Ziwombankhanga ndi adani a mdima. Zokongola kwambiri komanso zonyada, ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zazikulu kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Kukula kwawo, komanso zilakolako zawo, mawu okweza ndi moyo wawo zadzetsa mantha ambiri opanda maziko. M'nthano ndi zongopeka zosiyanasiyana, mungapeze maumboni ambiri akadzidzi molakwika kwambiri.
Kufotokozera kwa akadzidzi
Kadzidzi wa mphungu ndi mtundu wa mbalame zochokera kubanja la kadzidzi... Moyo wawo sunaphunzire, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo ndi obisika. Mitundu ina yamasiku ano ili pachiwopsezo cha kutha, ina yasowa m'malo ena. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti mbalame yayikuluyi ilibe adani achilengedwe, kupatula majeremusi osiyanasiyana.
Maonekedwe
Kutengera mtundu winawake, mawonekedwe awo amatha kusiyanasiyana. Makulidwe akadzidzi amatha kuyambira 39 cm mpaka 71 cm, ndipo kulemera kwa munthu payekha nthawi zina kumafika 4.6 kg. Kulemera kwake kwa mbalame kumakhala pakati pa 2-3 kg. Amakhulupirira kuti mbalame za kumadera akumwera ndizochepa komanso zopepuka kuposa msuwani wawo wamapiko wakumpoto. Kuphatikiza apo, kadzidzi amatulutsa mawonekedwe azakugonana - akazi nthawi zonse amakhala akulu kuposa amuna.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ziwombankhanga zambiri ndi mbalame zolimba zokhala ndi miyendo yamfupi yolimba komanso thupi loboola ngati mbiya. Zala zazitali, zosinthika komanso zolimba, kutha ndi zikhadabo zakuda.
Ichi ndi chida chowopsa - chakuthwa ngati mipeni, zikhadabo zimakumba mosavuta mnofu wa wovulalayo, kukhudza ndikuwononga zotengera zazikulu. Imfa imachitika osati chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mabala koma kutuluka magazi. Nthenga za Tarso ndi zala kapena kupezeka kwake ndiimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri.
Nthengazo zimakhala zolimba, nthawi yomweyo zotayirira, zomwe zimathandizira kuyenda mwakachetechete. Mtundu wa nthenga umadalira kwambiri malo okhala ndipo umangoyang'anira - kubisa kadzidzi ndikofunikira masana. Mwakutero, amatha kukhala chinthu chowukiridwa ndi mbalame zina. Kulira konse kwa nthenga kumakhala kofiirira ndi utoto wachikaso, kapena wachikasu wambiri, kumadera akumpoto, phulusa-losuta, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bulauni ndi yakuda.
Pamutu pake pali nthenga zazitali zazitali, zomwe zimayenda mozungulira kutengera mtundu wa mbalameyo. Sanatsimikizidwe mwasayansi kuti ali okhudzana mwachindunji ndi zothandizira kumva. Oyang'anira mbalame ena amawawona ngati mtundu woyamba wa phokoso - mtundu wa kaphokoso.
Nthawi zina mapikowo amafikira mita ziwiri kapena kupitilira apo, ndipo kuwuluka kwake kumakhala kopatsa chidwi. Zosesa ndizosowa komanso zakuya, zosintha ndi kukonzekera. Amakhala ndi liwiro lalikulu pokhapokha akaona nyama ndipo kumakhala kofunika kuigwira. Mchirawo ndi wamfupi kapena wapakatikati kutalika, wozungulira ndipo umagwira ntchito yofunikira pakukonzekera.
Maso a kadzidzi ndi osangalatsa kwambiri: akulu komanso ozungulira, okhala ndi malalanje owala, achikasu kapena ofiira. Ndi mtundu umodzi wokha womwe uli ndi maso abulauni. Amangoyang'ana mtsogolo ndikukhalabe osunthika. Mutu wokha ndi womwe umatembenuka - mbalame imatha kutembenuza madigiri 270. Mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kadzidzi samawona chilichonse masana, masomphenya awo, ngakhale masana, amakhala ndi mbali zambiri.
Mawu a kadzidzi amakhalanso odabwitsa. Mwa akadzidzi onse, ali ndi "repertoire" yovuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga cha ku Nepalese, mawu ake amafanana ndi zolankhula za anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa mbalameyo kukhala ndi mantha kwambiri ndi anthu amderalo. Nthawi yakumasirana, mbalame zimalankhula kwambiri - mawu awo amafanana ndi kulira, kukweza, kutsokomola, kung'ung'uza ndikulira modandaula. Mwa mawu awa, m'maiko ena, kadzidzi amatchedwa scarecrows, ndipo chikwama chawo chausiku chimabweretsa nthano zambiri zonena za goblin ndi kikimors okhala m'nkhalango.
Moyo ndi machitidwe
Kadzidzi ndi mbalame zokhazokha, zomwe zimakhala m'dera lomwelo. Imawulukira kumalo ena monyinyirika kwambiri, ndipo pokhapokha zikalephera kudyetsa m'malo okhala. Mitundu yosamuka ndi mitundu yakumpoto yomwe imauluka kumwera m'nyengo yozizira kufunafuna chakudya. Awiri akhala akubzala malo amodzi kwa zaka zambiri, nthawi zina moyo wawo wonse. Mbalame zimasamalira mwansanje gawo lawo, lomwe limatha kufikira 80 km2.
Ntchito zawo ndizotsika kwambiri masana ndipo zimawonjezeka pakayamba madzulo ndi usiku. Amatha kusaka mpaka m'mawa ndikumapuma pang'ono. Ziwombankhanga zimadya pang'ono nthawi yomweyo, zazikulu zimatengedwa kupita kumalo obisika, kutali ndi nyama zina zolusa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Njira zosakira kadzidzi ndizosangalatsa kwambiri. Mitundu ina ndikamamveka kake amaopseza mwadala mbalame zamasana kapena nyama zazing'ono, zomwe zimawakakamiza kuti anyamuke kapena kukwawa pothawirapo. Nthawi zambiri akadzidzi a mphungu amapha mbalame pa ntchentche.
M'bandakucha, akadzidzi amakonda kubwerera kumalo awo obisika kuti akapumule ndi kugaya nyamayo. Chizolowezi chobisalira mbalame zina ndi mtundu wina wa chidani kwa mbalame zina - powona kadzidzi, amaziwombera, kuyesa kuvulaza momwe angathere. Sizingathe kuwononga kwambiri, koma nthawi zambiri zimasokoneza kupumula, chomwe ndi chinsinsi cha kusaka usiku usiku.
Ndi akadzidzi angati omwe amakhala
Mbalame zitha kuwerengedwa ngati zaka zana. Kutchire, moyo wawo amakhala pafupifupi zaka 14-16, zaka 25, ali mu ukapolo anthu ena amakhala zaka 50. Pali nthawi zina pomwe kadzidzi woweta amakhala zaka 70.
Mitundu ya akadzidzi
Kadzidzi wa mphungu (Bubo bubo) ndiwowimira mtundu wonse wa Kadzidzi, wamkulu kwambiri mwa mitunduyo. Mtundu umasiyanasiyana kutengera dera lomwe lachita dzimbiri komanso bulauni mpaka zonona. Amadyetsa makoswe, achule, amasaka ma partges, woodpeckers, mawere. Amapezeka kudera la kumpoto kwa Europe ndi kumpoto kwa Asia m'chigawo chonse cha Eurasia, komanso ku North Africa.
Kadzidzi nsomba (Bubo blakistoni) Ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi yomwe imapezeka m'nkhalango za Manchuria, Japan, ndi Far East. Sili wotsika kukula kwa kadzidzi wamba, ndipo nthawi zina imawadutsa - mapiko a kadzidzi amakhala ndi mamita awiri ndi theka. Mtunduwo ndi bulauni, monochromatic. Zala ndi Tarso zangoyamba kumene. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mbalamezi zimakhala m'mitengo ikuluikulu yokha. Amasaka nsomba - nsomba, gobies, rudd.
Nepali owl owl (Bubo nipalensis) Ndi mbalame yosawerengeka, yaying'ono kwambiri pakati pa akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga - kukula kwake sikungapitirire theka la mita. Amadyetsa zokwawa, pheasants, kawirikawiri nsomba. Ndizodabwitsa kuti mawu ake amafanana ndi amunthu, ndichifukwa chake pali nthano zambiri zowopsa za mbalameyi m'malo mwake.
Namwali kadzidzi (Bubo virginianus) Ndi mbalame yosamuka yomwe imakhala ku North America. Woimira wapakatikati pamtunduwo mpaka masentimita 63. Nthengazo zimasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku bulauni bulauni ndi terracotta mpaka wakuda kapena wakuda ndi woyera. Kadzidzi wa mphungu ku Virginia amatha kusaka nyama zazikulu zonse ndi zinkhanira, zitsamba ndi salamanders. Amakhala awiriawiri pokhapokha pakakhala mazira ndi kuswana anapiye.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ziwombankhanga ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zomwe zimakonda kudya - zimapezeka m'maiko ambiri ku Eurasia, Africa, America. M'dera la Russia, amakhala m'dera lonselo. Biotopes momwe mbalame zimakhala ndi zipululu, mapiri, nkhalango, nyanja ndi mitsinje.
Amakhudzana ndi anthu mopanda mantha ambiri, amatha kukhala pafupi ndi malo olimapo, kupindula ndi kuwonongeka kwa tizirombo ta makoswe. Posankha malo okhala, amatsogoleredwa kokha ndi kupezeka kwa chakudya. Mbalame zakumpoto zimalolera kutentha pang'ono.
Zakudya za kadzidzi
Ziwombankhanga zimasaka makoswe ang'onoang'ono, hares, hedgehogs, achule, mbalame: magawo, ma grouse akuda, nkhunda, nkhwangwa, ma hazel grouses. Nthawi zambiri agologolo amasakidwa; osazengereza kuwasautsa ndi akhwangwala, mileme. Mitundu yaying'ono imasonkhanitsa tizilombo, mbozi, mbozi. Pali milandu yodziwika bwino yosaka nkhandwe, mphalapala, martens ndi ferrets, raccoons, badgers komanso abale apamtima - akadzidzi. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi madzi zimasaka nsomba. Mitundu ina, monga kadzidzi, imapanga pafupifupi chakudya chawo chonse kuchokera ku nsomba. Nthawi zambiri pamawonongeka zisa za mbalame ndikudya anapiye.
Adani achilengedwe
N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kadzidzi a chiwombankhanga amatha kutchedwa pamwamba pa mndandanda wa chakudya - alibe adani enieni. Mbalame yayikulu sili pachiwopsezo choukidwa ndi zilombo zina. Nthawi zina zimbalangondo ndi mimbulu zimayesetsa kuwukira achinyamata, koma milandu imapezeka kawirikawiri. Mbalame zitha kuopsezedwa ndi tiziromboti tomwe timakhazikika mu nthenga ndi matenda omwe amakhala nawo.
Mdani wamkulu wa mbalameyo atha kutchedwa kuti munthu... Poyamba, amakhulupirira kuti akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga amawononga ntchito zaulimi, ndipo mbalame zidatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa. Masiku ano, malo awo akuwonongedwa, ndipo akadzidzi a ziwombankhanga amapezeka kawirikawiri poyenda m'nkhalango. Zochita zaumunthu zimawonetsedwanso ndi mbalame m'lingaliro lakuti atatha kuwononga, makoswe ena omwe ali ndi poizoni amatha kugwa m'manja mwa adani, omwe amapatsidwa poizoni ndi nyama ndikufa msanga.
Kubereka ndi ana
Masewera okwatirana amayamba kumapeto kwenikweni kwa dzinja - koyambirira kwa masika (February-Marichi). Anthu okhwima ogonana mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo wawo amakonza mayimbidwe ndi mavinidwe okwatirana - mwachitsanzo, kadzidzi ku Virginia amagwada wina ndi mnzake, akusuntha nthenga zawo. Mwa miyambo yakuswana, kadzidzi amakhala ndi chakudya chamwambo - umu ndi momwe mwamunayo amatsimikizira kuti amatha kudyetsa mkazi atakhala m'mazira.
Ambiri mwa akadzidzi samamanga chisa - mazira awo amaikira pansi, m'mabowo ang'onoang'ono pansi pa mitengo, pakati pamiyala, m'ming'alu yamwala. Ena amagwiritsa ntchito zisa za mbalame zina zotsalira ngati zisa. Mikwingwirima imakhala ndi mazira atatu mpaka asanu, omwe akazi amagona patadutsa masiku 2-4. Zazikazi zimakhalira mazira okha, osasiya chisa, kwa mwezi umodzi. Pakadali pano, chachimuna chimadyetsa chachikazi, ndikubweretsa nyama yake. Ngati mkazi amasiya chisa ndi njala, nthawi zambiri amawonongeka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Akangopangidwa, awiriwo samasweka mumitundu yambiri, ngakhale atakhazikika komanso kutuluka anapiye, amuna ndi akazi nthawi zambiri amasaka mosiyana. Komabe, amateteza gawo lawo limodzi molimba mtima.
Mazira mwa anthu akuluakulu amakhala pafupifupi 5-7 cm m'litali, yokutidwa ndi chipolopolo cholimba, chomwe chimakhala chosalala nthawi yomwe anapiye amaswa. Mazira amatha kulemera mpaka magalamu 72 ndikukhala ndi masentimita 4-5.
Kadzidzi wobadwa kumene amalemera avareji ya magalamu 60 ndipo amakhala okutidwa ndi yoyera kwambiri. Ataswa, maso awo amakhala otseka kwa pafupifupi sabata. Anapiye amakhala osusuka - m'masiku oyamba azimayi okha ndi omwe amawadyetsa ndi chakudya chomwe chamuna chamamuna, ndikuchikhadzula. Pafupifupi milungu itatu, makolo onse awiri amapita kukasaka. Chodziwika bwino cha kadzidzi ndizakudya zawo zankhuku - mwana wankhuku wamphamvu komanso wamkulu amatha kupha ndikudya anzawo ofowoka.
Anapiye amayamba kuwona dziko lowazungulira ali ndi zaka zitatu kapena zinayi... Ziwombankhanga zimathera nthawi yochuluka poyenda wapansi, onse ali aang'ono komanso okulirapo, kuposa mbalame zambiri. Kwa mtunda waufupi, anapiye amatha kuuluka miyezi iwiri, ndipo mbalame za miyezi itatu zakubadwa zimatha mapiko awo. Komabe, amatha kupempha chakudya kwa makolo awo mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Anapiye nthawi zambiri amathawira kumoyo wodziyimira pawokha ali ndi zaka 6-7 miyezi, koma pali zosiyana zina zosangalatsa. Makolo angaphunzitse anapiye a chaka chimodzi kusaka ndi kuwedza. Izi ndi zoona makamaka kwa akadzidzi a nsomba - pakhala pali "kuleredwa" koteroko pamene, kuwonjezera pa mwana wankhuku kakang'ono, makolo amadyetsanso wamkuluyo, akumamuphunzitsa kusodza nthawi yomweyo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Ku Russia, mitundu yambiri ya akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga ndiyosowa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kosalamulirika kwa mbalame mzaka zam'ma 2000 kudera lakale la USSR, ndipo adatchulidwa mu Red Book ngati zikuchepa, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimawonongeka. Imaphatikizidwa m'mapangano ambiri apadziko lonse lapansi oteteza mbalame, amatetezedwa padziko lonse lapansi m'malo osungidwa.
Chiwerengero chenicheni cha subspecies nthawi zambiri sichidziwika. Makulidwe a anthu amderali amadziwika, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa - kuyambira pa 15 mpaka 340 awiriawiri. Ku Trans-Urals ndi Siberia, ndizosowa kwambiri komanso zochepa. Kuti abwezeretse kuchuluka kwa mbalame, amayesa kubereketsa ali mndende... Akadzidzi oweta a chiwombankhanga amatha kuberekana bwino chaka chilichonse, koma milandu yakubweretsa mbalame kutchire sichidziwika.
