetus canadensis imagawidwa pafupifupi ku North America konse.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
Malo obisalira a chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi otambalala kwambiri... Mbalameyi imapezeka pafupifupi ku Northern Hemisphere. Ku North America, amakhala pafupifupi kontinentiyo (posankha gawo lakumadzulo). Ku Africa - kumpoto kwa kontrakitala kuchokera ku Morocco kupita ku Tunisia, komanso kudera la Red Sea. Ku Europe, imapezeka makamaka kumapiri - ku Scotland, Alps, Carpathians, Rhodope, Caucasus, kumpoto kwa Scandinavia, komanso madera athyathyathya a madera a Baltic ndi Russia. Ku Asia, chiwombankhanga chagolide chafalikira ku Turkey, ku Altai, m'mapiri a Sayan, chimakhalanso m'mapiri akumwera a Himalaya komanso pachilumba cha Honshu.
Kusankha malo okhala kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuphatikiza zinthu zingapo: kupezeka kwa miyala kapena mitengo yayitali pokonza chisa, malo otseguka osaka, komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya (nthawi zambiri makoswe akulu). Ndi kukhazikikanso kwa anthu komanso kuchuluka kwa gawo lomwe adagwiritsa ntchito, kusapezeka kwa zinthu zapafupi zantchito za anthu komanso anthuwo zidakhala zofunikira. Kutchire, ziwombankhanga zagolide zimakhala tcheru kwambiri ndikusokonezeka kwa anthu.
Malo abwino okhala chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi chigwa chamapiri, koma mbalamezi zimatha kukhala m'malo am'mapiri komanso m'nkhalango, m'chigwa komanso ngakhale m'nkhalango momwe muli malo ang'onoang'ono otseguka. Mtundu wokhawo wamtunda womwe suyenerana ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi nkhalango zowirira. Chifukwa cha mapiko akuluakulu, chiwombankhanga chagolide sichimatha kuyenda pakati pa mitengo ndikusaka bwino.
Zakudya za mphungu zagolide
Ziwombankhanga zagolidi ndi nyama zowononga zomwe chakudya chawo chachikulu chimakhala ndi makoswe akuluakulu: agologolo agulu, hares, marmots. Nthawi yomweyo, amadziwa momwe angasinthire mosavuta mkhalidwe wa dera linalake: mwachitsanzo, ku Russia, ziwombankhanga zagolide zimasaka makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi mbalame zina, komanso ku Bulgaria - kamba.
Ziwombankhanga zagolide zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuti zimatha kuukira mdani wokulirapo komanso wamphamvu: nthawi zambiri pamakhala ziwombankhanga, agwape, nkhandwe; m'zigawo za steppe, ziwombankhanga zagolide zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posaka mbawala. Chiwombankhanga chokhala pafupi ndi malo omwe anthu amakhala chimatha kuwononga ziweto, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, pamene mbewa zimabisala. Komanso, m'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zambiri (makamaka ana) zimadya nyama yowola.
Mbalame yayikulu imasowa nyama yokwana 1.5 kg patsiku, komabe, ngati kuli kofunikira, chiwombankhanga chagolide sichingadye kwa nthawi yayitali - mpaka milungu isanu.
Adani achilengedwe
Chiwombankhanga chagolide chomwe chimadya nyama zapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chimakhala pamalo apamwamba kwambiri, ndipo alibe mdani wachilengedwe. Wowopsa yekha kwa iye ndi mwamuna - osati chifukwa chowonongekeratu, koma chifukwa m'malo okhala anthu, ziwombankhanga zagolide sizikhala ndipo sizimabala, koma zikasokonezedwa, zimatha kuponya chisa ndi anapiye.
Kubereka ndi ana
Masewera okwatirana a ziwombankhanga zagolide amayamba ndikutha kwa nyengo yozizira - kuyambira February mpaka Epulo, kutengera kutalika. Makhalidwe owonetseredwa pakadali pano amadziwika ndi amuna ndi akazi. Mbalame zimapanga ziwonetsero zosiyanasiyana zam'mlengalenga, zomwe zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri komanso zosangalatsa ndikuwuluka kotchedwa "openwork" - atakwera kwambiri, mbalameyo imasunthira pamwamba, kenako pamalo otsika kwambiri amasintha mayendedwe ake ndikunyamuka. Ndege ya "fishnet" itha kuchitidwa ndi m'modzi mwa awiriwa kapena onse awiri.
M'gawo lake, ziwombankhanga ziwiri zagolide zili ndi zisa zingapo, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosinthana. Chiwerengero cha zisa zotere chimatha mpaka khumi ndi ziwiri, koma nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito awiri kapena atatu. Iliyonse yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri ndipo imakonzedwanso ndikumaliza chaka chilichonse.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ziwombankhanga zazikulu ndi mbalame zodzikondera zokha. Avereji ya zaka kumayambiriro kwa kubereka ndi zaka 5; nthawi yomweyo mbalame zimapanga magulu okhazikika.
Chowotcha chimatha kukhala ndi dzira limodzi kapena atatu (nthawi zambiri amakhala awiri). Mkazi amachita nawo makulitsidwe, koma nthawi zina wamwamuna amatha kulowa m'malo mwake. Anapiye amaswa m'masiku angapo - nthawi zambiri mofanana momwe amayikiramo mazira. Mwana wankhuku wamkulu, monga lamulo, ndiye wankhanza kwambiri - amaluma achichepere, sawalola kuti adye, milandu ya kainism imawonedwa nthawi zambiri - kupha mwana wankhuku kakang'ono ndi mwana wankhuku wamkulu, nthawi zina kudya anzawo. Nthawi yomweyo, mkazi samasokoneza zomwe zikuchitika.
Anapiye amatuluka pamapiko ali ndi zaka 65-80 masiku, kutengera subspecies ndi dera, komabe, amakhalabe pagawo la malo okhala kwa miyezi ingapo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Masiku ano, chiwombankhanga chagolide chimawoneka ngati mbalame yosawerengeka ndipo chidalembedwa mu Red Book, komabe, ndi ya taxon yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu, popeza kuchuluka kwake kumakhalabe kosasunthika, ndipo mzaka zaposachedwa ukukulira pang'onopang'ono. Choopseza chachikulu pamtunduwu chimachokera kwa anthu.... M'zaka za zana la 18 ndi 19, mbalamezi zidawombedwa mwadala, chifukwa zimawononga ziweto (kotero ziwombankhanga za golidi zidatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa ku Germany).
M'zaka za zana la 20, adamwalira chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo - pokhala pamwamba pazakudya, ziwombankhanga zagolide zidasonkhanitsa zinthu zovulaza m'thupi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kukula kwa mluza komanso kufa kwa anapiye omwe asadabowoke. Pakadali pano, chowopseza kuchuluka kwa mbalame ndikulanda madera oyenera kuti anthu azikhalira komanso kutha kwa mbalame ndi makoswe akuluakulu, omwe ndi chakudya cha ziwombankhanga zagolide, chifukwa cha ntchito zawo.
Masiku ano, m'maiko ambiri omwe amakhala ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide, achitapo kanthu pofuna kuteteza ndikubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi. Chifukwa chake, ku Russia ndi Kazakhstan, chiwombankhanga chagolide chimaphatikizidwa m'mabuku a Red Data Books. Malo okhala ziwombankhanga zagolide amatetezedwa ndi malo osungira zachilengedwe. M'madera okha a Russia, mbalameyi imakhala m'malo osungira makumi awiri. Ziwombankhanga za golide zimatha kukhala m'malo osungira nyama, koma sizimaswana kawirikawiri.
Kusaka ziwombankhanga zagolide ndikoletsedwa kulikonse.
