Khalidwe ndi mawonekedwe a nutria ndizofanana kwambiri ndi mbewa ina, beaver. Sizachabe kuti akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo anapatsa dzina lachiwiri, dzina lovomerezeka - "beamp beaver". Koma m'banja la nutria imayimira mtundu umodzi wokha ndi mitundu yofanana - "nutria".
Kufotokozera kwa nutria
Wina amaganiza kuti nutria amawoneka ngati mbewa yodyedwa, yomwe imatsimikiziridwa ndi kukula kwa nyama yayikulu, yomwe imakula mpaka 60 cm m'litali ndikulemera kwa makilogalamu 8 mpaka 12. Amuna amakonda kunenepa kwambiri.
Ngakhale ali ndi thupi lolemera, nyama imasambira mwangwiro, yomwe imathandizidwa ndi ziwalo zamkati ndi mamba, pafupifupi mchira wadazi, womwe umakhala ngati chiwongolero.
Khalidweli limalimbikitsa ma nuances ena a anatomy, mwachitsanzo, kupezeka kwa minofu ya obturator mphuno, kutsekereza kulowa kwamadzi mkati... Ndipo chifukwa cha milomo yogawanika yotseka kumbuyo kwa incisors, nutria imatha kudziluma pansi pamadzi popanda kumeza madzi.
Matumbo a mammary (awiriawiri 4-5) amasinthidwanso kuti akhale amoyo m'madzi, omwe amapita kumbuyo kwa mkazi: umu ndi momwe chilengedwe chimasamalira ana akumwa mkaka pamafundewo.
Mutu waukulu wokhala ndi mphutsi yosalala wokhala ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono. Maso nawonso samadabwa kukula, koma kutalika kwa "kufalikira" kwa vibrissae ndikodabwitsa. Miyendo ndi yaifupi, osasinthidwa makamaka kuti ayende pamtunda. Monga makoswe ena, ma incisors a nutria ndi achikuda owala lalanje.
Ubweyawo, wopangidwa ndi tsitsi lolondera lolimba ndi malaya akuda ofiirira, ndi bwino kuthamangitsa madzi. Beaver yamadzi (aka koipu) imasungunuka chaka chonse. Molting sicheperako mu Julayi-Ogasiti ndi Novembala-Marichi. Nthawi yomaliza imawerengedwa kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri pakhungu.
Moyo
Mu nutria, imagwirizana kwambiri ndi gawo lamadzi: nyama imasambira ndikusambira bwino, ndikuisunga m'madzi kwa mphindi 10. Sakonda kutentha, kukhala mumthunzi ndipo samakonda kuzizira, ngakhale kumalekerera chisanu cha 35-degree. Koipu samapanga nyengo yozizira, samanga malo ogona, ndipo sangathe kukhala m'madzi ozizira: nthawi zambiri amamwalira osapeza njira yotuluka pansi pa ayezi.
Ma beavers a Marsh amakhala m'mabowo okhala ndi nthambi m'mabanja a anthu 2 mpaka 13, omwe amaphatikizapo amuna akuluakulu, akazi angapo ndi ana awo. Amuna achimuna ali paokha. Kuphatikiza apo, makoswe amamanga zisa (kuchokera mabango ndi ma cattails) zofunika kupumula ndi kubadwa kwa ana.
Nutria, yomwe imakonda kukhala osakhazikika, imagwira ntchito pafupi ndi usiku. Ndi chakudya chochuluka ndi malo ogona, imadya msipu pamalo amodzi. Zakudya za Nutria ndi:
- mphanga ndi bango (zimayambira, mizu ndi masamba);
- mtedza wamadzi;
- nthambi za mitengo ina;
- bango;
- dziwe ndi mivi;
- maluwa a madzi;
- nkhono, nkhono ndi nsomba zazing'ono (zosowa).
Nutria imamva bwino, koma yofooka ya kununkhiza ndi masomphenya. Rustulo wokayikitsa amachititsa kuti mbewa ithawe. Nutria imadumphadumpha, koma amatopa msanga.
Utali wamoyo
Nutria, onse mwachilengedwe komanso mu ukapolo, samakhala motalika kwambiri, zaka 6-8 zokha.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Marsh beaver imapezeka kumwera kwa South America (kuchokera ku South Brazil ndi Paraguay mpaka ku Strait of Magellan)... Kubalalika kwa nutria kumayiko ena kumalumikizidwa ndi kuyesayesa kwachangu, ngakhale sizipambana nthawi zonse. Ku Africa, mwachitsanzo, makoswe sanakhazikike, koma adakhazikika ku North America ndi Europe.
Nutria (676 ochokera ku Argentina ndi 1980 ochokera ku Germany / England) adabweretsedwa ku Soviet Union mu 1930-1932. Ku Kyrgyzstan, madera a Transcaucasia ndi Tajikistan, mawu oyamba adayenda bwino. Mtundu wa koipu ukhoza "kuchepa" chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira. Chifukwa chake, chisanu choopsa cha 1980 chinawonongeratu makoswe kumpoto kwa United States ndi Scandinavia.
Nutria imakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi malo osungiramo madzi omwe ali ndi madzi osafooka / otsika pang'ono: m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nyanja zomwe zimadzaza ndi zitsamba zam'mlengalenga, pomwe pali mbewu zambiri. Komabe, chinyama sichimakonda nkhalango zowirira ndipo sichithamangira kumapiri, chifukwa chake sichimachitika pamwamba pa 1200 m pamwamba pamadzi.
Zakudya za Nutria kunyumba
Makoswe akuluakuluwa amapangidwira ntchito ziwiri zamalonda - kupeza (popanda mtengo wowonjezera) nyama yonga nkhumba ndi zikopa zamtengo wapatali zokhala ndi ubweya woteteza madzi. Zinyama zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa mu zidutswa 5 - 8, ndikupatula nyumba zapadera za amayi apakati ndi oyamwa.
Khola la Nutria
Dera la khola / aviary lili kutali ndi magwero aliwonse amawu, makamaka phokoso la mafakitale, kuti asawopsyeze nyamazo. Zomwe zili mu Aviary zimawerengedwa kuti ndizabwino, chifukwa pakadali pano nutria ili ndi malo oyendamo komanso malo osambira.
Makoswe atakhala m'makola ayenera kuchotsedwa kumlengalenga nthawi yotentha. Monga mwalamulo, okhala m'makola (makamaka omwe amayikidwa m'magulu angapo) amasowa nyumba yosungiramo nyumba. Otsatsa ena amasunga ziweto m'zipinda zapansi ndi magetsi (opanda maiwe), zomwe zimawathandiza kuti achepetse mtengo wazomwe amapanga.
Zofunika! Amakhulupirira kuti nutria yoyandama nthawi zonse imapereka ubweya wapamwamba kwambiri. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri azakudya zapakhomo aphunzira momwe angapangire zikopa zokongola osagwiritsa ntchito mosungira madzi.
Ma beavers a Marsh amafunikira madzi akumwa ambiri, makamaka chilimwe... Simungalepheretse kumwa madzi azimayi apakati ndi omwe akuyamwa opanda madzi.
Nutria pafupifupi samamwa kokha chisanu chowawa: panthawiyi imadzibisa m'matumba, ndikukhutira ndi chinyezi kuchokera masamba. Nutria (mosiyana ndi nkhandwe ya Arctic) ilibe fungo lonyansa, komabe muyenera kuyeretsa pambuyo pawo, kutaya zotsalira za chakudya, kusintha madzi tsiku lililonse ndikuchotsa zinyalala.
Zakudya za Nutria
Alimi, omwe minda yawo ili m'malo omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndiudzu wandiweyani, athe kusunga ndalama podyetsa. Poterepa, menyu ya nutria ili pafupi kwambiri ndi chilengedwe.
Patsiku, munthu m'modzi amadya chakudya chosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi yomweyo, amalowetsedwa muzakudya zake (mchaka / nthawi yophukira):
- nyemba ndi clover - 200-300 g;
- rye ndi balere - 130-170 g;
- keke - 10 g;
- Chakudya cha nsomba ndi mchere - pafupifupi 5 g.
M'nyengo yozizira, zinthu zofunika kusintha zina:
- udzu - 250-300 g;
- kaloti ndi mbatata - 200 g;
- keke - 20 g;
- mchere ndi phala la nsomba - 10 g.
M'chaka, makoswe amaperekedwanso nthambi za birch, mphukira zazing'ono za mphesa, nthambi za thundu, kukula kwa chimanga ndi namsongole, kupewa phulusa, linden, hornbeam ndi nthambi zamatcheri a mbalame.
Zofunika! Zomera zouluka zimayambitsidwa, ndipo chakudya chambewu chimaphika, ndikuwonjezera masamba odulidwa. Algae (20% ya voliyumu yamasiku onse) idzakhala yowonjezera.
Amadyetsa ziweto m'mawa, kupereka zipatso / ndiwo zamasamba, ndipo madzulo, kuyang'ana udzu. M'mawa, kusakanikirana kwa chimanga kumawerengera 40% yama voliyumu azakudya. Amayi apakati ndi omwe akuyamwitsa amalandira 75% ya zofunika tsiku lililonse m'mawa.
Zimasokoneza
Obereketsa agwira ntchito ndi nutria m'njira ziwiri, akumalima nyama yokoma, ina yopangira ubweya wowoneka bwino... Zotsatira zake, iwo omwe adayesa mtunduwo adapanga mitundu 7 yophatikizana komanso 9 yosintha ya nutria.
Komanso, nyama zamtunduwu zidagawika (zoyera Azerbaijani, zakuda ndi golide) komanso zowerengera (zoyera zoyera, albino, pinki, udzu, utsi, beige ndi ngale).
Nutria wamtundu wofanana (kuchokera ku bulauni wonyezimira mpaka wofiyira wakuda) ndiabwino chifukwa safuna chisamaliro chapadera komanso chakudya choyambirira chomwe chingasunge utoto. Kuphatikiza apo, makoswewa ndi achonde kwambiri ndipo nthawi zonse amabereka ana amtundu womwe akuyembekezeka.
Kunja, nyama zotere zimayandikira kwambiri anzawo anzawo kuthengo ndipo sizimasiyana kwenikweni polemera. Monga lamulo, imakhala pakati pa 5 ndi 7 kg, koma mitundu ina imapeza makilogalamu 12 iliyonse.
Kuswana
Uchembere mu nutria woweta umayamba pakatha miyezi inayi, koma ndibwino kuyamba kukwatira pakatha miyezi inayi. Amuna amodzi amatumikirapo azimayi 15 okhwima mosavuta.
Mutha kuwona ngati pali pakati pa mwezi ndi theka: ndi dzanja limodzi mkaziyo wagwiridwa ndi mchira, ndipo ndi dzanja lina amalimba m'mimba mwake, akuyesera kupeza mipira yaying'ono. Omwe amatenga pakati amakhala m khola lakutali, lolumikizidwa bwino ndi dziwe losambira ndi malo oyendamo.
Kubala kumatenga miyezi 4-5: panthawiyi, mafuta a nsomba ayenera kuwonjezeredwa pachakudyacho. Asanabadwe, zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri usiku, mayi amene akubereka amakana kudya. Kubereka kumatenga theka la ora, sikumangokoka kwa maola angapo (mpaka 12).
Zamkati (m'matumba kuyambira 1 mpaka 10) nthawi yomweyo zimawona bwino ndipo zimatha kuyenda. Ana ongobadwa kumene a mano olemera 200 g iliyonse, amatenga kuchulukitsa kasanu ndi miyezi iwiri. Pa tsiku lachitatu, makanda amadya chakudya cha anthu akuluakulu ndikusambira bwino ngati pali dziwe.
Ngati ikabereka, mkazi samadyetsa anawo ndikuthamangira nkhawa, amatumizidwa kakhola ndi yamphongoyo. Nutria ndi ana amasungidwa m'nyumba yotentha komanso yoyera. Kukula kwamphamvu kwa makoswe kumatenga zaka ziwiri, ndipo kubereka kwazimayi kumatha zaka 4.
Matenda, kupewa
Nutria sichitha kutengeka (motsutsana ndi nyama zina zobala ubweya) ku matenda opatsirana komanso opatsirana, komabe sikuti ali ndi ufulu wowonekera.
Salmonellosis (paratyphoid)
Matendawa amapezeka kudzera mwa omwe amadyetsa / kumwa, ndipo salmonella imanyamulidwa ndi tizilombo, makoswe, mbewa, mbalame ndi anthu. Zinyama zazing'ono zimavutika kwambiri. Pofuna kupewa kubuka kwa matenda, nutria yemwe amadwala kwambiri amaphedwa, biomycin, chloramphenicol ndi furazolidone amapatsidwa kwa omwe akudwala mosavuta.
Prophylaxis ndi katemera wovuta kutsimikizira kuti amateteza miyezi 8.
Pasteurellosis
Amakhala ndi kachilomboka kudzera mu chakudya ndi madzi. Omwe amadwala matendawa omwe amafa kwambiri (mpaka 90%) ndi makoswe, mbalame ndi ziweto.
Maantibayotiki amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza, kuphatikizapo bicillin-3, streptomycin ndi penicillin. Odwala amatumizidwanso kukapha. Prophylaxis - katemera wokha wa antipasterella seramu.
Chifuwa chachikulu
Ndizowopsa kubisala kwake, matenda amapezeka kuchokera ku nutria wodwala kapena kudzera mkaka wa ng'ombe womwe uli ndi kachilomboka.
Zizindikiro:
- mphwayi;
- kusowa kwa njala ndi kutopa koonekera;
- kupuma pang'ono ndi kutsokomola (ngati mapapo akhudzidwa);
- kusagwira ntchito.
Matenda a Nutria ndi osachiritsika, zotsatira zowopsa ndizotheka miyezi 2-3 mutadwala... Kupewa - kutsatira miyezo yaukhondo, zakudya zabwino, mkaka wowira.
Nutria amawopsezedwanso ndi colibacillosis (amafa mpaka 90%), mbozi, helminths, komanso rhinitis yopanda matenda komanso poyizoni wazakudya pafupipafupi.
Kugula nutria, mtengo
Ngati mukufuna kubala nutria, tengani nyama zazing'ono zosaposa miyezi 2-3. Pamsinkhu uwu, mbewa zolemera makilogalamu pafupifupi 1.3-2.3. Mwa njira, obereketsa odziwa bwino kuti sikofunikira kugula zimphona kuti mupeze ziweto zambiri: mutha kusankha mtedza wathanzi, kuwulitsa ofunda komanso wokhuta.
Kwa nutria, muyenera kupita kumafamu, malo odyera payekha komanso minda yazinyama. Moyo wokhala ndi mbewa ndi mawonekedwe awo adzanena zambiri. Ndikofunika kutenga ziweto zomwe zimakulira m'makola osungira madzi ndikupezeka ndi chakudya chachilengedwe. Musaiwale kuyang'ana mkati ndikuwona zikalata zawo.
Mtengo wa nutria wokula bwino umayamba ma ruble 1.5 zikwi. Mutha kupeza yaying'ono kwambiri kwa 500. Komabe, simukuwona mtengo wotsatsa, popeza ogulitsa amakonda kukambirana pafoni.
Mtengo wa ubweya wa nutria
Zida zopangidwa ndi beaver zamadzi ndizolimba kwambiri kuposa malaya amoto ndi zipewa zopangidwa ndi marten kapena muskrat, ndikusungabe chiwonetsero chawo chabwino kwa nyengo zosachepera 4-5. Nthawi yomweyo, ubweya wa nutria ndi wopepuka kuposa ubweya wa kalulu ndipo suopa chinyezi, chomwe chimafunikira makamaka nyengo yathu yosintha, chipale chofewa chimasinthidwa mosavuta ndi mvula.
Zofunika! Ochita zachinyengo nthawi zambiri amagulitsa nutria yomwe adadula (tsitsi lawo litachotsedwa) ngati beaver kapena mink. Ubweya uwu ndiwokwera mtengo kwambiri, chifukwa chake muyenera kusamala kwambiri mukamagula.
Akatswiri aziphuphu nthawi zambiri amasankha zovala zopangidwa ndi zikopa za nkhono zakutchire za ku Argentina, ngakhale kuti ubweyawu umakhala wowonjezera (chifukwa cha kukopa kwakukulu).
Ubwino wa zikopa za makoswe amtunduwu zimatsimikiziridwa ndi msinkhu wawo, thanzi lawo, cholowa chawo, nyumba zawo komanso chakudya chawo... Izi zimakhudza kuvala, zopindika komanso kukula kwa khungu, komanso mawonekedwe a ubweya monga kutalika, kachulukidwe, mphamvu ndi utoto.
Mwini wanzeru sangatseke nutria wa miyezi itatu: zikopa zawo ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo zimakutidwa ndi tsitsi lochepa. Pamene nyama za miyezi isanu ndi iwiri zikaphedwa, zikopa zazing'ono zimakololedwa, koma kuti mupeze zogulitsa zoyambirira ndibwino kudikirira mpaka ziwetozo zikhale ndi miyezi 9-18. Zikopa zazikulu kwambiri ndi ubweya wabwino kwambiri zimachotsedwa.
Nutria yokhala ndi malaya "apsa" amaphedwa bwino kuyambira kumapeto kwa Novembala mpaka Marichi kuti apange ubweya wabwino kwambiri (wonyezimira, wakuda komanso wautali).
Ndemanga za eni
Onse omwe amasunga nkhokwe zam'madzi amazindikira kuphweka kwawo kwatsiku ndi tsiku, ukhondo komanso kupatsa chidwi.
Amadya pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chimamera pafupi, koma amakonda kwambiri zukini, maapulo, kabichi, kaloti, sorelo komanso mapira a mavwende. Chokhacho chomwe sichiyenera kupatsidwa nutria ndi beets wokoma: pazifukwa zina, makoswe amadzipweteketsa nawo ndipo amatha kufa.
Nyamazo, malinga ndi owonera, zimadya phala wokhala ndi zakudya zosakanizirana moseketsa kwambiri: amang'ambika ndi zikopa zawo, ndikuphimba maso awo ndikung'ung'udza ndi chisangalalo akatumiza phalalo m'kamwa mwawo.
Zofunika!Nyama sizimadwala kawirikawiri, koma izi sizimasula udindo kwa mwini wake kuzipatsa katemera munthawi yake komanso kusungitsa malo ake oyera.
Nthawi zambiri, nutria (ndi nyama yake yokoma komanso yotsika mtengo, komanso ubweya wamtengo wapatali) amatembenuka kuchoka kuzokonda kukhala gwero lalikulu komanso lopindulitsa osati la munthu m'modzi yekha, komanso la banja lonse.
