M'banja lonse la agologolo, mwina ndi chipmunks omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola komanso okongola. Ngakhale ubale wapamtima ndi nyamayi ndi gologolo wapansi, chipmunk akuwonekabe ngati gologolo.
Kufotokozera kwa chipmunk
Dzinalo la mtundu wa Tamias limabwerera ku muzu wakale wachi Greek τᾰμίᾱς, womwe umatanthawuza za kupatula / kuwonongeka ndipo umamasuliridwa kuti "woyang'anira nyumba". Zolemba zaku Russia zimakopa kutembenuzidwe la Chitata "boryndyk", ndipo malinga ndi mtundu wachiwiri, ndikulowera ku mtundu wa Mari "uromdok".
Maonekedwe
Chipmunk amafanana ndi gologolo mu utoto wake (ubweya wofiira komanso imvi yoyera), mchira wautali (wosakhazikika kuposa gologolo) ndi kapangidwe ka thupi. Ngakhale zotsalira zotsalira ndi chipmunk mu chipale chofewa zimasiyana ndi gologolo kukula kwake. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kuposa akazi. Ndodo yayikulu imakula mpaka masentimita 13-17 ndipo imalemera pafupifupi magalamu 100-125. Mchira (kuyambira 9 mpaka 13 cm) wokhala ndi "chisa" chochepa nthawi zonse chimakhala chopitilira theka la thupi.
Chipmunk, monga makoswe ambiri, ili ndi zikwama zazikulu zamasaya zomwe zimawonekera akalowetsa chakudya mmenemo.... Makutu oyera ozungulira amaonekera kumutu. Maso owala mofanana ndi amondi akuyang'anitsitsa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mitundu ya chipmunks (tsopano 25 yafotokozedwa) ndi ofanana kwambiri m'mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe, koma imasiyana pang'ono kukula ndi utoto wamitundu.
Miyendo yakumbuyo ndiyabwino kuposa yakutsogolo; tsitsi lowonda limamera pamapazi. Chovalacho ndi chachifupi, ndi awn wofooka. Chovala chachisanu chimakhala chosiyana ndi malaya am'chilimwe pokhapokha mwamdima. Mtundu wakumbuyo wamtunduwu ndi wotuwa kapena wotuwa. Poyerekeza ndi iyo ndi mikwingwirima 5 yakuda yomwe ikuyenda mmbali mwa phirilo pafupifupi mpaka kumchira. Nthawi zina azungu amabadwa, koma osati maalubino.
Moyo wa Chipmunk
Ndiwe wodziyimira payokha, wolola mnzake kuti azimuyandikira nthawi yokhayokha. Nthawi zina, chipmunk amakhala ndi moyo yekha, amadyetsa malo ake (mahekitala 1-3) posaka chakudya. Amadziwika kuti ndi nyama yongokhala, osasuntha makilomita 0.1-0.2 kutali ndi nyumba. Koma nyama zina zimayenda maulendo ataliatali, ndipo zimafika makilomita 1.5 m'nyengo yokwanira ndi 1-22.5 km posunga chakudya.
Amakwera mitengo mwangwiro ndikuuluka kuchokera kwina kupita kwina mpaka 6 m, molumpha amalumpha kuchokera pamwamba pa mita 10. Ngati ndi kotheka, nyamayo imathamanga kupitilira 12 km paola. Nthawi zambiri imakhala mumabowo, koma imamanga zisa zopanda kanthu pakati pa miyala, komanso m'maenje otsika komanso zitsa zowola. Bowo la chilimwe ndi chipinda chimodzi chakuya kwa theka la mita (nthawi zina mpaka 0.7 m), komwe njira yopendekera imatsogolera.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakabowola nthawi yozizira, kuchuluka kwa zipinda zozungulira kumawirikiza: kotsikirako (pakuya kwa 0.7-1.3 m) amaperekedwa kuchipinda chosungira, chapamwamba (pakuya kwa 0.5-0.9 m) chimasinthidwa kukhala chipinda chogona komanso nthawi yobadwira.
Nthawi yozizira, chipmunk imadziponya mu mpira ndikupita ku tulo, kudzuka kuti ikwaniritse njala ndikugonanso. Njira yochokera ku hibernation imamangiriridwa ndi nyengo. Poyambirira kuposa ena, makoswe amadzuka, omwe maenje awo amamangidwa m'malo otsetsereka a dzuwa, omwe, samawalepheretsa kuti abwerere mobisa ndikuzizira mwadzidzidzi. Apa akuyembekezera kuyamba kwa masiku otentha, olimbikitsidwa ndi zotsalira zazoperekera.
Bowo limakhalanso ngati pogona m'nyengo yamvula, koma patsiku lozizira, chipmunk imachoka panyumba yake, dzuwa lisanatuluke, kuti lisakomoke chifukwa cha kutentha... Zitapumira pogona, nyamazo zimabweranso pamwamba ndi kufunafuna chakudya dzuwa lisanalowe. Masana, okhawo omwe amakhala m'matumba obiriwira omwe samabisala mobisa.
Utali wamoyo
Chipmunk mu ukapolo amakhala nthawi yayitali kuthengo - pafupifupi zaka 8.5. Zina zimayimba bzachiwerengero chachikulu ndi zaka 10. Mumikhalidwe yachilengedwe, nyamazo zimamasulidwa pafupifupi zaka 3-4.
Kupeza chakudya
Chipmunks amakonzekereratu zinthu poyembekezera nthawi yayitali yozizira, osakhutira ndi mphatso zakutchire komanso zosokoneza mbewu zaulimi. Nzosadabwitsa kuti mbewa zamtunduwu zimawerengedwa kuti ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, makamaka m'malo omwe nkhalango zimayenderana ndi nkhalango: apa chipmunks amakolola mpaka njere zomaliza.
Kwa zaka zambiri, chinyama chakhala chikupanga njira zake zokolola tirigu, zomwe zimawoneka ngati izi:
- Ngati mkate suli wonenepa kwenikweni, chipmunk amapeza tsinde lolimba ndipo, kuligwira, amalumpha.
- Mapesiwo amagwada pansi, ndipo mbeuyo amawagundika ndi kuwagwedeza ndi miyendo yawo mpaka kufika khutu.
- Amaluma khutu ndikusankha mbewu kuchokera pamenepo, ndikuziyika m'matumba.
- M'ntchito zowirira (komwe sikungatheke kupendaponya udzu), chipmunk amaluma mbali zake pansi mpaka zikafika khutu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chilichonse chomwe chimamera m'nkhalango komanso zomwe khoswe amaba m'minda yolimidwa imalowa m'matumba a chipmunk: bowa, mtedza, zipatso, maapulo, nthanga zakutchire, mpendadzuwa, zipatso, tirigu, buckwheat, oats, fulakesi ndi zina zambiri.
Mitundu yonse yazogulitsazo sizimaperekedwa kawirikawiri mu dzenje limodzi, koma kusankha kwawo kumakhala kosangalatsa nthawi zonse. Monga mwiniwake wachangu, chipmunk amasankha katundu pamtundu, kuwalekanitsa wina ndi mnzake ndi udzu wouma kapena masamba. Kulemera konse kwa chakudya chachisanu cha mbewa imodzi ndi makilogalamu 5-6.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mitundu 25 yamtundu wa Tamias imakhala ku North America, ndipo Tamias sibiricus m'modzi (waku Asia, aka Siberian chipmunk) amapezeka ku Russia, makamaka, kumpoto kwa gawo lake la Europe, Urals, Siberia ndi Far East. Kuphatikiza apo, chipmunk waku Siberia adawonedwa pachilumba cha Hokkaido, ku China, ku Korea Peninsula, komanso kumpoto kwa Europe.
Mitundu itatu yayikulu ya chipmunks imagawidwa:
- Siberia / Asia - imaphatikizapo mitundu yokhayo ya Tamias sibiricus;
- Eastern America - yoyimiridwanso ndi mtundu umodzi, Tamias striatus;
- Neotamias - ili ndi mitundu 23 yomwe imakhala kumadzulo kwa North America.
Makoswe, ophatikizidwa mgulu lachiwiri lomaliza, adziwa North America yonse kuchokera pakati pa Mexico mpaka ku Arctic Circle. Chipmunk waku East America, monga momwe dzinali likusonyezera, amakhala kum'mawa kwa kontinenti yaku America. Makoswe akuthawa omwe adatha kuthawa m'mafamu abweya adayamba mizu m'malo angapo pakati pa Europe.
Zofunika! Chipmunk chakum'mawa adazolowera kukhala pakati pamiyala yamiyala ndi miyala, mitundu ina imakonda nkhalango (coniferous, mixed and deciduous).
Nyama zimapewa madambo, komanso malo otseguka ndi nkhalango zazitali komwe kulibe msipu kapena tchire... Ndibwino ngati pali mitengo yakale m'nkhalango, yovekedwa korona wamphamvu, koma osati nkhalango zazitali za msondodzi, chitumbuwa cha mbalame kapena birch. Chipmunks amathanso kupezeka m'magawo okhala ndi nkhalango, pomwe pali chophulika mphepo / nkhuni, m'zigwa za mitsinje, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango ndi nkhalango zambiri.
Zakudya za chipmunk
Zakudya zamakoswe zimayang'aniridwa ndi zakudya zazomera, nthawi zina zimaphatikizidwa ndi mapuloteni azinyama.
Kapangidwe kakang'ono ka chakudya cha chipmunk:
- mbewu zamitengo / masamba ndi mphukira zazing'ono;
- mbewu za mbewu zaulimi ndipo nthawi zina zimaphukira;
- zipatso ndi bowa;
- mbewu za zitsamba ndi zitsamba;
- zipatso ndi mtedza;
- tizilombo;
- nyongolotsi ndi molluscs;
- mazira a mbalame.
Zowona kuti chipmunks zimayandikira pafupi zidzauzidwa ndi zotsalira za chakudya - zotsekemera zama conifers ndi mtedza wa hazel / mkungudza.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zowona kuti ndi chipmunk yemwe adadyera pano, osati agologolo, zidzawonetsedwa ndi zocheperako, komanso ndowe zomwe adasiya - mbewu zazitali "zazitali" zomwe zili muluwo, wofanana ndi barberry.
Kulakalaka chakudya cha makoswe sikumangokhala pazomera zakutchire zokha. Akakhala m'minda ndi m'minda, amasintha chakudya chake ndi zikhalidwe monga:
- mbewu monga chimanga;
- chimanga;
- buckwheat;
- nandolo ndi fulakesi;
- apricots ndi plums;
- mpendadzuwa;
- nkhaka.
Chakudya chikasowa, anthu oyenda minda amapita kukafunafuna chakudya kuminda yoyandikana ndi minda yamasamba. Powononga mbewu, zimawononga alimi. Zatsimikizika kuti kusamuka kosayenda mosiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa chakukolola kochepa kwa mtundu uwu wa chakudya, monga mbewu za mkungudza.
Adani achilengedwe
Chipmunk ili ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe komanso ochita nawo chakudya. Choyamba chimaphatikizapo onse oimira banja la weasel (okhala pafupi ndi makoswe), komanso:
- nkhandwe;
- nkhandwe;
- galu wa raccoon;
- mbalame zolusa;
- agalu / amphaka oweta;
- njoka.
Kuphatikiza apo, chimbalangondo ndi sable, kufunafuna zida za chipmunk, musadye iwo okha, komanso mbewa yokha (ngati alibe nthawi yobisala). Akuchoka kwa amene akum'tsata, chipmunk wamantha akuuluka pamtengo kapena kubisala mumtengo wakufa. Omenyera chakudya a Chipmunk (potengera mtedza, zipatso ndi mbewu) ndi awa:
- makoswe amphongo;
- khola;
- Himalaya / chimbalangondo chofiirira;
- gologolo;
- agologolo agolide;
- jay;
- woponda matabwa wamkulu wamawangamawanga;
- mtedza.
Palibe aliyense m'banja lalikulu la agologolo yemwe adziwa luso lodziyimira ngati chipmunk.
Ndizosangalatsa! Akakhala pachiwopsezo, nthawi zambiri amatulutsa likhweru la monosyllabic kapena trill lakuthwa. Amathanso kuperekanso phokoso lamagulu awiri, mwachitsanzo, "bulauni-bulauni" kapena "mbedza".
Kubereka ndi ana
Kuyamba kwa nyengo yokwanira kumatsalira mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yozizira yozizira ndikugwa, monga lamulo, mu Epulo - Meyi. Rut imayamba masiku 2-4 akazi atatuluka m'nyengo yozizira ndipo akhoza kuzengereza ngati pamwamba sikutentha mokwanira komanso mphepo yozizira ikuwomba.
Amayi, okonzeka kukwatirana, amaphatikizanso kuyimba malikhweru "kokweza", komwe owafunafuna amawapeza. Olembera angapo akuthamangitsa mkwatibwi m'modzi, akugonjetsa 200-300 m, atatengeka ndi mawu okopa. Polimbana ndi mtima wa mayiyo, amathamangira wina ndi mnzake, akumenya nkhondo mwachidule.
Mkazi amabala ana masiku 30-32, ndikubereka ana 4-10 amaliseche ndi akhungu akulemera 4 g iliyonse... Tsitsi limakula msanga, ndipo patatha milungu ingapo, tchipisi tating'ono timasandulika makolo awo amizere. Pambuyo pa sabata lina (pa tsiku la makumi awiri), makandawo amayamba kuwona bwino, ndipo atakwanitsa mwezi umodzi, akutuluka pachifuwa cha amayi awo, amayamba kukwawa kutuluka mdzenje. Chiyambi cha moyo wodziyimira pawokha chimachitika ali ndi zaka chimodzi ndi theka, koma kutha msinkhu kumachitika pafupifupi chaka chimodzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Amadziwika kuti Tamias sibiricus akuphatikizidwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation ndipo akutetezedwa ndi boma. Pali zochepa paza mitundu yonseyo, koma pali maphunziro pazaka za anthu, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphamvu yobereketsa.
Zofunika! Chiwerengero ndi zaka zapakati pa ziweto nthawi zonse zimatsimikizika ndi zokolola zazikulu: mwachitsanzo, mzaka zambiri anthu (pofika nthawi yophukira) ndi theka la ziweto zazing'ono, zaka zowonda - kuchuluka kwa nyama zazing'ono kumatsika mpaka 5.8%.
Mwachitsanzo, m'nkhalango za Western Sayan, kuchuluka kwa chipmunks (20 pa sq. Km) kudadziwika m'nkhalango zazitali zazitali za mkungudza. Ku North-Eastern Altai, nyama zochuluka kwambiri zinalembedwa mu cedar-fir taiga - anthu 47 pa sq. Km kutuluka kwa nyama zazing'ono kuchokera m'mayenje ndi 225 pa sq. Km ndi mawonekedwe a nyama zazing'ono. Mitundu ina ya nkhalango (zosakanikirana ndi zosakhazikika) chipmunks zimawonedwa mochepa: kuyambira 2 mpaka 27 (ndi achikulire), kuyambira 9 mpaka 71 (ndikuwonjezera kwa nyama zazing'ono). Chiwerengero chochepa cha chipmunks chimadziwika m'nkhalango zazing'ono zazing'ono: 1-3 pa sq. km mu Juni, 2-4 pa sq. km kumapeto kwa Meyi - Ogasiti.
Kusunga chipmunk kunyumba
Ndikofunika kuyiyambitsa m'nyumba pazifukwa zingapo:
- chipmunk amagona usiku ndipo amakhala maso masana;
- amadya zomera zilizonse;
- ukhondo (khola liyenera kutsukidwa kamodzi pa sabata);
- ilibe fungo losasangalatsa la "mbewa".
Chinthu chokhacho choyenera kuyang'anitsitsa ndikusankha khola lalikulu, mulingo woyenera womwe (kwa banja) uzikhala motere: 1 mita kutalika, 0.6 m mulifupi ndi 1.6 m kutalika. Ngati pali nyama imodzi yokha, magawo a khola ndi ochepera kwambiri - 100 * 60 * 80 cm. Chipmunks amathamanga kwambiri ndipo amakonda kukwera, ndiye amaika nthambi mkati. Bwino kugula khola lokhala ndi ndodo zokhala ndi faifi tambala (pakadutsa zosapitirira 1.5 cm).
Zofunika! Nyumba yogona (15 * 15 * 15) imayikidwa mu khola pomwe ma chipmunks atakhazikika mnyumba yanu ndipo saopa anthu.
Ndi bwino ngati pansi pa khola ndikutheka. Peat kapena utuchi umakhala ngati zofunda. Khola limakhala ndi chodyetsa, chomwera chakumwa chokha komanso gudumu loyenda (kuyambira 18 cm m'mimba mwake). Makoswe amatulutsidwa nthawi ndi nthawi poyenda kuti apewe mayendedwe amtundu womwewo (kuchokera pansi mpaka pakhoma, kuchokera pamenepo mpaka padenga mpaka pansi). Paulendo wozungulira chipinda, chipmunk amasamalidwa kuti asatafune chilichonse chovulaza. Mawaya amabisika.
Khola limayikidwa pakona lamthunzi, popeza nyama zimafa chifukwa chotentha kwambiri... Amuna kapena akazi awiri kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (oswana) amasankhidwa awiriawiri, koma amuna awiri, apo ayi ndewu sizingapeweke. Zipatso zimatsukidwa ndipo amadyera amatsukidwa bwino kuti achotse mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Zokometsera, crickets, slugs ndi ziphuphu zimapatsidwa kawiri pa sabata. Chipmunks amakondanso mazira, nkhuku yophika, kanyumba kotsika mafuta ndi yogurt popanda zowonjezera.
