Chachikulu kwambiri komanso chowala kwambiri pakati pa ma martens ndi harza, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti marten yachikasu kapena yamabele achikasu. Mayina ena awiri olanda nyama - a Nepalese ndi Ussuri marten - amaperekedwa kutengera malo omwe amakhala.
Kufotokozera kwa harza
Yemwe anatulukira harza anali a Thomas Pennant, omwe mu 1781 adatcha dzina loti White-cheeked Weasel (barnacle weasel). Katswiri wazopanga nyama ku Dutch a Peter Boddert sanagwirizane ndi mnzake ndipo adamupatsanso dzina la nyamayo Mustela flavigula (chikasu cha pakhosi chachikasu).
Osati asayansi onse amakhulupirira kuti chirombocho chinalikodi, koma kukayikira kwawo kunathetsedwa mu 1824, pomwe chiwonetsero chatsopano, khungu la marten wachikasu, chidalowa mu Museum of East India Company.
Maonekedwe
Kharza, monga ma weasels onse, ali ndi thupi lolumikizana mwamphamvu ndi mchira wochititsa chidwi (pafupifupi 2/3 wamthupi)... Chovala chake ndi chachifupi, chowoneka mosalala komanso chopanda mpweya wa pine marten ndi sable. Otsatirawa ndi apamwamba kuposa harza potengera mtundu wa caudal pubescence: mchira wa marten wachikasu, ngakhale amakula mpaka 37-44 cm, nthawi zonse amakhala ocheperako kuposa omwe amapikisana nawo ubweya. Amuna otsamira amakula mpaka 0.5-0.8 m ndikulemera kuchokera ku 2.7 mpaka 5.7 kg. Akazi ali ndi miyeso yocheperako: kutalika - kuchokera 0,5 mpaka 0,65 m ndikulemera kwa 1.2-4.3 kg.
Ndizosangalatsa! Khadi lalikulu la lipenga la kharza ndi mitundu yake yodabwitsa kwambiri, yomwe imawonekera pakati pa ma martens ndi nyama zina zomwe zimadya ubweya.
Mutu wa harza ndi wakuda kwathunthu kuchokera kumwamba ndipo umaphatikiza utoto ndi maso owala ozungulira. Pamwamba pakatikati pamakutu ozungulira, omwe amakhala pamwamba pa kansalu kokhotakhota, amajambulanso zakuda - uku ndi mawonekedwe a mphuno ya marten, ngati mutambasula mizere kuchokera kumakutu mpaka mphuno. Gawo lakumphumbo limasiyanitsidwa ndi chibwano choyera komanso chifuwa chachikaso chowala. Ubweya wachikaso wagolide wokhala ndi zoyera zoyera umakwirira bzamatupi ambiri, kuphatikiza pamimba / m'mbali mwake ndikufikira kumiyendo yakumbuyo.
Pafupi ndi mchira, m'chigawo chamiyendo yakumbuyo, utoto wachikaso pang'onopang'ono umayamba kukhala bulauni yakuda. Chifukwa cha kusinthaku, mchira, miyendo yakumbuyo, miyendo yakutsogolo ndi dera lochokera ku sacrum limakhala lakuda (monga pamutu). Harza ili ndi miyendo yolimba komanso yolimba, yomwe imatha kukhala ndi zala zazing'ono zisanu zokhala ndi zikhadabo zolimba. Martens, monga nyama zonse zobzala mbewu, zimadalira phazi lonse kuyambira chidendene mpaka kumapazi poyenda.
Moyo wa Harza
Ichi ndi chilombo chokomera anthu chomwe chimalemekeza maziko abanja. Kwa nthawi yayitali chaka, ma kharazi amakhala m'gulu la ziweto, zopangidwa ndi 2-3, osapezekanso achibale 5-7. Momwemo amasaka, amagawika m'magulu awiri: m'modzi amayendetsa wovulalayo, winayo amakhala mwakachetechete. Ma martens achikasu amaso sadziwika ndi madera komanso kukhala pansi: mtundu wachiwiri umapezeka kokha ndi akazi omwe amadyetsa nyama zazing'ono kumalo akutali kwambiri a nkhalango.
Nthawi zina, chilombocho chimayenda mozungulira kukasaka nyama munjira zoponderezana, chimakhazikika m'malo opumulirako pang'ono pang'ono (mabowo, matabwa okufa, ming'alu yamiyala, m'munsi mwa mitengo yomwe yasandulika komanso pamadamu amitsinje).
Ndizosangalatsa! Zochita za harza pafupifupi sizitengera nthawi yamasana, komabe, masana imasaka zambiri, ndipo usiku - zochepa (pamene mwezi wowala ukuwala). Nyama sichiopa kutalika ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, imawuluka pamtengo ndi mtengo, pamtunda wa 8-9 m wina ndi mnzake.
Kuyenda kwa harza kumakwaniritsidwa ndi kupilira komanso kukhala ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri: pofunafuna nyama, marten amatha kuthamanga mwachangu komanso kwanthawi yayitali. Patsiku limodzi, harza imapambana mosavuta makilomita 10-20, kukana kusintha kwakanthawi, ngati pali nyama zambiri zoyenera pafupi... Kuwona mayendedwe achichepere achinyamata kumawonetsa kuti nthawi yozizira amayenda pafupifupi 90 km sabata, amakhala m'malo amodzi osaposa tsiku limodzi. Mwa njira, kuyenda modekha kotentha kwa chipale chofewa kumathandizira kwambiri mawonekedwe amiyendo yayikulu.
Utali wamoyo
Potengedwa, mwachitsanzo, kumalo osungira nyama, harza amakhala zaka 14 pafupifupi, nthawi zina amakhala zaka 16-17. Palibe amene anawerengetsa kutalika kwa moyo wa chilombo m'chilengedwe, koma poganizira zinthu zachilengedwe (matenda ndi adani), sizokayikitsa kupitirira zaka 10.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Nepense marten imapezeka ku Nepal (zomwe zimakhala zomveka), komanso India, Bhutan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Afghanistan, China, ndi South / North Korea. Gawo logawa limakhudza zilumba za Malacca ndi Indochina, zilumba za Hainan, Taiwan, Java, Borneo ndi Sumatra, zomwe zimafikira (kumadzulo chakumtunda) kumalire a Iran.
Ku Russia, Ussuri marten yakhazikika kudera la Primorsky ndi Khabarovsk (Sikhote-Alin), beseni la mtsinjewo. Ussuri, dera la Amur, m'chigawo chachiyuda chachiyuda ndi dera la Amur (mwina). Kukhazikika kwa Kharza kukupitilira ku Crimea (pafupi ndi Yalta), Krasnodar Territory (pafupi ndi Novorossiysk ndi Sochi), komanso ku North Ossetia, Dagestan (kufupi ndi Derbent) komanso ku Adygea.
Zofunika! Mitunduyi ikuphatikizapo malo otentha komanso mapiri ataliatali, taiga ya ku Siberia ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja - ndipo pafupifupi kulikonse Kharza amasankha nkhalango zowirira kwambiri, zosakhudzidwa ndi munthu.
Ku Primorye, marten imapezeka m'nkhalango zosakanikirana zomwe zimamera m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri (kutali ndi chitukuko), koma m'maiko akummwera amakhazikikanso m'madambo, komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Himalaya - pakati pa miyala yokutidwa ndi tchire komanso nkhalango za mlombwa.
Zakudya za Kharza
Kudya kwa chibadwa sikulepheretsa Harza kuti asinthe nthawi ndi nthawi kupita pagome la zamasamba, kotero mndandanda wake (kutengera nyengo ndi malo) umaphatikizapo:
- nyama za musk ndi muntzhak (nthawi zambiri ana ake);
- ng'ombe zamphaka za sika, nswala, gwape wofiira ndi mphalapala;
- Achinyamata achi China (ana) ndi nguluwe (ana a nkhumba);
- gologolo wamasana, chipmunk ndi gologolo wouluka;
- mbalame (kuphatikizapo pheasants ndi hazel grouses), komanso anapiye awo ndi mazira;
- nsomba za salimoni (zitatha kubereka) ndi molluscs;
- amphibiya, abuluzi amitengo ndi tizilombo;
- zisa ndi uchi ndi mphutsi;
- mtedza wa paini, mphesa / zipatso za actinidia.
Nthawi zina panali pomwe ma kharz akale / odwala anali kufunafuna chakudya ngakhale m'malo otayira tawuni.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kharza ndiye marten yekhayo yemwe amasaka mwadala pagulu: izi zimathandiza kugonjetsa nyama yayikulu. Chilombo chimalimbana ndi mphalapala kapena mwana wa nkhumba yekha.
Pofunafuna wovulalayo, a marten amadula njirayo, kuwoloka zigwa / zotchingira chipale chofewa m'nthambi. Komabe, samayimitsidwa ndi chipale chofewa, chomwe iye (chifukwa cha zikopa zazikulu) amalilaka mosavuta. Koma chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa, ngati ayezi, chimakhala msampha kwa omasulidwa. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa nyama imodzi ndi 10-12 makilogalamu: izi ndizokwanira kudyetsa 2-3 martens kwa masiku angapo.
Adani achilengedwe
Izi zikuphatikiza, choyambirira, munthu yemwe amawononga marten wamabele achikasu chifukwa cha ubweya wachilendo. Komabe, utoto wachilendo pafupifupi sunakulitse mtengo wakhungu, womwe (chifukwa cha ubweya wonyezimira) amapempha pang'ono. Kufunika kochepa kwa ubweyawu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi ziwerengero zokolola ku USSR. Pakatikati mwa zaka zapitazi, chaka chilichonse amapeza:
- Dera la Amur - zikopa 10-15;
- Gawo la Khabarovsk - 80;
- Gawo Primorsky - 180.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mpaka pano, Pakistan, Korea ndi Afghanistan akupitilizabe kupanga kharza yaubweya pang'ono, koma nyama siyitengedwa kuti ikonzeke chifukwa cha fungo labwino la weasel.
Pachifukwa chomwechi, nyama zikuluzikulu zankhalango zimapewa kharzu, komabe, pali chidziwitso kuti zidutswa za ubweya wake zimapezeka nthawi zina m'zimbudzi za zimbalangondo zoyera ndi akambuku. Nthawi zina marten amagwera mumsampha, koma luso lokwera limapulumutsa kwa agalu komanso misampha. Kharza samasinthasintha mawu ake - awa ndi mawu achangu ofanana ndi "chak-chak-chak" kapena kusakweza kubangula / kudandaula.
Kubereka ndi ana
Gawo lamoyo wa marten wamabele achikasu adaphunziridwa mwapamwamba. Zatsimikizika kuti nyengo yokhwima, amuna akamenyera akazi, amatseguka kumapeto kwa chilimwe, kapena m'malo mwake, mu Ogasiti... Kubala kumatenga masiku 220-290, monga ma weasel ambiri, pomwe mluza umazizira kwa nthawi yayitali pakukula, ndipo mimba imayamba kupita patali. Monga dipatimenti yobereka, mkazi amagwiritsa ntchito chipululu cha m'nkhalango, malo okhala ndi mphepo yamkuntho komanso nkhalango zosadutsa, pomwe nthawi yachisanu amabala zinyalala za ana a 2-4.
Amabadwa osatukuka (monga ma weasel onse), akhungu komanso okhala ndi ngalande zotsekedwa. Kusamalira mwana kumangokhudza mayi yekha, yemwe mnzake amusiya atangokwatirana bwino... Pakugwa, achichepere amafanizidwa ndi kukula ndi amayi awo, koma samamusiya. Kharza wakula ndikukhala naye ndikusaka naye mpaka mwana watsopano abadwe. Izi zimachitika, monga lamulo, kasupe wotsatira, koma atachoka kwa mayi, abale ndi alongo samasiyana nthawi yomweyo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pafupifupi zaka 50 zapitazo, kharza idaperekedwa kuti iphe, kutanthauza nyama zolusa zomwe zimavulaza alenje / osaka, popeza zidawononga zinthu zomwe amakonda - ungulates, makamaka nyama zam'mimba. Tsopano marten wamtundu wachikaso ali pachiwopsezo chifukwa chodula nkhalango zowuma komanso zamkungudza ku Far East, komanso chifukwa chakuchepa kwa ziweto za musk (chifukwa cha omwe amapha nyama mosaka nyama).
Zofunika! Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa anthu kudera lonselo amadziwika kuti ndikuwononga chakudya ndi nkhalango. Ngati kudula sikokwanira, kharza amasamukira kumadera otsala kapena amasamukira kunkhalango zachiwiri.
M'dziko lathu, kharza ndichosowa ndikubwezeretsedwera kumalire akumpoto kwa malo ake, chifukwa chake amaphatikizidwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation (zowonjezeredwa), komanso mu Red Data Books of the Jewish Autonomous Region (zowonjezera) ndi dera la Amur. Marten wamabele achikasu amatetezedwa ndi malamulo azachilengedwe ku Thailand, Malaysia ndi Myanmar. Mustela flavigula adatchulidwa kuti Osadandaula kwambiri mu IUCN Red List of Least Concern.
