Njenjete zomwe zidagawanika ndi banja lalikulu la agulugufe a motley, omwe amaphatikiza mitundu yopitilira chikwi ndipo afala padziko lonse lapansi kupatula malo oundana. Gulugufe wamoto ali ndi chikhalidwe chokhazikika, ngakhale kuthawa kwawo kumawoneka ngati akugona komanso aulesi - ali ndi poyizoni ndipo samachita mantha ndi adani. Nthawi zambiri amakhala tizirombo ta m'munda.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Gulugufe ili ndi mafunde
Agulugufe oyamba anawonekera pafupifupi zaka 140 miliyoni zapitazo - pali zotsalira zosungidwa bwino zomwe zimapezeka mu amber, kotero mawonekedwe ake adakhazikitsidwa molondola. Tsoka ilo, zotsalira za agulugufe ndizochepa, chifukwa matupi awo ndi osakhwima komanso osatetezedwa bwino.
Chifukwa chake, asayansi akukhulupirira kuti zenizeni, agulugufe akhoza kukhala okulirapo kuposa zakale zakale zomwe zidapezeka, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zidawoneka zaka 200-250 miliyoni zapitazo. Maluwa awo amalumikizidwa ndi maluwa - popeza amafalikira padziko lapansi, agulugufe ambiri adakula.
Maluwa adakhala gwero lalikulu la chakudya, ndipo popanga timadzi tokoma, agulugufe adapeza proboscis - ndi mapiko okongola ofanana ndi maluwa. Woyamba kuwonekera anali agulugufe a usiku (motley), ndipo pokhapokha kuwala (njenjete) kumawonekera. Kugawika masana ndi usiku kumakhala kosasunthika - mwachitsanzo, njenjete yamawangamawanga ndi ya agulugufe amasiku ano, koma nthawi yomweyo mitundu yake yambiri imakhala yosasintha.
Kanema: Gulugufe zamawangamawanga
Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe ofunikira akadali masharubu. Agulugufe a Motley adawonekera koyamba, ndipo kwakukulukulu ndi ochepa komanso achikale. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito njenjete yamawangamawanga - imakhala ndi mapiko osavuta, ndichifukwa chake imawuluka pang'onopang'ono komanso mosakhazikika, komabe imaposa kukula kwake komanso kuvuta kwake kwa chipangizocho, pafupifupi gulugufe wamasiku onse.
Izi zikusonyeza kuti njenjete zamtundu wosiyanasiyana zidachitika posachedwa, ngakhale zambiri zakomwe sizikudziwika kwa ochita kafukufuku: kuchuluka kwakomwe agulugufe akale amakhudza. Ponena za a paris omwewo, ili ndi banja lalikulu, lomwe limaphatikizapo mitundu yopitilira 1,000, ndipo zatsopano zimapezeka nthawi ndi nthawi.
Malongosoledwe ake asayansi adapangidwa ndi Pierre André Latrei mu 1809, nthawi yomweyo dzinali lidaperekedwa m'Chilatini - Zygaenidae. Mitundu ndi zamoyo zomwe zimaphatikizidwapo m'banjamo ndizosiyana kwambiri, chifukwa chake nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kumvetsetsa, kungoyang'ana agulugufe amitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuti ndi ofanana.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wam'madzi wakupha
Thupi logwirizana ndi mapiko a mamembala ambiri am'banjali ndi lalikulu, chifukwa chake zimawoneka ngati zosalimba komanso zokongola ngati agulugufe ena. Amakhudzidwa ndi kukhala agulugufe a motley, omwe amasiyana mofanana ndi omwe amakhala masana. Komanso, thupi limakhala ndi ziphuphu.
Mapiko, kutengera mitundu, amasiyana nthawi zina, kuyambira 15 mpaka 60 mm - motero, njenjete zamawangamawanga ndi za agulugufe ang'onoang'ono kapena apakatikati. Amatha kukhala ndi proboscis onse opangidwa bwino komanso ochepetsedwa kwambiri. Palibe masikelo pamenepo. Palps, nsagwada zonse ndi labial, ndizofupikitsa mu partidos.
Antenna akhoza kukhala osiyana, mulimonse momwe zingakhalire mpaka kumapeto, ndiye kuti clavate. Pali variegated ndi chitosem - awa ndi ma bristles omwe ali pamutu, omwe amasewera gawo lalingaliro.
Ambiri mwa mamembala am'banjamu amadziwika ndi mtundu wowala kwambiri womwe umakhudza - izi zimawonekeranso m'dzina. Kulira kwakukulu kwamapiko nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwakuda, buluu kapena kubiriwira, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawanga - achikaso, lalanje kapena ofiira. Kawirikawiri motley monochromatic kapena pafupi ndi izi, komanso imangotuluka.
Ali ndi mtundu wowala pazifukwa, ichi ndi chizindikiro kwa olusa kuti gulugufe ndiwowopsa kwa iwo - chowonadi ndichakuti nthata zamawangamawanga ndi zakupha, poizoni amadzipezera mthupi lawo, makamaka hydrocyanic acid. Zowononga zambiri zomwe zadya motley zidzaikidwa poizoni - koposa zonse, zimayenera kuvutika kwambiri, ngakhale zotsatira zowopsa ndizotheka.
Gulugufeyu alinso ndi njira ina yodzitetezera: ikasokonezedwa, imatha kutulutsa madzi onunkhira okhala ndi poyizoni. Sikuti agulugufe achikulire okha ndi owopsa, koma mbozi nazonso.
Kodi gulugufe wamawangamawanga amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wa Motley ku Russia
Oimira banja amagawidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula malo ozizira kwambiri, pomwe agulugufe sangakhale. Zachidziwikire, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ili ndi mitundu yake, magawo ofananirawa amagawidwa:
- Zygaeninae amakhala pafupifupi ku Europe ndi Asia, komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa;
- Chalcosiinae amakonda kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, kunja kwake amathanso kupezeka, koma ndi osowa kwenikweni ndi mitundu yochepa chabe;
- Procridinae amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse, ngakhale ndi mafupipafupi osafanana - mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamitundu, komanso kuchuluka kwa agulugufe omwe, amakhala kumadera otentha;
- Phaudinae, komanso Callizygaeninae, ndi mabanja osowa kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi mitundu yochepa yazamoyo, amapezeka m'chigawo cha Indian ndi Southeast Asia.
Mwambiri, marshmallows amakonda madera ofunda, ndipo ambiri amapezeka m'malo otentha ndi otentha. Nyengo yotentha imakhala yosauka kwambiri kwa agulugufewa, koma imakhalanso ndi mitundu yake yapadera. Amakondanso mpweya wamphepo, chifukwa mdera loyandikana ndi nyanja mkati mwa 1000 kilomita kuchokera pagombe pali zochulukirapo kuposa mkatikati mwa kontrakitala.
Amakhala m'malo okhala ndi zomera zambiri, komwe kumakhala kosavuta kuti azidyetsa okha ndikuikira mazira, ndiye kuti maluwa ndi zomera za ziweto zimayandikana. Nthawi zambiri kumakhala dambo kapena dimba - amadziwika kuti ndi tizirombo tambiri, chifukwa amakhala m'magulu akulu ndipo amatha kudya mbewu zina.
Kodi gulugufe wamawangamawanga amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Gulugufe la Motley lochokera mu Red Book
Agulugufe achikulire amadya timadzi tokoma ndipo samavulaza. Zokonda zimatha kusiyanasiyana pamitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma m'malo otentha, nthawi zambiri amakhala maluwa komanso maluwa.
Monga:
- chovala;
- belu;
- dandelion;
- aster;
- zam'mimba;
- maluwa;
- gentian;
- Sally akufalikira;
- crocus;
- chomera.
Madzi ena amtundu wina amathanso kumwa zakumwa zochokera mumitengo kapena zipatso zowola. Mulimonsemo, mu mawonekedwe a imago, samasokoneza anthu, vuto lokhalo lili m'matsamba - ndichifukwa cha iwo kuti, ngati agulugufe oterewa ali m'munda, ayenera kuwonongedwa mwachangu. Pakhoza kukhala mbozi zambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimadya masamba ndi masamba a mitengo yamaluwa ndi tchire.
Ziwopsezo zawo zitha kutengera:
- mphesa;
- maula;
- peyala;
- tcheri;
- Mtengo wa Apple;
- sorelo;
- nandolo;
- nyemba.
Agulugufewa samauluka patali, ndipo ngati awonekera kale m'munda mwanu, anthu onse atha kutuluka, ndipo mitengoyo sidzakhala ndi moyo kuchokera ku mbozi - imodzi itha kukhala ndi mazana angapo, zomwe zingachepetse chonde.
Chosangalatsa: Thupi la njenjete zambiri limakutidwa ndi tsitsi kuti libalalitse chizindikiro cha mileme - mothandizidwa ndi iwo amapeza tizilombo, kenako nkumawagwira, koma kugwira njenjete sikophweka. Ena amakhalanso ndi makutu omwe amamvera utoto wa ultrasound, ndipo akamva kuti mileme ili pafupi, gulugufe amagwa pansi ndikupewa kukumana nawo. Palinso ena omwe amatulutsa mayankho, osokoneza mleme.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gulugufe ili ndi mafunde
Mitundu yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana imawuluka masana ndikupuma usiku. Ngakhale pali zosiyana - mitundu ina imawuluka ndendende usiku, monga njenjete zina, imakonda kuwuluka kupita ku nyali komanso kudzera pamawindo owala. Nthawi zambiri, timadontho timakonda kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi kutentha, nthawi zambiri amatha kuwoneka akutakataka pansi pa kunyezimira, ndikupinda mapiko awo.
Mapangidwe a mapiko awo ndi achikale - izi ndichifukwa choti samasakidwa mlengalenga, chifukwa chake ma partidos analibe zolimbikitsira mapiko awo monga agulugufe ena ambiri. Zotsatira zake, zimauluka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kuwuluka kwawo kumawoneka kovuta.
Makanda agwidwawo akhoza kunamizira kuti afa. Mulingo wamantha umasiyana kutengera mitundu - ina yamawangamawanga, mpaka pomwe kuwonekera kwachidziwikire kwa iwo, amakhala odekha, amalola anthu kuti azidziletsa mwawokha osayesa kuthawa.
Makhalidwe oterewa amapangidwa makamaka chifukwa choti amawopsezedwa ndi zoopsa zingapo, ndipo palibe chifukwa chochitira mantha ndi rustle iliyonse - gulugufe wamba sangakwanitse kukhazikika, chifukwa mphindi iliyonse, ngakhale ikamatha, mbalame zimatha kuzisaka ...
Moyo wa partidos ndi wodekha ndikuyesedwa: Dzuwa likatuluka, zimawuluka kuti zikadye maluwa, zikuuluka pang'onopang'ono, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi magawo ena, m'magulu onse. Mwambiri, samakonda kupita kutali ndipo amatha moyo wawo wonse m'munda womwewo kapena kudambo lomwelo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Magulu agulugufe wamoto
Mazira amayikidwa mchaka. Zomangamanga zitha kukhala zosakwatiwa kapena zingapo. Kukula kwa dzira ndi pafupifupi theka la millimeter, amatalikirana, achikasu. Zimatengera mbozi pafupifupi sabata limodzi ndi theka kuti zaswa.
Ali ndi chitetezo - amatha kukoka mutu wake pachifuwa. Thupi lake lonse limatetezedwanso: limakutidwa ndi ziphuphu. Koma ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti ndi chakupha, chifukwa cha zomwe zilombo zosowa zomwe zimawopseza, ambiri a iwo amadziwa bwino kuti sadyedwa.
Popeza wadya ndikukula bwino, mbozi imapita "m'nyengo yozizira". Izi zitha kutchedwa kuti nyengo, chifukwa nyengo yozizira kwa iwo imatha kuyamba mu Julayi, ngati iyi ndi mbozi za m'badwo woyamba, koyambirira, kapena mu Ogasiti mibadwo yotsatira. Izi zili m'malo otentha, kumadera otentha, mibadwo yatsopano imawonekera chaka chonse.
Amakhala nthawi yayitali akugona - mpaka nthawi ina yotentha. Kenako amadzuka ndikuyambiranso kudya masamba kapena masamba, chifukwa pamafunika mphamvu zambiri kuti asanduke gulugufe. Atapeza nkhokwe zokwanira, pamapeto pake amaphunzira, kenako nkukhala achikulire.
Chifukwa chake, zimatenga zoposa chaka kuchokera pakuikira dzira mpaka kukhala munthu wamkulu. Gulugufe nthawi zambiri samawulukira kutali, ndipo amachulukitsa m'munda womwewo momwe adawonekera - chifukwa chake, ngati simutenga nawo gawo pakapita nthawi, pakatha chaka mundawo ungadzazidwe nawo, zomwe sizingathandize chonde.
Natural adani agulugufe agalu
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wa Motley mwachilengedwe
Chifukwa cha poizoni wa adani ake, kachitsotso kamakhala ndi adani ochepa ngati mbozi komanso itasandulika imago. Zowopsa zambiri zimawopsedwa ndi mtundu wake kapena kununkhira kwa chinthu chomwe chimatulutsa zikaika pachiwopsezo - zonse zomwe zimasonyeza kusakwanira.
Komabe, zilombo zina zimatha kugaya ndi kusaka agulugufe oterowo. Mndandanda wa adani a marshmallow amatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wanji womwe uli, koma nthawi zambiri umakhala:
- mbozi zapansi;
- coccinelids;
- akangaude;
- nsikidzi zolusa;
- mphutsi za ntchentche za sirfid.
Omwe atchulidwa sachita mantha ndi poizoni wamphongo wamawangamawanga, koma nthawi zambiri amasaka mazira ake ndi mbozi, ndipo imago amatha kumva kukhala otetezeka - ndi akangaude akulu okha omwe amatha kuwopseza.
Mdani wofunikira wamawangamawanga, mwachidziwikire ngakhale woyipitsitsa ndi anthu. Chifukwa chakuti tizirombo tosiyanasiyana ndi tizirombo tomwe timakhala m'munda, ndipo ndi oyipa kwambiri, amamenyedwa mwadala mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala, omwe amawononga ambiri, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale anthu onse.
Chosangalatsa: Palinso timadontho tonyenga - ndikosavuta kusokoneza zenizeni nazo chifukwa cha kufanana kwawo kwakunja. Nthawi yomweyo, ali m'mabanja osiyanasiyana - kachidutswa konyenga ndi ka Erebids (Erebidae), koma kamakhala ndi moyo wofanana ndi chidutswa chenicheni, ndipo amatha kupezeka m'minda yomweyo. Pali mitundu yambiri yabodza yama motley - pafupifupi 3,000.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wa Motley ku Russia
Mwambiri, monga banja la partidos, palibe chowopseza - amachulukitsa mwachangu, ndipo kumene agulugufe amakhala, patatha zaka zingapo atha kukhala chikwi. Ngakhale kulimbana nawo sikuthandiza nthawi zonse kuthana ndi tiziromboka, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumangochepetsa kuchuluka kwawo kuzikhalidwe zovomerezeka.
Chifukwa chake, chifukwa chakuchulukana kwawo, agulugufe amenewa amalimbikira. Koma palinso kusiyanasiyana kwina - samakhazikika mofanana pamalo akulu, koma amakhala m'malo otsogola, ovuta kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa malo oterewa kumatha kuchepetsa mitunduyo, ndipo ngati ikadapanda kufalikira, ikani pachiwopsezo.
Ndicho chifukwa chake, ngakhale mitundu yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndiyotakata kwambiri kuposa momwe anthu angafunire, ndipo pali yambiri, palinso mitundu yosawerengeka yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha ndipo imatetezedwa m'maiko kapena zigawo zina.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pafupifupi mitundu 18,000 ndi ya agulugufe a equine, ndi osunthika. Zingaoneke kuti kwambiri, koma pali zambiri raznoushnykh - pafupifupi 150 zikwi mitundu. Nthawi zambiri, njenjete ndizocheperako ndipo zimakonzedwa mwanjira zoyambirira, koma kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu pakati pawo ndikodabwitsa.
Chifukwa chake, kuphatikiza njenjete zazing'ono, peyala ya Saturnia ndi njenjete za hawk ndi zawo - mapiko awo amatha kupitilira 150 mm. Pali njenjete zochulukirapo osati kuchuluka kokha kwa mitundu ya zamoyo, komanso zochulukirapo, ndipo usiku pali Lepidoptera yambiri.
Kuteteza agulugufe amtundu
Chithunzi: Gulugufe yamoto kuchokera ku Red Book
Njira zotetezera njenjete zamawangamawanga zitha kukhazikitsidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito mosiyana, zimatengera dziko kapena dera lomwe mitundu ina ya agulugufe amatetezedwa. Maderawa akuphatikizapo Europe, Southeast Asia, maiko aku North ndi South America - mwa onsewa muli timadontho tomwe timatetezedwa mwalamulo.
M'mayiko angapo aku Europe, mitundu ina imadziwika kuti ndi yosawerengeka kapena yomwe ili pangozi; m'malo mwake njira zofunikira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mmenemo - pambuyo pake, agulugufe amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu osavuta kuwabwezeretsa ngakhale atatsika pang'ono.
Mitundu yambiri yamawangamawanga imaphatikizidwanso m'mabuku a Red Data Books ku Russia. Mwachitsanzo, ku Moscow, izi ndizosiyanasiyana: osterodskaya, honeysuckle, nandolo ndi meadowsweet. Chiwerengero cha mitundu iliyonse ya zamoyozi ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi malo omwe amadziwika ngati akutuluka.
Ngati malo otere adapezeka, amalembedwa ndikutetezedwa. Komanso, pofuna kuteteza agulugufe, madambo m'mphepete mwa madamu ndi m'nkhalango, m'mbali mwake mwatsalira. Kugwiritsa ntchito malo okhala m'malo okhala ndi timadontho tosaoneka bwino kumayendetsedwa. Amabwezeretsedwanso m'malo oyenera. Njira zikutengedwa kuti muchepetse zovuta zoyipa, mwachitsanzo, kugawanika kwa anthu chifukwa cha zomangamanga kapena misewu yatsopano, kuwonongeka kwa zitsamba, ndi zina zotero.
Ngakhale tizirombo timapezeka pakati pa njenjete zamawangamawanga, ili ndi banja losangalatsa kwambiri, ndipo limaphatikizapo agulugufe osiyanasiyana - kusiyanasiyana kwawo kumakhala kotentha kwambiri. Agulugufe awa amakhala owoneka bwino - ambiri aiwo nthawi zambiri amakhala osawopa anthu. Ngakhale gulugufe wamafuta ndipo imachulukana mofulumira, palinso mitundu yosawerengeka yomwe imafuna chitetezo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: June 24, 2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 pa 21:25
