Njovu (lat. Elerhantidae) ndi banja la nyama zamtundu wa Chordate ndi dongosolo la Proboscis. Pakadali pano, nyama zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zikutsogolera moyo wapadziko lapansi zapatsidwa banja ili lochulukirapo. Banja la Njovu limaphatikizapo mitundu itatu ya njovu zamakono zam'mbali ziwiri, komanso mitundu ingapo yakale yazinyama zotere.
Kulemera kwa njovu ndi mitundu
Njovu zaku Africa (Lokhodonta) zimaphatikizapo njovu zamtchire (Lohodonta afrisana), njovu zam'nkhalango (Lohodonta syslotis) ndi njovu ya Dwarf (Lohodonta crutzburgi). Njovu za ku India (Elerhas) zimaimiridwa ndi njovu zaku India (Elerhas makhimus), njovu yaying'ono yaku Cyprus (Elerhas cyrriotes) ndi njovu yaying'ono ya ku Sicilian (Elerhas fаlconeri). Njovu yotchedwa mchira wolunjika (Palaelohodon antiquus) ndi mitundu ina yambiri.
Kulemera kwa njovu ku Africa
Njovu zaku Africa (Lohodonta) ndi mtundu wazinyama zochokera ku Africa, zomwe ndi za dongosolo la ma proboscis. Malinga ndi asayansi, mtunduwu umayimiriridwa ndi mitundu iwiri yamasiku ano: njovu yamtchire (Lokhodonta afrisana) ndi njovu yankhalango (Lohodonta cyclotis). Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa wa DNA ya nyukiliya, mitundu iwiri iyi yaku Africa yochokera ku mtundu wa Lohodonta idapangidwa pafupifupi 1.9 ndi 7.1 miliyoni zaka zapitazo, koma posachedwa amawerengedwa kuti ndi subspecies (Lohodonta africana africana ndi L. africana cyclotis). Mpaka pano, kudziwika kwa mtundu wachitatu - njovu yaku East Africa - kumakhalabe funso.
Kulemera kwambiri ndikoyenera njovu zaku Africa.... Kulemera kwapakati pakukula kwamwamuna wamkulu kumatha kukhala makilogalamu 7.0-7.5, kapena pafupifupi matani asanu ndi awiri ndi theka. Kuchuluka kwa nyama koteroko kumachitika chifukwa cha kutalika kwa njovu zaku Africa, zomwe zimasinthasintha mkati mwa mita zitatu kapena zinayi zikufota, ndipo nthawi zina kupitilira pang'ono. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, Njovu za M'nkhalango ndizoyimira zazing'ono kwambiri pabanja: kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu sikudutsa mita 2.5, ndikulemera kwa 2500 kg kapena 2.5 matani. Oimira njovu zakutchire, kumbali inayo, ndizo nyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kulemera kwakanthawi kwamwamuna wokhwima pogonana kumatha kukhala matani 5.0-5.5 kapena kupitilira apo, ndikutalika kwa nyama pamtunda wa 2.5-3.5 mita.
Ndizosangalatsa! Njovu zomwe zilipo theka miliyoni miliyoni pakadali pano ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a nthumwi za njovu za ku Forest komanso pafupifupi magawo atatu mwa anayi a njovu zakutchire.
Palibe nyama zapadziko lapansi zomwe zingalemera pafupifupi theka la kulemera kwa njovu ku Africa. Zachidziwikire, wamkazi wa mtundu uwu amakhala wocheperako kukula ndi kulemera, koma nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa iye ndi mwamuna wokhwima pogonana. Kutalika kwakulu kwa njovu yayikazi ya ku Africa kumasiyana 5.4 mpaka 6.9 m, ndikutalika mpaka mita zitatu. Mkazi wamkulu amalemera pafupifupi matani atatu.
Njovu zaku India
Njovu zaku Asia, kapena njovu zaku India (lat. Elerhas mahimus) ndizinyama zomwe zili mu dongosolo la Proboscis. Pakadali pano ndi mitundu yokhayo yamtundu wa njovu zaku Asiya (Elerhas) ndipo ndi mmodzi mwa mitundu itatu yamasiku ano yanjovu. Njovu zaku Asia ndi nyama zachiwiri zazikulu kwambiri pambuyo pa njovu za savannah.
Makulidwe a njovu za ku India kapena ku Asia ndizabwino kwambiri. Pakutha kwa miyoyo yawo, amuna akulu kwambiri amafika mpaka kulemera matani 5.4-5.5, ndikutalika kwapakati pa 2.5-3.5 mita. Mkazi wa mtundu uwu ndi wocheperako poyerekeza ndi wamwamuna, chifukwa chake kulemera kwake kwa nyama yayikuluyi ndi matani 2.7-2.8 okha. Mwa oimira ang'onoang'ono a dongosolo la Proboscis ndi mitundu ya njovu zaku India kukula ndi kulemera kwake ndi subspecies ochokera mdera lakutali la Kalimantan. Kulemera kwapafupipafupi kwa chinyama chotere sikuposa matani 1.9-2.0.
Kukula kwakukulu ndi kulemera kwakuthupi kwa njovu zaku Asia kumachitika chifukwa chodyetsa nyama yotere.... Mitundu ina yonse ya njovu za ku Asia, kuphatikizapo njovu zaku India (E. m. Indisus), Sri Lankan kapena Ceylon njovu (E. mахimus), komanso njovu ya Sumatran (E. sumatrensis) ndi njovu ya Bornean (E. borneensis), imadya nyama yayikulu kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Njovu izi zimakhala pafupifupi maola makumi awiri patsiku zikufufuza ndikudya mitundu yonse yazakudya zochokera kuzomera. Nthawi yomweyo, munthu m'modzi wamkulu amadya pafupifupi makilogalamu 150-300 azomera zouma, nsungwi ndi zomera zina patsiku.
Kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa tsiku lililonse ndi pafupifupi 6-8% ya thupi lathunthu lanyama. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, njovu zimadya makungwa, mizu ndi masamba a zomera, komanso zipatso ndi maluwa. Udzu wautali, masamba ake ndi mphukira zimadulidwa ndi njovu pogwiritsa ntchito thunthu losinthasintha. Udzu wawufupi kwambiri umakumbidwa ndikukankha mwamphamvu. Makungwa ochokera ku nthambi zazikulu kwambiri amachotsedwa ndi molars, pomwe nthambi yokha imagwiridwa ndi thunthu panthawiyi. Njovu zimawononga mbewu zaulimi, kuphatikizapo minda ya mpunga, kubzala nthochi kapena nzimbe. Ichi ndichifukwa chake njovu zaku India zimawerengedwa kuti ndi tizirombo tazirimi zazikulu kwambiri kukula kwake.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chiwerengero chonse cha njovu zaku Asia tsopano chikuyenda pang'onopang'ono koma ndithudi chikuyandikira kwambiri, ndipo lero pali anthu pafupifupi zikwi makumi awiri mphambu zisanu za mitundu iyi yazaka zosiyanasiyana padziko lathuli.
Asayansi ndi akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti njovu za ku Asia zinachokera ku ma stegodon, omwe amafotokozedwa ndi malo omwewo. Stegodon ali m'gulu lazinyama zomwe sizikupezeka, ndipo kusiyana kwakukulu ndikapangidwe ka mano, komanso kukhalapo kwa mafupa olimba, koma ophatikizika. Njovu zamakono zaku India zimakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zotentha zokhala ndi nkhalango zowirira, zoyimiridwa ndi zitsamba makamaka nsungwi.
Kulemera kwa njovu khanda pakubadwa
Njovu zimadziwika ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri pakati pa bere lililonse lomwe likudziwika pano. Kutalika kwake konse ndi miyezi 18-21.5, koma mwana wosabadwayo amafika pachimake pamwezi wa khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, pambuyo pake amangokula pang'onopang'ono, kukulira kulemera ndi kukula. Njovu yaikazi, monga lamulo, imabweretsa mwana m'modzi, koma nthawi zina njovu zingapo zimabadwa nthawi imodzi. Kulemera kwakuthupi kwa mwana wakhanda wakhanda ndi 90-100 kg wokhala ndi phewa kutalika pafupifupi mita imodzi.
Ng'ombe ya njovu yomwe yangobadwa kumene imakhala ndi minyewa ya kutalika kwa masentimita 4 mpaka 5. Mano osinthidwawo amatuluka njovu zikafika zaka ziwiri, potenga mano amkaka ndi achikulire. Njovu zazing'ono zimayimirira pamapazi patatha maola angapo pambuyo pobadwa, pambuyo pake zimayamba kuyamwa mkaka wa m'mawere wokhala ndi thanzi labwino. Mothandizidwa ndi thunthu, mkaziyo "anapopera" fumbi ndi nthaka pa ana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuyanika khungu ndikuphimba bwino fungo la nyama zolusa. Masiku angapo pambuyo pobadwa, anawo amatha kale kutsatira ziweto zawo. Ikamayenda, njovu yayikulu imagwiridwa ndi thunthu lake ndi mchira wa mlongo wake wamkulu kapena mayi wake.
Zofunika! Pazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha ndi pomwe achinyamata amayamba kupatukana pang'onopang'ono ndi banja lawo, ndipo kuthamangitsidwa komaliza kwa nyama zokhwima kumachitika mchaka cha khumi ndi chiwiri cha moyo wa nyama yoyamwitsa.
Mwamtheradi akazi onse oyamwitsa omwe ali mgulu lomwelo amachita zodyetsa njovu. Nthawi yodyetsa mkaka imakhala chaka chimodzi ndi theka kapena ziwiri, koma njovu zimayamba kudya mitundu yonse yazomera kuyambira azaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena miyezi isanu ndi iwiri. Njovu zimadyanso ndowe za amayi, zomwe zimathandiza mwana wokula kulowa m'zakudya zosagayidwa komanso mabakiteriya a syciotic omwe amafunikira kuti mayayidwe apangidwe. Kusamalira amayi kwa mwana kumapitilira kwa zaka zingapo.
Olemba zolemera
Kuvomerezeka kwa boma kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwachitika posachedwa ndi imodzi mwa ziweto za Safari Park yotchuka, yomwe ili m'malire a mzinda wa Romat Gan. Njovu ndi wamkulu ku pakiyi ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi njovu yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi..
Ndizosangalatsa! Malinga ndi Science and Life, mafupa a njovu zazikulu za Archidiskodon meridionalis Nesti, omwe amakhala padziko lathuli pafupifupi miliyoni ndi theka zaka zapitazo, asungidwa 80%, ndipo akatswiri pakadali pano akuyesera kuti abwezeretse mawonekedwe a nyama iyi isanachitike ku Guinness Book of Records.
Katswiri woitanidwa ndi ogwira ntchito paki ya safari adakwanitsa kuyeza njovu Yossi. Zotsatirazo zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri - kulemera kwake kwa nyamayo kunali pafupifupi matani asanu ndi limodzi ndikukula kwamamita 3.7. Mchira wa nthumwi yoyimira gulu la Proboscis ndi mita imodzi, ndipo kutalika kwa thunthu ndi mita 2.5. Kutalika konse kwa makutu a Yossi ndi masentimita 120, ndipo mankhusu ake akutulukira kutsogolo ndi theka la mita.
Njovu yamtchire yaku Africa, yomwe idawomberedwa mu 1974 ku Angola, idakhala cholemera cholemera pakati pa mitundu yonse ya njovu. Wamphongo wamkuluyu anali wolemera matani 12.24. Chifukwa chake, nyama yayikuluyo idafika pamabuku a Guinness Book of Records atamwalira.
Zowona za njovu
Zambiri zosangalatsa komanso zosayembekezereka zokhudzana ndi kulemera kwa njovu:
- Thunthu, lomwe limakhudzana ndi dongosolo la kupuma, ndi chiwalo chogwira ntchito zambiri ndipo chimalola kuti nyamayo isonkhanitse chidziwitso chazovuta, kugwira zinthu, komanso kutenga nawo mbali kudyetsa, kununkhiza, kupuma ndikupanga mawu. Kutalika kwa mphuno, kosakanikirana ndi mlomo wapamwamba, ndi 1.5-2 m ndipo ngakhale pang'ono pang'ono;
- chimbudzi chophweka cha njovu yayikulu ya ku Asia imakhala ndi mphamvu ya malita 76.6 ndipo imalemera pafupifupi 17-35 kg, pomwe njovu zaku Africa mphamvu ya m'mimba ndi 60 malita zolemera makilogalamu 36-45;
- Chiwindi cha njovu chokhala ndi mbali zitatu kapena mphindikati ziwiri chimakhalanso chochititsa chidwi kukula ndi kulemera kwake. Kuchuluka kwa chiwindi mwa mkazi ndi makilogalamu 36-45, ndipo mwa mwamuna wamkulu - pafupifupi 59-68 kg;
- kulemera kwa kapamba wa njovu wamkulu ndi 1.9-2.0 kg, pomwe palibe chidziwitso chodalirika chazovuta zilizonse zomwe zimasokoneza magwiridwe antchito a chiwalo ichi;
- kulemera kwapakati pa mtima wa njovu ndi pafupifupi 0,5% ya kulemera kwathunthu kwa nyama - pafupifupi 12-21 kg;
- Njovu zimakhala ndiubongo waukulu kwambiri kukula kwake komanso kulemera kwake pakati pa zinyama zonse zomwe zimadziwika padziko lapansi, ndipo kulemera kwake kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana makilogalamu 3.6-6.5.
Ngakhale ali ndi kukula kwakukulu komanso mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, ngakhale njovu zazikulu zimathamanga kwambiri, komanso zimayendetsa mosachedwa komanso mwachangu, chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka nyama yayikuluyi, yomwe ndiyapadera kulemera kwake.
