Panda yayikulu - Ichi ndi chinyama chapadera, chomwe chimatchedwanso chimbalangondo cha nsungwi. Lero pali kuthekera kofafaniziratu kwa mitundu iyi ya nyama padziko lapansi, mogwirizana ndi zomwe zili m'gulu la Red Book yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Zimbalangondo za bamboo ndi chizindikiro komanso chuma chamtundu wa People's Republic of China. Amalandira ulemu wa nyama yodula kwambiri padziko lathuli. Zimbalangondo ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri, zakale kwambiri komanso zosawerengeka za nyama padziko lapansi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Giant panda
Nyama yaikulu ya panda ndi nyama yodya nyama. Zimayimira banja la chimbalangondo, losiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wamtundu wa panda wamkulu.
Mpaka pano, chiyambi ndi kusinthika kwa chimbalangondo chodabwitsa chakuda ndi choyera sichimamveka bwino. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa nyama iyi, komwe ofufuza adatha kupeza mdera lakumadzulo kwa People's Republic of China, kukuwonetsa kukhalapo kwawo pafupifupi zaka 2750 zapitazo. Olemba ena akuti khan wakale wakale wakale anali ndi munda wokongola momwe chimbalangondo chachikulu chimakhala. Pambuyo pake, kuwunika kwa majini kudzathandiza kudziwa kuti nyama, kapena makolo awo, analipo padziko lapansi zaka zosachepera 2 miliyoni zapitazo.
Chosangalatsa: M'nthawi zakale, panda yayikulu inali mphatso yamtengo wapatali, yomwe idaperekedwa ngati chizindikiro chaulemu komanso ulemu kwa anthu apamwamba okha, olemekezeka.
Mu 1869, wofufuza malo waku France komanso mmishonale Armand David adapita kudera la People's Republic of China. Anaphunzira chipembedzo chake, komanso mofananamo ochititsa chidwi komanso oimira nyama. M'mudzi umodzi wamchigawo cha Sichuan, pa mpanda, adapeza khungu lakuda ndi loyera. Anapeza chikopacho kwa anthu akumaloko atawauza kuti ndi cha nyama yomwe imakhala mdera lotchedwa bei-shung.
Kanema: Giant Panda
Kumasuliridwa kuchokera chilankhulo chakomweko, dzina la nyama limatanthauza "chimbalangondo choyera cha phiri." Wofufuzirayo adanyamula chikopa chanyama chomwe adagula ndikupita nacho kudziko lakwawo, ndipo adasankha kuyamba kuchiyang'ana. Adapeza asaka am'deralo omwe adagwirizana zomugulitsa chilombo chomwe chidaphedwa posaka. Pambuyo pake, Armand David adamugwiritsa ntchito momwe alenje amaphunzitsira, ndikupita naye kudziko lakwawo. Atalandira thupi la chilombo chomwe sichinachitikepo ndi mafupa ake, asayansi anayamba kuphunzira chiyambi chake ndikupanga chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, pandas amadziwika kuti ndi achibale a zimbalangondo komanso ma raccoon. Kuphatikiza apo, asayansi amaganiza kuti alibe zofanana ndi ma raccoon kuposa ndi zimbalangondo, ndipo mwina zowonjezerapo. Komabe, pochita kafukufuku waposachedwa wa majini, zidapezeka kuti amafanana kwambiri ndi zimbalangondo kuposa ma raccoon.
Mpaka pano, palibe lingaliro lomveka bwino pakusintha kwa panda wamkulu. Ambiri amamuwona ngati kholo la zimbalangondo zamakono, kapena otsatira zipolopolo zazikulu, kapena martens. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri a zoo amakhulupirira kuti nyama yodabwitsa imeneyi sikuti ili mwa nyama zilizonse zomwe zilipo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama yayikulu panda
Kunja, chimphona cha panda chili ndi kapangidwe kofanana ndi zimbalangondo. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu kumafika mita ziwiri, kulemera kwake ndi 150-170 kilogalamu. Zimbalangondo zakuda ndi zoyera zili ndi mutu wawukulu wokulirapo, wolingana ndi thupi ndi mchira wawufupi. Kutalika kwa chimphona chachikulu cham'mapewa kumafikira masentimita a 68-75.
Chinthu chapadera cha nyama chimakhala mu mtundu wake wosazolowereka - kusinthasintha mitundu yakuda ndi yoyera. Miyendo, maso, makutu ndi lamba wamapewa ndi zakuda. Kuchokera patali zikuwoneka kuti chimbalangondo chikuvala magalasi, masokosi ndi vesti. Akatswiri a zinyama sanadziwebe chomwe chinayambitsa mtundu waukulu wa panda yotereyi. Pali mtundu womwe umalumikizidwa ndi malo oyamba. M'mbuyomu, panda wamkuluyo ankakhala kumapiri, pakati pa chipale chofewa ndi nsungwi. Chifukwa chake, zolemba zakuda ndi zoyera zidalola kuti nyamazo zisazindikiridwe.
Mbali yapadera ya panda yayikuluyo ndi baculum, fupa lomwe limapangidwa kuchokera ku ziwalo zolumikizana mdera la penile. Fupa loterolo silipezeka mu panda kokha, komanso zinyama zina, koma fupa lawo limatsogozedwa kutsogolo, ndipo mu zimbalangondo za nsungwi limakhala kumbuyo, ndipo limakhala lowoneka ngati S.
Zimbalangondo za bamboo zimakhala ndi mapewa opepuka, onenepa kwambiri, khosi lalikulu, ndi miyendo yofupikitsa. Kapangidwe kamthupi kameneka kamapangitsa kuti munthu akhale wosazindikira komanso waulesi. Panda wamkulu ali ndi nsagwada zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe zili ndi mano otambalala. Kapangidwe ka nsagwada kamalola kuti ma pandas azimata msungwi wolimba.
Zosangalatsa: Panda ali ndi dongosolo lakudya. Mimba ili ndi makoma olimba kwambiri. M'matumbo mumakhala nthenda yayikulu - chinthu chapadera chothandizidwa ndi chakudya chosalala ndi cholimba.
Mbali ina ya nyamayo ndiyo kapangidwe ka akumbuyo. Ali ndi zala zisanu ndi chimodzi. Asanu mwa iwo amachitikira pamodzi, ndipo wachisanu ndi chimodzi adayikidwa pambali ndipo amatchedwa "chala chachikulu cha panda". Akatswiri a Zoologist amati ichi sichala chala, koma njira yopunduka ya mafupa, yomwe idapangidwa kuti izithandizira nyamayo pakugwira nthambi zakuda za nsungwi.
Kodi chimphona panda chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Giant Panda Red Book
Dziko lakwawo la chimbalangondo cha nsungwi ndi People's Republic of China. Komabe, ngakhale kumeneko, chinyama chimapezeka kokha kumadera ena.
Madera a panda chimphona:
- Gansu;
- Sichuan;
- Shaanxi;
- Tibet.
Chofunikira pakukhala panda ndi kupezeka kwa nkhalango zansungwi. Imatha kukhazikika m'malo amapiri, kapena matanthwe otumphuka, osakanikirana, kapena osakanikirana.
M'nthawi zamakedzana, nyama zotchedwa pandas zinkakhala pafupifupi kulikonse - kumapiri komanso kuchigwa. Komabe, zochita za anthu, komanso kuwononga kwakukulu kwa nyama, zidathandizira kutsika kwakukulu kwa anthu a panda wamkulu. Anthu ochepa omwe adatsala kuthengo amakonda kubisala m'malo okhala anthu kumapiri.
Kutalika kwa mapiri otsetsereka komwe amapezeka kumafika kuchokera 1100 mpaka 4000 mita pamwamba pa nyanja. Nthawi yachisanu ndi kuzizira ikabwera, ma pandas amatsika, kutsika osapitilira mamitala 800 pamwamba pa nyanja, popeza kulibe nyengo yovutayi ndipo kumakhala kosavuta kuti nyama zizipezere chakudya. M'mbuyomu, malo okhala nyama anali m'madera ambiri, kuphatikizapo Idokitai ndi chilumba cha Kalimantan.
Kodi panda wamkulu amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Giant panda bear
Chimbalangondo chinapeza dzina lachiwirili "chimbalangondo cha bamboo" chifukwa choti gwero la chakudya chake ndi nsungwi. Zimapanga 99% ya zakudya za chimbalangondo. Kuti munthu akhale wamkulu, amafunikira masamba ndi nsungwi zochuluka - pafupifupi makilogalamu 30 mpaka 40, kutengera kulemera kwake.
Chifukwa chakuti nyama yayikulu panda ndi nyama yodya nyama, imatha kudyetsa mphutsi, tizirombo tating'onoting'ono, nyongolotsi, komanso mazira a mbalame. Chakudyachi chimapereka zofunikira pamapuloteni. Kuphatikiza pa zakudya za bango ndi zomanga thupi, nyama ndizosangalala kudya mphukira zazing'ono ndi masamba okoma amitundu ina yazomera. Panda zazikulu zimadya mababu a safironi ndi iris.
Mukasungidwa m'malo opangira, panda amachiritsidwa ndi maswiti, shuga wambiri. Kuphatikiza pa chakudya cha nzimbe, amadyetsa omangidwa maapulo, kaloti, chimanga chamadzi, ndi zakudya zina. Ogwira ntchito m'mapaki ndi malo osungira nyama, komwe panda amakhala mndende, zindikirani kuti nyamayo ndi yopanda ulemu pazakudya ndipo imadya chilichonse chomwe apatsidwa.
Mwachilengedwe, nyama zimatha kudya chakudya pamitengo ndi pansi. Amagwiritsa ntchito mano amphamvu, oluma ndi kuluma ndi nthambi za bango. Nthambi zazitali komanso zolimba za nzimbe zimasonkhanitsidwa ndikusungidwa ndi panda kumtunda. Chala chachisanu ndi chimodzi chimathandiza kwambiri pa izi. Mukawona kuchokera mbali, mudzawona kuti, ngakhale ali ndi vuto lakunja, kulemera ndi ulesi, nyamazo ndizopambana, mwaluso komanso mwachangu zigwiritsire miyendo ndikugwira bango lakuda, lalitali.
Chosangalatsa: M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, ndi chakudya chochuluka, nyama zimadya mpaka kudzala. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri amatha kukhala aulesi komanso osakhazikika. Ndi kusowa kwa chakudya, amatha kusamukira kumadera ena kukafunafuna mabedi amtsinde.
Zimbalangondo za bamboo sizidya madzi ambiri. Kufunika kwa thupi kwa madzi kumadzazidwanso ndi mphukira zazing'ono, zokoma za bango ndi masamba obiriwira, omwe ali pafupifupi theka la madzi. Ngati madzi akumana nawo panjira, akhoza kukhala osangalala kuledzera.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama yayikulu panda
Pandas mwachilengedwe amapatsidwa kuthekera kolimba komanso mwachangu kukwera mitengo. Ngakhale zili choncho, amakonda kukhala pansi nthawi zambiri. Ndiwo osambira abwino kwambiri. Nyama zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kusamala kwakukulu komanso chinsinsi. Amayesa njira iliyonse kubisalira anthu. Pankhaniyi, anthu sanadziwe chilichonse chokhudza iwo kwanthawi yayitali. Poona nyama akukhala mu ukapolo, anthu anazindikira ulemu, ulemu. Zimbalangondo za bamboo zimakhala ngati oimira magazi owona.
Chosangalatsa: Udindo wachifumu umaperekedwa ndi machitidwe ena, makamaka mawonekedwe omwe ma pandas amatha kutenga. Nthawi yonseyi, nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati amakhala pampando wachifumu. Amatsamira ndi nsana wawo pamtengo kapena pachithandizo china, amatha kuyika gawo lakumtunda paphiri ndikudutsa miyendo yawo yakumunsi.
Palibe mtundu wowonekera wazinthu zanyama kutengera nthawi yamasana. Amatha kugwira ntchito nthawi iliyonse masana. Zimbalangondo za bamboo zimathera maola 10-12 patsiku kufunafuna ndi kudya chakudya. Pakayamba nyengo yozizira komanso kutentha pang'ono, amatha kugona mopitilira masiku onse. Komabe, izi sizili konse ngati chimbalangondo cha chimbalangondo chachisanu.
Nyama zimakonda kukhala moyo wawokha. Sizachilendo kuti azikhala pagulu. Nyama iliyonse ili ndi gawo lake, lomwe limateteza mwakhama. Akazi ndi omwe amateteza kwambiri. Nyama sizipanganso mitundu iwiri yayitali komanso yolimba.
Ngakhale kuti ma pandas amawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama zopanda phokoso komanso zobisalira, amakonda kulankhulana kudzera pakumveka. Ana omwe amawatcha amayi awo amamveka ngati akung'ung'udza kapena kulira. Pamene ma pandas amalonjera abale awo, amatulutsa ngati kulira kwa nkhosa. Mkwiyo ndi mkwiyo wa zimbalangondo za nsungwi zimawonetsedwa mu hum. Ngati chinyama sichikumveka, koma nthawi yomweyo chikuwonetsa mano, ndibwino kuti musayandikire, popeza panda ikukwiya komanso kukwiya. Mwambiri, nyamazo ndizabwino kwambiri ndipo sizikhala zaukali konse.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Great White Panda
Pandas amadziwika kuti ndi makolo osamala kwambiri, oleza mtima komanso kuda nkhawa. Nyama zimakonda kukwatirana pa nthawi yonse yaukwati. Nthawi imeneyi ndi nyengo yake ndipo imayamba ndi masiku oyamba a masika. Mkazi aliyense wokhwima amatha kubereka ana kawiri pachaka ndikubereka ana 1-2. Nthawi yomwe mating angapangitse umuna kumangokhala masiku atatu kapena anayi okha.
Chosangalatsa: Ukakwatirana, kukula kwa mluza sikuyamba nthawi yomweyo. Kuyambira nthawi yokwatirana mpaka koyambirira kwa kamwana kameneka, zimatha kutenga mwezi umodzi mpaka 3-4! Chifukwa chake, chilengedwe chimateteza achichepere, ndikusankha nyengo yabwino kubadwa kwawo.
Nthawi ya bere imatha pafupifupi miyezi isanu. Ana amabadwa opanda thandizo - sawona kalikonse, alibe ubweya. Ana amabadwa aang'ono kwambiri. Kulemera kwa mwana mmodzi kumafikira magalamu 150. Amphaka samasinthidwa konse kukhala amoyo wachilengedwe ndipo amadalira kwathunthu amayi awo. Chimbalangondo, ngakhale achite chiyani, nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi mwana wake. Ana obadwa kumene amadya kwambiri miyezi yoyambirira ya moyo wawo. Chiwerengero cha feedings chimafika katatu patsiku. Pambuyo pa miyezi iwiri, anawo amalemera makilogalamu anayi, ndipo pofika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi amakhala akupeza mpaka khumi.
Pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, anawo amayamba kuwona ndipo pang'onopang'ono amatsekedwa ndi tsitsi. Akafika miyezi itatu, amayamba kuyenda. Ana amayamba kuyenda pawokha ndikufufuza malowa chaka chimodzi. Amadyanso mkaka wofanana. Amafuna miyezi 6-8 kuti azolowere chilengedwe. Pambuyo pake, amayamba moyo wakutali.
Ngati mkazi wabereka ana awiri, nthawi zambiri amasankha yamphamvu komanso yotheka ndikuyamba kumusamalira ndikumudyetsa. Tsoka la ofooka ndi imfa ndi njala. Mukamaswana mu ukapolo, anthu nthawi zambiri amayamwitsa mwana wonyamula chimbalangondo ndipo amasintha malo ndi chimbalangondo champhamvu mpaka atakhala wodziyimira pawokha.
Nthawi yakutha msinkhu mu zimbalangondo zakuda ndi zoyera zimayamba pambuyo pofika zaka 5-7. Nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa zimbalangondo za nsungwi mwachilengedwe ndi zaka 15-17. Ali mu ukapolo, amatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri.
Adani achilengedwe a pandas zazikulu
Chithunzi: Giant panda
Mukakhala munyengo zachilengedwe, panda ilibe mdani pakati pa nyama. Kupatula kosavuta, imatha kukhala nyama ya kambuku wamtambo kapena mmbulu wofiyira. Komabe, nyamazi ndizosowa masiku ano. Lero chimbalangondo cha nsungwi chimatetezedwa ndipo chili ndi ziweto zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Kutsika kwakukulu kwa nyama zodabwitsazi kumawoneka chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu.
Munthu amakhalabe mdani wamkulu komanso woipa kwambiri wa panda. Zimbalangondo nthawi zonse zimakonda kwambiri anthu, nthawi zina zimawalekera pafupi nawo. Munthu amapezerapo mwayi pa izi, ndikupha nyama mopanda chifundo chifukwa cha ubweya wamtengo wapatali, womwe umayamikiridwa kwambiri pamsika wakuda. Nthawi zambiri amasaka zimbalangondo za nsungwi, kuwagwira kumalo osungira nyama.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nyama yayikulu panda
Mpaka pano, panda yayikulu idalembedwa mu Red Book yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe ili ndi "nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha". Chiwerengero cha nyama mwachilengedwe sichiposa anthu zikwi ziwiri. Kuchepa kwa manambala kunathandizidwa ndi chonde chochepa, komanso kupha nyama mosavomerezeka pamlingo waukulu. Kuperewera kwa chakudya komanso kuwonongeka kwa zigawo zachilengedwe kumathandizanso kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwawo. Kukula kwa nsungwi kwawonedwa kwazaka zopitilira 20. Pambuyo maluwa, imamwalira. Zimapezeka kuti nthawi yomweyo mitengo yonse ndi nkhalango zansungwi zimangofa.
Chosangalatsa: Pazaka Zosintha Zachikhalidwe, palibe mapulogalamu osungira kuchuluka kwa ziweto omwe adagwira ntchito ndipo amaphedwa mosaletseka chifukwa cha ubweya wamtengo wapatali komanso wokwera mtengo kwambiri.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 21st, anthu mwadzidzidzi adazindikira kuwonongeka kwakukulu komwe kudayambitsidwa ndi mtundu uwu. M'dera la People's Republic of China, malo osungira ndi malo osungira nyama amapangidwa, momwe amayesera kupanga zikhalidwe zonse zoteteza zamoyo ndi kuberekana kwake. Komabe, aliyense amadziwa kuti zimbalangondo za nsungwi sizogonana kwenikweni komanso zimakhala zachonde. Pankhaniyi, mwana aliyense wobadwa mu ukapolo ndi chigonjetso china chaching'ono kwa akatswiri azanyama.
Kuteteza panda zazikulu
Giant panda Red Book
Pofuna kuteteza nyama zamtunduwu, zidaphatikizidwa mu Red Book yapadziko lonse. Ku China, kupha kapena kudula ziwalo kukumana ndi chilango chokhwima. M'dziko lino, nyama imatengedwa ngati chuma chamtundu.
Zosangalatsa: Mu 1995, mlimi wakomweko adapha nyama. Pachifukwa ichi, adalandila moyo wonse.
Pakadali pano, chifukwa chokhazikitsa malo ambiri osungira zachilengedwe ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo zikukula pang'onopang'ono. Pali malo oterewa ku Shanghai, Taipei, San Diego, Atlanta, Memphis, South Korea. Komanso, nyama zazikulu zazikuluzikulu zimaswana mu ukapolo ku National Zoo ku United States of America. Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa anthu mu 2016, nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha zidasinthidwa kukhala mitundu yovuta.
Panda yayikulu ndi imodzi mwa nyama zochititsa chidwi komanso zapadera padziko lapansi. Ndi ngwazi yamakatuni ambiri, chithunzi chake chimakongoletsedwa ndi logo ndi zizindikilo zambiri. World Wildlife Fund sichoncho.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 28.02.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/15/2019 pa 19:23
