Wokonza mbalame

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Sandpiper (Limicolae) - ndi ya dongosolo la Charadriiformes, lomwe limagwirizanitsa mabanja 6: ma plovers, ma snipes achikuda, oyster, oyster, snipes ndi tirkushkovye. Malinga ndi mlathowu, malo okhala anthu odumpha mchenga amatha kugawidwa m'matope, mapiri, mchenga ndi mbalame zam'nkhalango. Ili ndiye gulu lochuluka kwambiri la mbalame zoyenda. Kutchuka, kupezeka m'malo onse ndi kusiyanasiyana kumapangitsa kuti mbalame za waders zikhale chikho chofunidwa kwambiri kwa osaka ku Russia (woodcock, great snipe, snipe).

Kufotokozera kwa sandpiper

Sandpipers - mbalame za mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana... Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 14 mpaka 62, kulemera kwa thupi - kuyambira magalamu 30 mpaka ma kilogalamu 1.2.

Ndizosangalatsa! Pali malingaliro kuti kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe ndi njira zakukhalamo kumafuna kupatukana kwa mbalame zam'madzi m'magulu awiri odziyimira pawokha: woyamba - ma plovers, shylobeak, oystercatcher, wachiwiri - snipe, yakan ndi snipe wachikuda.

Mbalamezi zimatha kuwetedwa mosavuta. Amazolowera msanga munthu, amayankha kusamalidwa, amasintha momwe amakhalira ndikukhala ndi chakudya kunyumba.

Maonekedwe

Ambiri mwa mbalamezi ndi mbalame zam'madzi. Izi zimatsimikizira mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe awo. Thupi ndi lachisomo, lowonda, lolimba. Mapikowo nthawi zambiri amakhala ataliatali, nthawi zambiri amakhala opapatiza komanso owongoka. Miyendo ya mbalamezi ndi zazifupi (zopendekera, zopindika, zokutira), zazitali (mbalame, zopindika), kapena zazitali kwambiri. Miyendo ili ndi zala zitatu kapena zinayi (chala chachinayi sichinakule bwino).

Mwa ena oimirira (zopangira zala zamiyendo yoluka pamiyendo, utoto wachikuda,), mabowo a zala amalumikizidwa ndi nembanemba; mu mbalame zoyandama, zikopa zachikopa zili m'mbali mwa zala. Mwendo pakati pa tibia ndi zala zakumapazi (tarsus) ndi gawo lakumunsi kwa tibia mulibe nthenga. Miyendo ya mbalamezi ndi yakuda, imvi, yobiriwira, yachikasu komanso yofiira.

Mawonekedwe a mlomo amatengera malo ndi njira yopezera chakudya. Chida ichi chimatha kukhala chachitali komanso chochepa, chowongoka kapena chopindika kutsika, ndipo nthawi zina chimakhala chokhota pamwamba. Ndipo m'zinthu monga mchenga wokhotakhota, mlomo ndi wopindika. Pali mbalame zokhala ndi mulomo wotalika, wofanana ndi mlomo wa nkhunda: gawo lalikulu lofinyidwa pang'ono, mphuno zake zimakhala m'malo akhungu lofewa.

Palinso mtundu wina wa mlomo - wokulitsidwa pamwamba, mwachitsanzo, tirkusha, kulichka, spatula, plovers, othamanga mbuzi. Mlomo umakhala wovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zolandilira, chifukwa chake amakhala mthandizi wokhulupirika wa mbalameyo kupeza chakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalamezi zimagwiritsa ntchito milomo yawo kuti zipeze chakudya panthaka yofewa ndikuphwanya chipolopolo cholimba cha nkhanu, kutulutsa nkhono kuchokera pamenepo. Pakulira kwa mollusks, mbalamezi zimatha kusuntha mwala womwe suli wotsika kuposa mbalameyo.

Ndizosangalatsa! Kutalika kwa miyendo nthawi zina kumakhala kokulirapo kuposa kukula kwa thupi. Chifukwa chake, Stilt (Himantopus) ili ndi kutalika kwa mwendo pafupifupi masentimita 20, pomwe kukula kwakuthupi kuli masentimita 40.

Nthenga za mbalamezi ndizolimba, zopanda mitundu yowala. Mitundu yayikulu ndi yoyera, imvi, yofiira. Chovala chodzichepetsachi chimadziwika ndi mbalame zam'madzi, ngakhale munyengo yakukhwima. Mtundu wa amuna ndi akazi samasiyana kwambiri. Koma nthumwi zina za lamuloli zili ndi nthenga zowala, mwachitsanzo, turukhtans, opunduka ambiri, oyster, magpies, kamenshark, shiloklyuvka, ndi Greece.

Mbalame zimasintha nthenga kawiri pachaka... Chilimwe chotentha chotchedwa mult chimatha kutchedwa chokwanira, ndichachitali - kuyambira koyambirira kwa chilimwe mpaka nthawi yozizira. Kumapeto kwa nyengo yozizira, pamakhala kusanachitike. Kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi kotere kumakhudzanso mtundu wa zovala: pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa utoto wa nthenga za chilimwe ndi nthawi yachisanu ya mbalame zina zam'madzi. Mchira wa woponya mchenga ndi waufupi, mbalame zina zimatha kuzigwedeza, koma osazitukula. Maso ake ndi aakulu, omwe amalola mbalame kukhala zokangalika kwambiri usiku. Ali ndi maso komanso kumva bwino.

Moyo ndi machitidwe

Sandpiper - mbalame yophunzira... Mitundu ya mbalame zomwe zasonkhana pachisa kapena zomwe zikukonzekera kuwuluka, zikwi za anthu. Mwa iwo pali oyendayendawu ndi amangokhala. Mbalame zonse zamtunduwu zimathamanga kwambiri, zimauluka bwino, zina zimatha kusambira ndikutsika. Amakhulupirira kuti wopalasa ndi wosavuta kuwongolera.

Kodi mbalame zimakhala bwanji?

Nthawi yocheperako yomwe mbalame zimakhala ndi moyo zaka 20. Nthawi yotsiriza gulu la Eskimo curlew, lomwe limakhala m'chigawo cha kumpoto kwa America ndikuzizira ku South, lidawonetsedwa komaliza mchaka cha 1926. M'zaka 30 zokha, chifukwa chakusaka kwambiri ndikulima nthaka, mtundu uwu udathetsedweratu.

Kulikov mitundu

Pali mitundu iyi:

  • Zuyki. Mbalame yaing'onoting'ono yokhala ndi mutu wawung'ono, milomo yayifupi, miyendo yayifupi, koma mchira wautali ndi mapiko. Kulemera kwa thupi kuchokera magalamu 30 mpaka 70. Mapiko ake ndi masentimita 45.
  • Zilonda... Mbalame zamkati ndi zazikulu momwe zimayendera ndi miyendo yayitali ndi milomo yayitali, yomwe imapindika pang'ono. Kulemera pafupifupi 200 magalamu.
  • Mamba... Mbalame yayikulu. Kulemera mpaka magalamu 270. Miyendo ndi yayitali, mlomo ndi wautali wapakatikati, wowongoka. Mtundu umalamulidwa ndi ofiira. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'madambo amphepete mwa mitsinje m'magawo ang'onoang'ono.
  • Kuphwanya... Woimira wamkulu kwambiri pagulu lake. Kulemera kwa mbalame yayikulu kumachokera magalamu 500 mpaka ma kilogalamu 1.2. Mlomo ndi wautali kwambiri, wokhotakhota kunsi. Mchira wakuda uli ndi mzere umodzi woonda woyera. Pokhala moyo amasankha madambo okhala ndiudzu wochepa, mitsinje yamadzi osefukira.
  • Mabokosi amchenga. Ofanana kwambiri ndi mpheta. Kamwana kakang'ono kokoma. Wokhalamo tundra. Amapeza chakudya m'nthaka yamatope. Ndimagwira ntchito makamaka usiku.
  • Turukhtan... Amasiyana ndi mtundu wowala. Nthawi yokolola, kolala yonyezimira imawonekera. Zimakhala zovuta kupeza amphongo okhala ndi mtundu wofanana m'gulu. Zitsulo zachitsulo chagolide, wabuluu, wakuda, wobiriwira zimapangitsa zovala za amuna kukhala zapadera.
  • Snipe... Mbalame yapakatikati - kutalika kwa thupi 25-27 sentimita, kulemera kwa magalamu 80 mpaka 170.
  • Zofunafuna... Kanyenya kakang'ono kakang'ono kokhala ndi miyendo yayitali ndi milomo yayifupi.

Malo okhala, malo okhala

Oyendetsa mchenga amakonda kukhazikika m'malo omwe ali pafupi ndi matupi amadzi: m'mbali mwa nyanja, mitsinje, nyanja. Pakati pa oimira lamuloli pali ena omwe amakhala pachisa chouma komanso m'malo amchipululu. Pali nkhalango zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango.

Ndizosangalatsa!M'makontinenti onse, kupatula ku Antarctica, mutha kukumana ndi mbalame zam'madzi: pazilumba zozizira za Nyanja ya Arctic, m'zipululu za Central Asia komanso m'mapiri a Pamir.

Ku Russia, nthumwi za mbalamezi zimapezeka m'malo onse: kuchokera kumalire akumwera mpaka ku Arctic. Mankhwala azitsamba, opunduka, onyamula, ma plovers ang'onoang'ono, chisa cha nkhalango kumwera kwa Far East. Ku Primorye, kuli malo olondera komanso zokopa ngati ku Asia, ndipo mitsinje yamapiri ndi malo omwe amakonda kwambiri Ussuri plovers.

Ziwombankhanga zaku Japan zimakonda kupezekanso kunyanja. M'dera la Amur, pali malo obisalamo zilonda zazikulu ndi za Okhotsk, fifi, zokutira mchenga wamiyendo yayitali komanso zotumphukira wamba.

Makamaka mbalame zam'mlengalenga ndi mbalame zosamuka. Munthawi yosamukira, amakula mpaka mamitala opitilira 6,000. Ambiri mwa mamembala a squadron amapanga maulendo ataliatali: kuchokera ku polar Siberia kupita ku New Zealand ndi Australia, kuchokera ku Alaska kumwera kwa Argentina. Mbalamezi zimatha kutchedwa othawa kwawo akutali - zimauluka osayima mpaka makilomita 11,000, kuthana ndi mitunda yayitali pamadzi, zipululu, ndi mapiri.

Zakudya za sandpiper

Zosankha za sandpiper zimakhala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta m'madzi ndi tomwe timapezeka padziko lapansi kapena madzi: nyongolotsi, mphutsi, mollusks, crustaceans, tizilombo. Mbalame zam'madzi zamasamba zimakhutira ndi mbewu ndi zipatso zokha. Chakudya chokoma kwambiri cha mbalame zam'madzi ndi dzombe. Iwonongedwa ntchentche zambiri. Mwa zipatso, sandpiper amakonda mabulosi abuluu. Mitundu ikuluikulu ya mbalame imasangalala kudya mbewa ndi achule. Anthu opha nsomba amatha kusankha nsomba zing'onozing'ono kuposa chakudya china chilichonse.

Adani achilengedwe

Mbalame zodya nyama ndi adani a mbalame zam'madzi... Maonekedwe a nkhono amabweretsa mantha pakati pa mbalamezi: amalira momvetsa chisoni ndikudziponya m'madzi. Mwa kudumphira m'madzi, mbalame zimapeza mwayi wopulumuka. M'madzi osaya, sikutheka kuthawa omwe akuwathamangitsa. Ankhandwe aku Arctic, martens, wolverines, akhwangwala, akhungubwe amasaka ana osadziwa zambiri koma osathamanga kwambiri, ndipo skuas amawononganso mazira.

Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalame zamtchire zolimba mtima zimateteza ana awo. Ngati nkhosa zodyerazo zayandikira chisa, mbalamezo zimalimbana ndi chiwopsezocho mwamphamvu kotero kuti nkhosazo zimathawa mwamantha.

Kubereka ndi ana

Mu Epulo, nyengo yakukhwimira imayambira mbalame zam'madzi. Pakadali pano, mbalame zimabalalika m'malo awo. Mitundu ina imakhala m'midzi, mbalame zambiri - ziwiri ziwirizi. Amakhala m'magulu akulu kapena amodzi. Pouluka malo okhala ndi zisa, otanganidwa kupeza bwenzi, amatulutsa mawu omwe amawakopa. Mwambo uwu umawoneka mosiyana m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Poyamba, mafunde am'nyanja amathamangira msanga ndi ma trill, ndiye, atakhala kale pansi, akutambasula mchira wawo mu fan, amatsata akazi. Kuyika miyendo, kuti ikope chidwi, inyamuka mwamphamvu ndikukwera, kenako konzekerani kutsika, ndikusintha komwe mukuuluka mopita mbali ina. Mitengo yaying'ono imawuluka mozungulira; atatsikira pansi, amuna amathamangira akazi. Ma curlews aku Far East, omwe amatenga kutalika kwa 30-30 mita, amafotokoza masentimita ndipo nthawi yomweyo amatulutsa ma trill okwatirana.

Zokonza mchenga zimasiyana ndi mbalame zina pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamaukwati. Amadziwika ndi kukhala ndi mkazi m'modzi, polygyny, komanso polyandry.

  • Kukhala ndi mkazi m'modzi. Chiyanjano chofala kwambiri. Makolo amakwatirana nyengoyo ndikutuluka mazira mmodzimmodzi, kusamalira ana pamodzi.
  • Polygyny. Amuna okwatirana ndi akazi angapo nthawi imodzi ndipo satenga nawo mbali posakaniza mazira ndipo samasamalira ana mtsogolo.
  • Polyandry. Zazikazi zimakwatirana ndi amuna angapo ndikuikira mazira mosiyanasiyana. Zikatere, zamphongo zimaswa mazira ndipo zimaswa ana.
  • Kawiri kukaikira mazira. Wamkazi amaikira mazira m'zisa ziwiri, m'modzi amatsekemera yekha, ndipo wachiwiri wamwamuna wachikondi amaswa anapiye. Makolo amathandizanso anapiye kukula padera.

Zokonza mchenga pansi, mazira amayikidwa mdzenje popanda kulumikizana. Pachikhalidwe, awa ndi mazira anayi okhala ndi peyala wokhala ndiubweya wobiriwira. Mitundu ina imakhala zisa za mbalame zina zam'mitengo chaka chatha.

Anapiye amabadwa akuwona. Thupi lawo limakutidwa ndi lakuda. Ana amatha kupeza chakudya chawo kuyambira masiku oyamba, koma nthawi zambiri makolo amapitiliza kusamalira ana - kuwotha, kuteteza ku zoopsa ndikuwonetsa malo omwe pali chakudya chochuluka. Ndipo opha mahatchiwo amabweretsanso chakudya ku anapiye awo. Ali ndi zaka ziwiri, mbalamezi zimakhala zokonzeka kukwerana.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, padziko lapansi pali mitundu 181 mpaka 214 yamakolo, yomwe pali mitundu 94 ku Russia. Mitundu iwiri: kupindika kwamiyendo yopyapyala ndi ma lapwing lapwing atsala pang'ono kutha. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchuluka kwa otola ndi sandpiper kwatsika kwambiri. Mitundu yambiri yam'madzi yam'madzi imapezeka m'boma la Red Data Books.

Zofunika! Choyambitsa cha zotulukapo zomvetsa chisoni ichi, choyambirira, ndi zochita za anthu.

Mphepete mwa nyanja zozungulira Asia zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri kwa mbalame zosamukira komanso kuzizira. Pano, kudzera mu kuyesayesa kwa anthu, madera akuluakulu amphepete mwa nyanja adathiridwa. Madera amakonzedwa ndi mayiko a East Asia - China ndi Korea. Chifukwa cha kusokonekera kotereku m'zinthu zachilengedwe, mitundu yambiri ya mbalame zam'madzi m'mphepete mwa Pacific imalephera mwayi wokulitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu ndipo, chifukwa chake, atha.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amakhulupirira kuti pofuna kuteteza mbalameyi, m'pofunika kuyesa kuyisungitsa mu ukapolo ndiyeno kumasula mbalamezo m'chilengedwe.... Komabe, akatswiri amadziwa kuti ndizovuta kwambiri kuzisunga ndipo, komanso, kuweta mbalame zam'madzi mu ukapolo.

Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN CC) imaphatikizapo mitundu 7 ya mbalame zam'madzi: imvi lapwing, Ussuri plover, nkhono za Okhotsk, snipe yaku Japan, fosholo, Asia snipe, ndi Far Eastern curlew. Mu Red Book of the Russian Federation, pali mitundu 11 ya waders (mndandanda wochokera ku IUCN QC udawonjezeredwa ndi awl, stilt, yellow-toothed ndi oystercatcher). Pali mitundu 14 kale mu Red Book of Primorsky Territory (komanso chowombelera m'mapiri, chopukutira m'manja ndi kupindika kwa ana).

Kanema wa mbalame ya Sandpiper

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