Odziwika kwa akatswiri a zoo monga panda wofiira, chilombo chofiirachi chowoneka bwino ndikukula kwa mphaka wamkulu ndipo amawoneka ngati raccoon kuposa panda wamkulu. Ndipo ichi ndi chachilengedwe: chomalizachi chimayimira mtundu wa nyama zazikuluzikulu, ndipo zoyambazo ndizoyimira mtundu wa panda zazing'ono.
Kufotokozera kwa panda wofiira
Prime Minister waku India Jawaharlal Nehru anali wokonda kwambiri panda wocheperako, ndipo kutchulidwa koyamba kwa "hon ho" kapena "fire fox" (Umu ndi momwe amamutchulira mu Ufumu Wakumwamba) zidawonekera m'zaka za zana la 13. Azungu adamva zakupezeka kwa panda wofiira m'zaka za zana la 19 chifukwa cha Frederic Cuvier, yemwe adapambana Mngerezi Thomas Hardwick, yemwe adamuwona pamaso pa French.
Koma Cuvier anali woyamba kubwerera ku Europe ndipo adatha kupatsa chilombocho dzina lachi Latin kuti Ailurus fulgens, lotanthauzidwa kuti "mphaka wowala" (womwe uli pafupi kwambiri ndi chowonadi). Dzina lamakono panda limabwerera ku Neponya poonya (punya).
Maonekedwe
Potengera kukula kwake, panda yofiira ikufanana ndi mphaka woweta yemwe wadya mpaka makilogalamu 4-6 ndi kutalika kwa thupi kwa 0,51-0.64 m ndi mchira wochititsa chidwi pafupifupi theka la mita... Ali ndi thupi lokhalitsa lokutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda komanso lalitali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti panda iwoneke yochuluka kuposa momwe ilili. Panda wamng'ono ali ndi mutu wakutsogolo wokhala ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono, osandulika ngati thunzi lakuthwa ndi maso akuda owala. Kunja kwa amuna ndi akazi ndikofanana. Mchira wofiira komanso wakuda umakongoletsedwa ndi mphete zingapo (mpaka 12) zowonekera mdima wakuda.
Miyendo ndi yayifupi komanso yolimba, imathera kumapazi aubweya, yosinthidwa kuti ayende pa ayezi ndi chisanu. Mukamayenda, mapazi, omwe zala zawo zimakhala ndi zikhadabo zokhotakhota (zosapindikana pobwerera m'mbuyo), zimakhudza nthaka theka lokha. Nyamayo imakhala ndi chala chake chotchedwa chowonjezera padzanja lamankhwala, lomwe ndi fupa lozungulira la fupa la sesamoid. Imatsutsana ndi zala zotsalazo ndikuthandizira kugwira mphukira za nsungwi.
Zofunika! Sizinyama zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi ubweya wamoto (wofiira) - mtundu wake waukulu umadalira subspecies (pali 2). Mwachitsanzo, panda yaying'ono ya Stayana ndi yakuda kwambiri kuposa panda yofiira yakumadzulo, ngakhale mitundu yake imasiyanasiyana mkati mwa subspecies. Nthawi zambiri sipakhala ofiira kwambiri ngati anthu obiriwira achikasu.
Mitundu yonyansa yamtundu wa chilombocho imakhala ngati chobisalira chodalirika (chomwe chimakupatsani mpumulo kapena kugona mwakachetechete), makamaka kumbuyo kwa ndere zofiira zomwe zimaphimba mitengo ndi nthambi ku China.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Panda wofiira amapewa anthu ndipo amakhala motalikirana, kuvomereza wokondedwa wawo m'nyengo yokwanira. Pandas amatsata madera awo, ndipo amuna amakhala kawiri kapena katatu kuposa dera (5-11 km2) kuposa akazi. Malirewo amadziwika ndi zonunkhira - zinsinsi za glands zomwe zili mozungulira anus ndi pamapazi, komanso mkodzo ndi zitosi. Fungo limakhala ndi chidziwitso chokhudza kugonana / msinkhu komanso kubereka kwa munthu winawake.
Panda wofiira amatsogolera moyo wamadzulo, amagona masana m'maenje kapena zisa zomangidwa pamitengo yobiriwira nthawi zonse. Atachoka m'manja mwa Morpheus, amatenga mawonekedwe angapo - amapindika kukhala mpira, ndikuphimba mutu wawo ndi mchira wawo, kapena, monga ma raccoons aku America, amakhala pamitengo mutu wawo uli pachifuwa. Mukakhala kotentha kwambiri m'nkhalango, nyama nthawi zambiri zimagona mosanjikizana pamitengo (m'mimba), kulola kuti ziwalo zawo zizipachika momasuka mbali zawo. Atadzuka kapena kudya nkhomaliro, ma pandas amasamba kumaso ndikudzinyambita kwathunthu, kenako amatambasula, ndikupaka msana / mimba yawo pamtengo kapena thanthwe.
Ndizosangalatsa! Poyenda pakati pa tchire ndi mitengo, mchira umakhala ngati balancer, koma umataya ntchitoyi nyama ikatsikira pansi. Mukatsika pamtengo, mutu umawongoleredwa pansi, ndipo mchira suli ndi udindo wokhazikika, komanso umachepetsa panda, ndikukulunga thunthu.
Nyama zimathamanga mwachangu pansi komanso ngakhale chipale chofewa, nthawi ndi nthawi zimasunthira kulumpha. Ma panda ofiira amasewera kwambiri: kwinaku akusangalala wina ndi mnzake, amatambasula miyendo yawo yakutsogolo ndikuyimirira miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, kutsanzira kuukira. Pampikisano woseketsa, panda imamutsitsira mdaniyo pansi ndipo nthawi zambiri imaluma mchira wake, osavulaza.
Kodi ma panda ofiira amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Kumtchire, nyama zolusa zimakhala zaka pafupifupi 8-10, pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuwirikiza kawiri zikapezeka m'malo osungira nyama... Apa amakhala mpaka 14, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka zaka 18.5: zolemba zoterezi zidakhazikitsidwa ndi imodzi mwama panda ofiira omwe amakhala kumalo osungira nyama.
Mwa njira, posamalira kutalika kwa miyoyo yawo, "amphaka owala" adayendetsa kagayidwe kake kotero kuti adaphunzira kutsitsa ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kake (ndipo mwa ichi adafika pafupi ndi ma sloth). M'nyengo yozizira kwambiri, nyama zimachepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi ndikusunga kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopulumutsa mphamvu: mwachitsanzo, zimadzipota kukhala mpira wolimba, ndikudzizungulira ndi mtambo wakuda waubweya (wokutira ngakhale zidendene).
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ailurus fulgens ili ndi malire ochepa omwe sawoloka malire amchigawo cha China cha Sichuan ndi Yunnan, Myanmar, Nepal ndi Bhutan, komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India. Kale kumadzulo kwa Nepal, palibe amene adawona nyamazo. Dziko lakwawo la panda wamng'ono amatchedwa dera lakumwera chakum'mawa chakum'mawa kwa mapiri a Himalaya, komwe nyama zolusa zimakwera kutalika kwa kilomita 2-4. Makolo amakono a ma pandas amakono adapezeka kudera lalikulu, monga zikuwonekera ndi zotsalira zawo zopezeka ku Eastern Europe ndi North America.
Zofunika! Malinga ndi akatswiri a paleogeneticists, kuchepa kwakuthwa kwa mitundu yofiira ya panda kunayambitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo yanthawi zonse - nyama zimakonda kutentha pang'ono, kutentha kwapakati pa 10-25 madigiri Celsius ndikuthira mpaka 350 mm pachaka.
Panda wofiira amasankha nkhalango zosakanikirana, zazitali zazitali za coniferous (fir) ndi mitundu yovuta (thundu, mapulo ndi mabokosi). Zomalizazi ndizoteteza kotsika kotsika komwe kumapangidwa ndi nsungwi ndi rhododendron. Chaka chonse, nkhalangozi zimakhala ndi mitambo, zomwe zimakhudza kukula kwa ndere ndi moss zomwe zimaphimba miyala, mitengo ikuluikulu ndi nthambi. M'nkhalangoyi muli zomera zambiri kotero kuti mizu yake imalukanikana, imagwira nthaka ngakhale pamapiri otsetsereka ndikupeza mpweya wokwanira womwe ukugwera pano.
Zakudya zazing'ono za panda
Opitilira theka la tsiku (mpaka maola 13) panda imagwiritsa ntchito kusaka ndi kudya chakudya, chomwe chimapezeka makamaka pansi. Panda wofiira ndi nyama yodabwitsa kwambiri, chifukwa chakudya chake chimakhala ndi zomera zonse:
- masamba a nsungwi / mphukira (95%);
- zipatso ndi mizu;
- udzu wokoma ndi ndere;
- zipatso ndi acorns;
- bowa.
Panda wofiira amasandulika nyama yowononga nyama, mwina m'nyengo yozizira yokha, pamene amasinthana ndi makoswe, tizilombo ndi mazira a mbalame kuti apatse nyonga thupi. Kukula kwa panda wofiira kumakonzedwa, monga mwa nyama zonse zodyera - m'mimba (osati chipinda chochuluka) m'mimba ndi m'matumbo amfupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuphatikiza ulusi wazomera.
Ndizosangalatsa! Thupi la panda limagwiritsa ntchito kotala yokha yamphamvu yosungidwa msungwi yomwe idya. Mano (38 onse) amathandiza panda kugaya zomera zosakhwima, makamaka ma molars, okhala ndi ma tubercles apadera.
Chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwake kovuta ndi mapadi, panda yofiira imasankha mphukira zazing'ono komanso zofewa, kudya mpaka 4 kg patsiku. Masamba amawonjezeredwa ku mphukira - opitilira 1.5 makilogalamu patsiku (kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumalipiridwa ndi mafuta ochepa). Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, ma pandas ang'ono omwe amakhala mu ukapolo amakana nyama iliyonse... Chilombocho chimaphwanya (ndipo ngakhale apo osati nthawi zonse) nkhuku zamoyo zomwe zimabweretsedwa mu khola, koma sizidya konse.
Kubereka ndi ana
Masewera okwatirana m'mapanga ang'onoang'ono amayamba koyambirira kwa dzinja, makamaka mu Januware. Pakadali pano, amuna ndi akazi amalumikizana mwachangu. Oyamba amasiya zonunkhira zawo paliponse, ndipo omalizirayo m'njira iliyonse yomwe angawonetse kuti ali okonzeka kugonana.
Zochita zazimayi zimachitika chifukwa chakuchepa kwa estrus: zimachitika kamodzi pachaka ndipo zimatenga maola 18 mpaka 24. Mimba imatenga masiku 114 mpaka 145, koma kukula kwa fetal sikudziwika nthawi yomweyo, koma ndikuchedwa kwa masiku 20-70 (pafupifupi 40). Pafupi ndi kubala kwachikazi, mkazi amamanga chisa, ndikulumikiza pakhoma kapena mwala woyenera wokhala ndi udzu, nthambi ndi masamba. Pandas amabereka kuyambira pakati pa Meyi mpaka pakati pa Julayi, kubweretsa kamwana kamodzi (kangapo kawiri, ngakhale kangapo 3-4).
Ana obadwa kumene amakhala ndi ubweya wachinyama, sawona chilichonse ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 110-130 g.Mayi amanyambita mwana, kumuyikapo zonunkhira, zomwe zimathandiza kuzindikira ana agalu mayi akabwerera ku chisa ndi chakudya. Poyamba, amakhala pafupi ndi ana, koma pakatha sabata amapita mokwanira, kumangobwera kudzadyetsa komanso kunyambita.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ana agalu amatha kuwona patatha milungu itatu, koma osachoka kwawo kwa miyezi itatu, ndikupanga ulendo wawo wodziyimira pawokha usiku. Amaleredwa kuyamwa ndi amayi awo ali ndi miyezi isanu.
Ana agalu amakonda amayi awo, koma sadziwa abambo: amasiya mnzakeyo atangogona. Kuyankhulana ndi mayi kumasokonekera pamene panda ikukonzekera kutenga pakati ndikukhala wamanjenje kwambiri. Kukula kwachichepereko kumafaniziridwa kukula ndi achikulire pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, koma kumatha kubereka ana chaka chimodzi ndi theka chokha.
Adani achilengedwe
Kumtchire, panda yofiira ikuopsezedwa ndi mimbulu yofiira ndi akambuku a chipale chofewa, koma kuthekera kwakumenyedwa chaka ndi chaka kukukhala kopitilira muyeso chifukwa chakuchepa kwa ziweto zonse ziwiri.
Nyama ya panda nthawi zambiri imapulumutsa pamtengo, ndipo imakwera mwachangu mothandizidwa ndi zikhadabo zazitali zakuthwa... Pansi, panda yochita mantha / yokwiya imayimirira pamapazi ake akumbuyo, ikuphimba thupi lake ndikutulutsa kafungo konyansitsa. Malinga ndi mboni zina, nyama zopatsa mantha zimatha kufuula mokweza, ngakhale nthawi zina mawu awo samamveka kuposa kulira kwa mbalame.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Panda wofiira ali mu International Red Book ngati "ali pangozi", popeza anthu ake pazaka 18 zapitazi adatsika ndi theka. Izi, malinga ndi akatswiri a zoo, sizidzangopitilira, koma zipitilizabe kukula pamibadwo itatu yotsatira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chiwerengero cha panda wofiira chonse chikuyerekeza nyama 16-20, zomwe China imakhala 6-7 zikwi, India - kuyambira 5 mpaka 6,000, Nepal - anthu mazana angapo. Kuchepa kwa anthu kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa panda m'chilengedwe, komanso kuwonongeka kwa malo ake azikhalidwe chifukwa chodula mitengo.
Kuphatikiza apo, panda amasakidwa ndi anthu amtunduwu, amakopeka ndi kuwala kwa ubweya wake wofiyira ofiira. Amadziwika kuti amadyanso nyama ya panda, ataphunzira kusokoneza kununkhira kwake kwamtundu wa musky. Magawo ena a panda yofiira amagwiritsidwanso ntchito, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zopangira mankhwala..
Osaka nyama amagwirira nyama kuti azigulitse ngati ziweto (mwa njira, m'nyumba za eni, ma pandas amakhala ndi mizu molakwika ndipo pafupifupi amafa nthawi zonse). Anthu achi China amasoka zovala ndi zipewa kuchokera ku ubweya wa panda yaying'ono. Mwa njira, m'chigawo cha Yunnan, chipewa cha panda chimatengedwa ngati chokongoletsera chabwino kwambiri kwa omwe angokwatirana kumene: pali chikhulupiriro kuti chikuyimira banja losangalala.
Panda wofiira ndiye mascot a Darjeeling International Tea Festival ndipo amadziwikanso kuti ndi nyama ya Sikkim (boma laling'ono kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India). Panda wofiira amabereka bwino mu ukapolo ndipo chifukwa chake amafunidwa ndi malo osungira nyama zosiyanasiyana, komwe nthawi zambiri amachokera ku Nepal (popita kudzera ku Kolkata). Malinga ndi zomwe zaposachedwa, pano ma pandanda ofiira pafupifupi 300 amakhala m'malo osungira nyama 85 ndipo anthu omwewo adabadwira ku ukapolo.
