Mvuwu - nyama yokhala ndi ziboda. Nyama iyi imalemera kwambiri - mwa nzika zamdziko lapansi, njovu zokha ndizopambana. Ngakhale amawoneka mwamtendere, mvuu zimatha kuwukira anthu kapena nyama zowononga zazikulu - ali ndi chidziwitso chambiri chokhala, ndipo sachita nawo mwambowu ndi iwo omwe aphwanya malire a gawo lawo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mvuwu
Poyamba anthu ankaganiza kuti mvuu zimakonda kwambiri nkhumba. Izi zidapangitsa asayansi kufanana kufanana kwa nkhumba ndi mvuu, komanso kufanana kwa mafupa awo. Koma posachedwapa zidapezeka kuti izi sizowona, ndipo zili pafupi kwambiri ndi anamgumi - kuwunika kwa DNA kudathandizira kutsimikizira izi.
Tsatanetsatane wa kusinthika koyambirira kwa makolo amakono a mvuu zamakono, makamaka pamene adagawanika kuchokera ku cetaceans, sanakhazikitsidwe pofufuza za cetaceans - izi zimafuna kuti tifufuze zambiri zokumba zakale.
Kanema: Mvuwu
Pakadali pano, ndi nthawi yokhayo yomwe ingafotokozedwe: amakhulupirira kuti makolo apamtima kwambiri a mvuu atha anthrotherotheria, omwe amafanana nawo kwambiri. Kukula kwayokha kwanthambi yaku Africa yamakolo awo kunadzetsa mvuu zamakono.
Kupitilira apo, njira yakusinthika idapitilira ndipo mitundu yambiri ya mvuu idapangidwa, koma pafupifupi onse adatha: iyi ndi mvuu yayikulu, European, Madagascar, Asia ndi ena. Mitundu iwiri yokha ndi yomwe idapulumuka mpaka pano: mvuu wamba komanso za pygmy.
Kuphatikiza apo, amagawanika pamtundu, makamaka, kukhala achibale akutali: oyamba ali ndi dzina lachi Latin ku Hippopotamus amphíbius, ndipo omaliza - Choeropsis liberiensis. Onsewa adawoneka posachedwa posintha - kwa zaka 2-3 miliyoni BC.
Mvuu wamba yotchedwa Chilatini, komanso malongosoledwe asayansi a Karl Linnaeus mu 1758. Mzindawu udafotokozedwa pambuyo pake, mu 1849 ndi a Samuel Morton. Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu uwu uli ndi tsogolo lovuta: poyamba udaphatikizidwa ndi mtundu wa Mvuwu, kenako umasamutsidwira ku wina, wophatikizidwa ndi mtundu wa Hexaprotodon, ndipo pomaliza, mu 2005, udasankhidwanso.
Zosangalatsa: mvuu ndi mvuu ndi maina awiri okha a nyama yomweyo. Yoyamba imachokera ku Chiheberi ndipo imamasuliridwa kuti "chilombo, chirombo", imafalikira padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha Baibulo. Dzina lachiwiri linaperekedwa kwa chinyama ndi Agiriki - atawona mvuu zikusambira m'mbali mwa Nile, zimawakumbutsa za akavalo powona ndi phokoso, chifukwa chake amatchedwa "akavalo amtsinje", ndiye kuti mvuu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mvuu yanyama
Mvuu wamba imatha kutalika mpaka 5-5.5 mita, mpaka kutalika kwa 1.6-1.8 mita. Kulemera kwa nyama yayikulu ndi pafupifupi matani 1.5, koma nthawi zambiri amafikira - 2.5-3 matani. Pali umboni wa omwe ali ndi zolemera zolemera matani 4-4.5.
Mvuu imawoneka yayikulu osati kokha chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwake, komanso chifukwa ili ndi miyendo yayifupi - mimba yake imatsala pang'ono kukoka pansi. Pamiyendo pali zala 4, pali zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa ndi kosavuta kuti nyama iziyenda muzitenje.
Chigaza ndi chotalikirapo, makutu ake amayenda, ndi mvuu yomwe imathamangitsa tizilombo. Ali ndi nsagwada zazikulu - 60-70 masentimita ndi zina, ndipo amatha kutsegula pakamwa pake kwambiri - mpaka 150 °. Maso, makutu ndi mphuno zili pamwamba pamutu, kotero kuti mvuu imatha kukhala pansi pamadzi, komanso nthawi yomweyo kupuma, kuwona ndi kumva. Mchira ndi waufupi, wozungulira pansi, ndipo wolimba kwambiri mpaka kumapeto.
Amuna ndi akazi amasiyana pang'ono: zoyambazo ndizazikulu, koma osati zambiri - amalemera pafupifupi 10%. Amakhalanso ndi mayini opangidwa bwino, omwe maziko ake amakhala ziphuphu kumbuyo kwa mphuno pamphuno, momwe zimasiyanitsira amuna.
Khungu limakhala lolimba kwambiri, mpaka masentimita 4. Palibe ubweya uliwonse, kupatula kuti timabulu ting'onoting'ono titha kuphimba gawo lina la makutu ndi mchira, ndipo nthawi zina mphuno ya mvuu. Ndi tsitsi lochepa kwambiri lomwe limapezeka pakhungu lonselo. Mtunduwo ndi wa imvi, wokhala ndi mthunzi wa pinki.
Mvuu ya pygmy ndiyofanana ndi wachibale wake, koma yaying'ono kwambiri: kutalika kwake ndi 70-80 masentimita, kutalika kwa 150-170, ndi kulemera kwa 150-270 kg. Pogwirizana ndi thupi lonse, mutu wake suli wokulirapo, ndipo miyendo yake ndi yayitali, ndichifukwa chake samawoneka wokulirapo komanso wolimba ngati mvuu wamba.
Kodi mvuu amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mvuu ku Africa
Mitundu yonse iwiri imakonda zinthu zomwezo ndikukhala m'madzi abwino - nyanja, mayiwe, mitsinje. Mvuu siyofunikira kukhala mosungira lalikulu - nyanja yaying'ono yamatope ndiyokwanira. Amakonda matupi osaya omwe ali ndi gombe lotsetsereka, lodzala ndi udzu.
M'mikhalidwe iyi, ndikosavuta kupeza mchenga pomwe mutha kukhala tsiku lonse mumadzi, koma osasambira kwambiri. Ngati malowa auma, ndiye kuti chinyama chimakakamizika kufunafuna chatsopano. Kusintha koteroko kumamupweteketsa: khungu limafunikira kunyowetsedwa nthawi zonse ndipo, ngati simupanga izi kwa nthawi yayitali, mvuu imafa, itayika chinyezi chochuluka.
Chifukwa chake, nthawi zina amatha kusamuka modutsa panyanja, ngakhale samakonda madzi amchere. Amasambira bwino, amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali osapuma - chifukwa chake, nthawi zina amasambira kupita ku Zanzibar, olekanitsidwa ndi mainland Africa ndi khwalala lalitali makilomita 30.
M'mbuyomu, mvuu zinali ndi mitundu yambiri, m'nthawi zamakedzana ankakhala ku Europe ndi Asia, ndipo ngakhale posachedwapa, pomwe chitukuko cha anthu chidaliko, amakhala ku Middle East. Kenako adangokhala ku Africa kokha, ndipo ngakhale kontrakitala iyi mitundu yawo idachepetsedwa kwambiri, monga kuchuluka kwa nyama zonsezi.
Zaka 100 zokha zapitazo, mvuu zinatheratu kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo tsopano zikupezeka kum'mwera kwa Sahara.
Mvuu zodziwika zimapezeka m'maiko otsatirawa:
- Tanzania;
- Kenya;
- Zambia;
- Uganda;
- Mozambique;
- Malawi;
- Congo;
- Senegal;
- Guinea-Bissau;
- Rwanda;
- Burundi.
Mitundu yamitunduyi imakhala ndi mitundu yosiyana, yocheperako, imapezeka kokha kumadzulo kwa Africa - ku Guinea, Liberia, Cote d'Ivoire ndi Sierra Leone.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: mawu oti "mvuu" adabwera ku Chirasha koyambirira, chifukwa chake dzinali lidakonzedwa. Koma kwa olankhula Chingerezi, zonse ndizosiyana, alibe mvuu, koma mvuu.
Kodi mvuu imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mvuwu m'madzi
Poyamba, amakhulupirira kuti mvuu sizidya nyama konse, komabe, izi sizinali zolondola - zimadya. Koma gawo lalikulu pazakudya zawo limaperekedwanso kubzala zakudya - udzu, masamba ndi nthambi za zitsamba, komanso mitengo yotsika. Zakudya zawo ndizosiyana - zimaphatikizapo pafupifupi dazeni zitatu, makamaka m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Algae ndi zomera zina zomwe zimamera mwachindunji m'madzi, sizidya.
Kapangidwe kazimbudzi kamathandiza mvuu kugaya chakudya bwino, chifukwa chake sizimafuna zochuluka monga momwe mungayembekezere kuchokera ku nyama yayikulu iyi. Mwachitsanzo, zipembere zolemera mofanana zimayenera kudya zowirikiza. Komabe, mvuu wamkulu imayenera kudya makilogalamu 40-70 audzu patsiku, chifukwa chake gawo lalikulu latsikulo limaperekedwa kuchakudya.
Popeza mvuu ndizokulu komanso zowuma, sangathe kusaka, koma ngati mwambowo ubuka, samakana chakudya cha nyama: zokwawa zazing'ono kapena tizilombo titha kukhala nyama yawo. Amadyetsanso zakufa. Kufunika kwa nyama kumachitika makamaka chifukwa chakusowa kwa mchere ndi ma microelements mthupi omwe sangapezeke pazakudya zamasamba.
Mvuu ndizokwiya kwambiri: nyama yanjala imatha kuwukira ma artiodactyls kapena anthu. Nthawi zambiri zimawononga minda yomwe ili pafupi ndi matupi amadzi - ngati gulu la ziweto lingadutse nthaka yaulimi, imatha kudya yoyera munthawi yochepa.
Zakudya za mvuu zazing'ono zimasiyana ndi anzawo akulu: amadya mphukira zobiriwira ndi mizu yazomera, ndi zipatso. Zomera zina zam'madzi zimadyanso. Sakonda kudya nyama, ndipo koposa pamenepo samalimbana ndi nyama zina kuti zidye.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mvuu yayikulu
Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mvuu makamaka imagwera usiku: sakonda dzuwa, chifukwa khungu lawo limalira msanga. Chifukwa chake, masana amangopuma m'madzi, kutulutsa mbali imodzi yokha yamutu wawo. Amapita kukafunafuna chakudya madzulo ndipo amadya mpaka m'mawa.
Amakonda kuti asasunthire kutali ndi matupi amadzi: pofunafuna udzu wokoma kwambiri, mvuu imatha kuyendayenda osapitirira makilomita 2-3 kuchokera komwe amakhala. Ngakhale, nthawi zambiri, amayenda mtunda waukulu - makilomita 8-10.
Amadziwika ndiukali, zomwe ndizovuta kuyembekezera nyama zonenepa kwambiri komanso zowoneka pang'onopang'ono - amaposa adani ambiri nazo. Mvuu ndizopsa mtima kwambiri ndipo nthawi zonse zimakhala zokonzeka kuukira, izi zimagwira akazi ndi amuna, makamaka otsiriza.
Ali ndi ubongo wakale kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake samawerengera mphamvu zawo ndikusankha otsutsana nawo, chifukwa chake amatha kuwukira ngakhale nyama zazikulu kukula ndi kulimba, mwachitsanzo, njovu kapena zipembere. Amuna amateteza gawo, ndi ana aakazi. Mvuu yokwiya imayamba kuthamanga - mpaka 40 km / h, pomwe ikuponda chilichonse panjira, osasokoneza mseu.
Mvuu za Pygmy sizikhala zankhanza kwambiri, sizowopsa kwa anthu ndi nyama zazikulu. Izi ndi nyama zamtendere, zoyenerana kwambiri ndi mtundu wawo - zimadyetsa modekha, zikumeta udzu, osakhudza ena.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mvuu zimatha kugona osati pamadzi osaya, komanso kumizidwa m'madzi - kenako zimadzuka ndikupuma mphindi zilizonse. Ndipo chofunikira kwambiri, samadzuka!
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mvuu ya khanda
Mvuu zomwe zimakonda kukhala m'gulu la ziweto - pafupifupi, pali anthu 30-80. Pamutu pake pali chachimuna, chomwe chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwakukulu ndi mphamvu. Mtsogoleri nthawi zina amatsutsidwa ndi "otsutsa", omwe mbadwa zake zazikulu zitha kukhala.
Kumenyera utsogoleri nthawi zambiri kumachitika m'madzi ndipo amadziwika ndi nkhanza - wopambana amatha kuthamangitsa wotsutsana naye kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zambiri nkhondoyi imatha ndikamwalira m'modzi wotsutsa, komanso, nthawi zina wopambana amafanso ndi mabala. Gulu la mvuu limakakamizika kusuntha kuchokera kumalo kupita kwina, popeza nyama iliyonse imafunikira udzu wambiri, ndipo owerengeka okha kapena ngakhale zana amadya moyera pamalo akulu.
Mvuu za Pygmy zilibe chidziwitso chokhala ndi ziweto, motero amakhala mosiyana, nthawi zina awiriawiri. Amadziyanjananso modekha za kuwonongedwa kwa katundu wawo ndi alendo, osayesa kuwathamangitsa kapena kuwapha.
Mvuu zimalankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu amawu - pali zida pafupifupi khumi ndi ziwiri. Amagwiritsanso ntchito mawu awo kukopa anzawo pa nthawi yokomerana. Imakhala nthawi yayitali - kuyambira February mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Mimba imatenga miyezi 7.5-8. Nthawi yobadwa ikayandikira, yaikazi imanyamuka sabata limodzi kapena awiri, ndikubwerera ndi mwana.
Mvuu zimabadwa zazikulu kwambiri, sizingatchedwe zopanda mphamvu kuyambira pobadwa: zimalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 40-50. Mvuu zazing'ono zimatha kuyenda pomwepo, zimaphunzirira kumiza atakwanitsa miyezi ingapo, koma zazikazi zimawasamalira mpaka chaka chimodzi ndi theka. Nthawi yonseyi mwana wamwamuna amakhala pafupi ndi mayi ndipo amadyetsa mkaka wake.
Ana a mvuu za pygmy ndizochepa kwambiri - ma kilogalamu 5-7. Kuyamwitsa kwawo ndi mkaka wa m'mawere sikutenga nthawi yayitali - miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena kupitilirapo.
Adani achilengedwe a mvuu
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Mvuu
Mvuu zambiri zimafa ndi matenda, zochepa ndi mabala obwera ndi mvuu zina kapena manja a anthu. Mwa nyama, alibe otsutsa owopsa: kupatula mikango, nthawi zina ndimawaukira. Izi zimafuna kuyesetsa kunyada konse kuti agonjetse mvuu imodzi, ndipo izi ndizowopsa kwa mikango yomwe.
Palinso zambiri zokhudza kulimbana kwa mvuu ndi ng'ona, koma m'zaka zaposachedwa, ofufuza amakhulupirira kuti ng'ona sizingakhale zoyambitsa - mvuu zomwe zimaukira. Amatha kupha ngakhale ng'ona zazikulu.
Chifukwa chake, mvuu zazikulu sizimawopsezedwa ndi winawake, pomwe zolusa ndizowopsa kwa anthu omwe akukula. Mvuu zazing'ono zitha kuopsezedwa ndi akambuku, afisi ndi ena odyetsa - pafupifupi 25-40% ya mvuu zazing'ono zimamwalira mchaka choyamba chamoyo. Zocheperako ndizotetezedwa mwamphamvu ndi akazi, zokhoza kupondereza otsutsa, koma pakukalamba amayenera kumenyera okha.
Mvuu zambiri zimamwalira chifukwa cha oimira mitundu yawo, kapena chifukwa cha munthu - opha nyama mosakaikira akuwasaka mwakhama, chifukwa mano awo ndi mafupa awo ndizothandiza pamalonda. Okhala m'malo omwe amakhala pafupi ndi mvuu amakhalanso akusaka - izi ndichifukwa choti zimawononga ulimi, kupatula apo, nyama yawo ndiyofunika kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: pakati pa nyama zaku Africa, ndi mvuu zomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwakukulu kwa anthu. Ndiowopsa kuposa mikango kapena ng'ona, ndipo amatha kutembenuza mabwato.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Mvuu
Chiwerengero cha mvuu zomwe zimafala padziko lapansi ndi pafupifupi anthu 120,000 mpaka 150,000, ndipo zikuchepa mwachangu. Izi makamaka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malo achilengedwe - kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Africa kukukulirakulira, mafakitale ochulukirachulukira akuwoneka ku kontrakitala, ndipo dera lomwe lili ndi zosowa zaulimi likukula.
Nthawi zambiri kulima malo kumachitika pafupi ndi malo osungira mvuu, momwe mvuu zimakhalira. Nthawi zambiri, pazachuma, amamanga madamu, mitsinje imasintha, madera amathiriridwa - izi zimachotsanso mvuu malo omwe amakhala kale.
Nyama zambiri zimafa chifukwa cha kusaka - ngakhale kuli koletsedwa, kupha nyama moperewera kuli ponseponse mu Africa, ndipo mvuu ndichimodzi mwazolinga zake. Mtengo umaimiridwa ndi:
- Chikopa chimakhala cholimba komanso cholimba, ndipo chimapangidwa mwaluso zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo matayala akupera miyala yamtengo wapatali.
- Bone - itatha kukonzedwa mu asidi, ndiyofunika kwambiri kuposa fupa la njovu, chifukwa silikhala lachikaso pakapita nthawi. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokongoletsera zimapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo.
- Nyama - mazana a makilogalamu atha kupezeka kuchokera ku nyama imodzi, yopitilira 70% yamafuta ake ndioyenera kudya, zomwe ndizoposa ziweto. Nyama ya mvuu imakhala yathanzi ndipo nthawi yomweyo yamafuta ochepa, imakhala ndi kukoma kosangalatsa - chifukwa chake ndiyofunika kwambiri.
Mulimonsemo, ndichifukwa cha kupha nyama kuti mvuu zotetezedwa padziko lonse lapansi ndi VU, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo. Tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tiwone kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi ndikuchitapo kanthu kuti tisunge malo okhala nyama izi.
Zomwe zili ndi mvuu za pygmy ndizovuta kwambiri: ngakhale kuli malo ena osungira nyama, anthu okhala kuthengo pazaka 25 zapitazi adatsika kuchoka pa 3,000 mpaka anthu 1,000. Chifukwa cha ichi, amadziwika kuti EN - nyama yomwe ili pangozi.
Chosangalatsa: thukuta la mvuu ndi pinki yakuda, chifukwa chake nyama ikatuluka thukuta, imatha kuwoneka ngati ikutuluka magazi. Mtundu uwu umafunika kutetezedwa ku dzuwa lowala kwambiri.
Mvuu yolondera
Chithunzi: Mvuu Yofiira ya Mvuu
Mvuu za pygmy zokha ndizomwe zimalembedwa mu Red Book - kuchuluka kwawo munyama zakutchire ndikochepa kwambiri. Ngakhale asayansi akhala akuchenjeza anthu kwazaka zambiri, mpaka posachedwapa, pafupifupi palibe chilichonse chomwe chidachitapo pofuna kuteteza mitunduyo. Izi ndichifukwa chakukhazikika kwake: maiko aku West Africa amakhalabe osauka komanso osatukuka, ndipo olamulira awo ali otanganidwa ndi mavuto ena.
Mvuu ya pygmy ili ndi ma subspecies awiri: Choeropsis liberiensis ndi Choeropsis heslopi. Koma kwa nthawi yayitali kunalibe chidziwitso chachiwiri, chomwe chimakhala m'mbali mwa Niger, chifukwa chake, pankhani yachitetezo cha mvuu za agogo, ndiye gawo lawo loyamba lomwe limatanthawuzidwa.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, chitetezo chovomerezeka chakhazikitsidwa: malo okhala mitundu yayikuluyo ayamba kutetezedwa ndi malamulo, ndipo opha nyama mozemba, amaopa kulangidwa koposa kale. Njira zoterezi zatsimikizira kale kuti ndizothandiza: zaka zapitazo, mvuu zidasowa m'malo osatetezedwa, komanso m'malo otetezedwa, ziwerengero zawo zidakhazikika.
Komabe, pofuna kutsimikizira kuti mitunduyi ikupulumuka, pamafunika njira zowonjezereka zotetezera - kungoteteza lamuloli sikokwanira kuthetseratu kuchepa kwa mvuu. Pachifukwa ichi, mayiko aku Africa alibe zida zokwanira zaulere - chifukwa chake tsogolo la mitunduyo silikudziwika.
Mvuwu ndi m'modzi mwa anthu okhala padziko lapansi pano, yemwe moyo wake uli pachiwopsezo ndi umunthu. Kupha nyama mopanda chilungamo ndi ntchito zachuma kwachepetsa kwambiri chiŵerengero chawo, ndipo mvuu za pygmy zaopsezedwa kuti zitha. Chifukwa chake, munthu ayenera kulingalira mosamala pankhani yosunga nyama izi m'chilengedwe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 02.04.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 12:20
