Marten ndi nyama yolusa komanso yochenjera, yokhoza kuthana ndi zopinga zingapo, kukwera mitengo ikuluikulu ndikusuntha nthambi za mitengo. Ubweya wake wokongola wachikasu-chokoleti ndiwofunika kwambiri.
Kufotokozera kwa marten
Ichi ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri. Malo okhala marten ndi nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zosakanikirana, momwe mumakhala mitengo yokwanira yopanda mphako komanso zitsamba zosadutsika za zitsamba... Ndi m'malo otere omwe marten amatha kupeza chakudya mosavuta ndikupeza malo okhala, omwe amakonzekeretsa m'mabowo ataliatali.
Ndizosangalatsa!Marten amatha kukwera mitengo mwachangu ngakhale kudumpha kuchokera panthambi ina kupita ina, pogwiritsa ntchito mchira wake wapamwamba ngati parachuti. Imasambira ndikuyenda bwino kwambiri (kuphatikiza m'nkhalango yachisanu, popeza nkhwangwa yolimba pamiyendo yake imalepheretsa nyama kuti isadzime kwambiri).
Chifukwa cha liwiro lake, mphamvu zake komanso changu chake, nyamayi ndi mlenje wabwino kwambiri. Nyama zazing'ono, mbalame ndi amphibiya nthawi zambiri zimakhala nyama yake, ndipo pofunafuna agologolo, marten amatha kudumpha kwambiri munthambi za mitengo. Nthawi zambiri marten amawononga zisa za mbalame. Osati mbalame zapadziko lapansi zokha zomwe zimavutika ndi kuwononga kwake, komanso zomwe zimamanga zisa zawo kumtunda. Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti marten amapindulitsa anthu powongolera kuchuluka kwa makoswe m'malo awo.
Maonekedwe
Marten ali ndi chovala chobiriwira komanso chokongola, chomwe chimakhala chobiriwira nthawi yachisanu kuposa nthawi yotentha. Mtundu wake umatha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bulauni (chokoleti, mabokosi, bulauni). Kumbuyo kwa nyama kumakhala kofiirira, ndipo mbali zake zimakhala zowala kwambiri. Pa bere, pali malo owoneka bwino achikaso chowala, chowala kwambiri mchilimwe kuposa nthawi yozizira.
Mapazi a marten ndi ochepa, okhala ndi zala zisanu, zomwe zimakhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa. Chosompsacho ncholoza, ndi makutu amfupi amakona atatu, okutidwa ndi ubweya wachikaso m'mbali mwake. Thupi la marten ndi squat ndipo lili ndi mawonekedwe otambalala, ndipo kukula kwa munthu wamkulu pafupifupi theka la mita. Unyinji wamwamuna ndi waukulu kuposa wa akazi ndipo umaposa ma kilogalamu awiri.
Moyo
Lamulo lanyama limakhudza momwe amakhalira komanso zizolowezi zake. Marten amayenda makamaka ndikudumphadumpha. Thupi losinthasintha, locheperako la nyama limalola kuti iziyenda ndi liwiro la mphezi munthambi, imangowonekera kwa mphindi imodzi m'mipata ya payini ndi firs. Marten amakonda kukhala pamwamba pamitengo. Mothandizidwa ndi zikhadabo zake, amatha kukwera ngakhale mitengo yosalala komanso yosalala kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa!Nyamayi nthawi zambiri imasankha masana. Amakhala nthawi yayitali mumitengo kapena kusaka. Munthu amayesetsa m'njira iliyonse kuti apewe.
Marten amakonza chisa m'mabowo pamtunda wopitilira 10 mita kapena korona wamitengo... Amakonda kwambiri madera omwe asankhidwa ndipo sawasiya ngakhale atasowa chakudya. Ngakhale amakhala motere, nthumwi za banja la weasel zimatha kusamuka pambuyo pa agologolo, omwe nthawi zina amasamukira ambiri pamtunda wawutali.
Pakati pa nkhalango momwe ma martens amakhala, pali mitundu iwiri ya madera: madera oopsa, komwe kulibe, ndi "malo osakira", komwe amakhala pafupifupi nthawi yawo yonse. M'nyengo yotentha, nyamazi zimasankha malo ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi chakudya chambiri momwe angathere ndikuyesera kuti asachoke. M'nyengo yozizira, kusowa kwa chakudya kumawakakamiza kukulitsa malo awo ndikuyika zikwangwani panjira zawo.
Mitundu ya ma martens
Martens ndi nyama zodya banja la a marten. Pali mitundu ingapo ya nyama izi, zomwe zimasiyana pang'ono ndi mawonekedwe ndi zizolowezi, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha malo awo osiyanasiyana:
American marten
Imeneyi ndi nyama yosawerengeka komanso yosaphunzira bwino. Kunja, American marten imawoneka ngati pine marten. Mtundu wake umatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira chikaso mpaka chokoleti. Chifuwa ndi chachikaso chofiyira ndipo mapazi amatha kukhala akuda. Zizolowezi za membala wa banja la weasel sizinaphunzirebe bwino, chifukwa American marten imakonda kusaka usiku wokha komanso m'njira iliyonse yomwe imapewa anthu.
Ilka
Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya marten. Kutalika kwa thupi lake pamodzi ndi mchira mwa anthu ena kumafika mita imodzi, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 4 kilogalamu. Chovalacho ndi chamdima, makamaka bulauni mu utoto. M'chilimwe, ubweya wake umakhala wolimba, koma pofika nthawi yachisanu umakhala wofewa komanso wautali, umakhala wonyezimira. Elk amasaka agologolo, hares, mbewa, nungu komanso mbalame. Amakonda kudya zipatso ndi zipatso. Oyimira banjali a weasel amatha kuthamangitsa nyama mosavuta osati mobisa chabe, komanso m'mitengo.
Mwala marten
Gawo lalikulu logawidwa kwake ndi gawo la Europe. Mwala wamwalawu nthawi zambiri umakhazikika kutali ndi malo okhala anthu, zomwe ndizosavomerezeka kwambiri kwa oimira banja la weasel. Ubweya wa nyama zamtunduwu ndi wolimba, wamtundu wa imvi. Pakhosi, ili ndi malo owunikira oblong. Makhalidwe a miyala yamwala ndi mphuno ndi mapazi opepuka, opanda m'mbali. Chakudya chachikulu cha mitundu iyi ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono, achule, abuluzi, mbalame ndi tizilombo. M'nyengo yotentha, amatha kudya zakudya zamasamba. Zitha kuwononga nkhuku zoweta ndi akalulu. Ndi mtundu uwu womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala chinthu chosakidwa ndikuchotsa ubweya wofunika.
Pine marten
Malo ake ndi nkhalango zaku Europe Plain komanso gawo lina la Asia. Nyamayo ndi yofiirira mu mtundu wake ndipo imatuluka chikasu pakhosi. Pine marten ndi yopatsa chidwi, koma gawo lalikulu la chakudya chake ndi nyama. Amasaka makamaka agologolo, ma voles, amphibian ndi mbalame. Mutha kudya nyama yakufa. M'nyengo yotentha, amadya zipatso, zipatso ndi mtedza.
Kharza
Yemwe akuyimira banja la weasel ali ndi mtundu wachilendo kotero kuti ambiri amawona nyama iyi ngati mtundu wodziyimira pawokha. Kharza ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi (ndi mchira) nthawi zina kumadutsa mita imodzi, ndipo kulemera kwake kwa mitundu ya anthu kumatha kukhala makilogalamu 6. Chovalacho chili ndi msoti wokongola. Imasaka agologolo, ma sables, chipmunks, agalu amisala, hares, mbalame ndi makoswe. Atha kusiyanitsa chakudyacho ndi tizilombo kapena achule. Pakhala pali milandu yozunzidwa ndi kharza pa agwape, agwape, ndi nguluwe. Amadyanso mtedza, zipatso ndi uchi wamtchire.
Nilgir kharza
Woimira wamkulu wabanja. Kutalika kwake kumafika mita imodzi, ndipo kulemera kwake kumakhala makilogalamu 2.5. Zizolowezi ndi moyo wa Nilgir kharza adaphunziridwa molakwika. Amakhulupirira kuti nyamayo imakonda kukhala moyo wamasana ndipo imakhala makamaka mumitengo. Asayansi amavomereza kuti nthawi yosaka, nyama imamira pansi, monga mitundu ina ya ma martens. Ena mwa mboni zowona ndi maso akuti awona kusaka kwa nyama iyi kwa mbalame ndi agologolo.
Marten amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Nthawi yamoyo wa marten pansi pazikhalidwe zabwino imatha kufikira zaka 15, koma kuthengo amakhala ochepa. Nyamayi ili ndi ochita mpikisano ambiri pankhani yazakudya - onse okhala m'nkhalango mwapakati komanso akulu. Komabe, palibe adani omwe angawopseze kwambiri anthu omwe ali ndi marten machilengedwe.
M'madera ena, kuchuluka kwa nyama kumadalira kusefukira kwamadzi (komwe gawo lalikulu la makoswe, omwe ndi amodzi mwa magawo akulu azakudya za marten, amafa) ndikuwononga mitengo nthawi zonse (kuwonongedwa kwa nkhalango zakale kumatha kudzetsa kusowa kwa nyama izi).
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Moyo wa marten ndiwofanana kwambiri ndi nkhalango. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu spruce, paini kapena nkhalango zina za coniferous. M'madera akumpoto okhalamo, awa ndi spruce kapena fir, ndipo kumwera - spruce kapena nkhalango zosakanikirana.
Pokhala kwamuyaya, amasankha nkhalango zodzaza ndi mphepo, mitengo yakale yayitali, nkhalango zazikulu, komanso kuchuluka kwa malo okhala ndi zitsamba zazing'ono.
Marten amatha kukonda madera athyathyathya ndi nkhalango zamapiri, komwe amakhala m'mapiri a mitsinje yayikulu ndi mitsinje. Mitundu ina ya nyama iyi imakonda malo amiyala komanso miyala. Ambiri mwa ma mustelid amayesetsa kupewa malo okhala anthu. Kupatula ndi miyala yamwala, yomwe imatha kukhazikika pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu.
Ndizosangalatsa!Mosiyana ndi mamembala ena, mwachitsanzo, ma sables (amakhala ku Siberia kokha), marten imagawidwa pafupifupi kudera lonse la Europe, mpaka kumapiri a Ural ndi Ob River.
Zakudya za Marten
Martens ndi nyama zowopsa, koma zinthu zazikulu pakusaka kwawo ndi nyama zazing'ono (agologolo, mbewa zakutchire)... Amasaka makoswe mwachangu, omwe amphaka ambiri amayesetsa kupewa chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu. Zitha kuwononga zisa za mbalame, komanso kusaka zokwawa ndi zamoyo. Nthawi zina amadzilola okha kudya zakufa. M'nyengo yotentha, ma martens amadya zipatso, mtedza, zipatso, makamaka phulusa lamapiri.
Kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso nthawi yonse yakugwa, ma martens amapanga zinthu zomwe zimawathandiza kukhalabe m'nyengo yozizira. Zakudya za marten zimadalira kwambiri kutalika kwa nyengo yozizira, malo okhala, omwe amafanana ndi mitundu ingapo yazinyama, mbalame ndi zomera. Ngakhale nyamayo imayenda molongosoka ndi nthambi za mitengo, imadyetsa makamaka pansi. Kumpoto ndi pakati pa Russia, chakudya chachikulu ndi agologolo, grouse wakuda, ma hazel gross, ptarmigan, mazira awo ndi anapiye.
Mwala wa marten umakhala wopanda zipsyinjo za njuchi ndi mavu, chifukwa chake ma martens nthawi zina amalanda malo owetera kapena amadya uchi kuchokera ku njuchi zakutchire. Nthawi zina zimakwera zisa za nkhuku kapena nyumba zina za nkhuku. Kuponya mbalame yamantha kumadzutsa mwa iwo malingaliro anyamayo, kuwapangitsa kupha nyama zonse zomwe zingagwire, ngakhale zomwe sangadye.
Adani achilengedwe
Palibe zolusa zambiri zomwe zimakhala zoopsa pamoyo wama marten m'nkhalango. Nthawi zina amasakidwa ndi mimbulu, nkhandwe, mimbulu, akambuku, komanso mbalame zodya nyama (ziwombankhanga zagolide, akadzidzi a ziwombankhanga, ziwombankhanga, goshawks). Nyama zomwezi ndi omwe amapikisana nawo pa chakudya.
Kubereka ndi ana
Chiwerengero cha ma martens chimasiyanasiyana pang'ono chaka ndi chaka, chomwe chimafotokozedwa ndi chikhalidwe cha nyama. Nyama iyi imatha kusintha kusowa kwa chakudya chimodzi ndi ina. Kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa kwa anthu kumachitika chifukwa chakudya mopitirira muyeso kapena kuchepa kwa zaka zingapo motsatira, koma zosintha izi ndizochepa. Olimba kwambiri pamatenda am'madera ena amakhudzidwa ndi kusaka kwa munthu pa nyama yonyamula ubweya iyi.
Martens amakula msinkhu atakwanitsa zaka zitatu... Nyengo ya kukwatira imayamba kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Mkazi amabereka anawo kwa miyezi 7-9. Nthawi zazitali zotere zimalumikizidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa mwana wosabadwayo nthawi yocheperako, yomwe imayambiranso masika.
Posachedwa, yaikazi idzakhala ndi ana awiri mpaka asanu ndi atatu. Amabadwa amaliseche ndi akhungu (masomphenya amapezeka patatha mwezi umodzi) ndipo amalemera osapitirira magalamu 30. Pakapita kanthawi kochepa, mano awo adaduka ndipo mayi akuyamba kuwapatsa chakudya chanyama. Achinyamata martens amayamba kudumpha ndikukwera mitengo pa miyezi 3-4, ndikusaka mosadalira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Kuyambira ali ndi miyezi iwiri, zazikazi zimayamba kutsalira kulemera kwamphongo ndikusunga izi m'miyoyo yawo yonse.
Pofika nyengo yozizira amafikira kukula kwa nyama zazikulu, ndipo anawo amatha. Poyamba, nyama zazing'ono zimasaka pamalowo, kenako zimayamba kupanga malo opanda anthu, omwe ndi oyipa kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi malo ogona ochepa kuposa omwe atukukawo. Chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa kusaka, ndi omwe amapanga zochuluka zomwe asodzi amapha.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kumakhala malo ambiri aku Eurasia. Malo ake amachokera ku Pyrenees mpaka ku Himalaya. Kuchuluka kwa gawo lonselo ndikokwera kwambiri ndipo kusaka kololedwa kwa marten. M'madera ena aku North America, marten adabweretsedwa makamaka ndikuweta kusaka ubweya.
Ndizosangalatsa!Marten ndi woimira banja lalikulu la ma weasels. Ndi nyama yofunika kwambiri yaubweya, komanso ali ndi mabokosi amdima apamwamba kapena ubweya wachikaso wachikaso.
