Nyama yaubweya wofiira iyi (yomwe akatswiri odziwika ndi nyama amatchedwa "gologolo wamba") imapezeka kwambiri m'malo otseguka ku Russia yomwe imafika pachizindikiro cha mizinda ndi midzi. Agologolo awiri amakongoletsa mikono ya Zelenograd, imodzi imakongoletsa malaya a Yakutsk, ndipo agologolo awiri amawonetsedwa pamikono yam'mudzi wa Yarensk (dera la Arkhangelsk), lomwe mpaka 1924 lidakhala mzinda.
Kufotokozera kwa gologolo wamba
Rentent, yemwe ndi membala wa banja la agologolo, amatchedwa Sciurus vulgaris m'Chilatini ndipo ali ndi dzina lina lomwe aiwalika - veksha... Mwa onse oimira mtundu wa agologolo (ndipo iyi ndi mitundu 30 yomwe ikukhala ku Europe, Asia, South ndi North America), mtundu umodzi wokha, squirrel wamba, amakhala ku Russia.
Maonekedwe
Nyama yokongolayi, yofulumira imafanana ndi agologolo ena. Veksha ili ndi thupi lochepa kwambiri, lomwe limatha ndi mchira wosalala kwambiri, wonyezimira kuchokera 13 mpaka 19 cm (pafupifupi 2/3 kutalika kwa thupi). Mchira umawoneka mosalala chifukwa cha tsitsi lalitali (3-6 cm), lotambalala mbali zonse.
Gologolo wamkulu amakula mpaka masentimita 19 mpaka 288, amatenga msinkhu wa munthu wamkulu ngati 250-340 g.
Vibrissae, yomwe imakhudzidwa kwambiri, imakongoletsa osati mphuno yokha, komanso zikhomo zakumaso ndi pamimba. Mimba ya gologolo, mwa njira, nthawi zonse imakhala yopepuka kuposa pamwamba kapena yojambulidwa yoyera. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yayifupi kwambiri kuposa yakumbuyo. Miyendo ili ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa, zolimba.
Zofunika! Kukula kwa gologolo wamba kumachepa kuchokera kumapiri kupita ku zigwa, kukula kwa chigaza kumakhalanso kocheperako kuchokera kumwera mpaka kumpoto, ndipo utoto waubweya umawonekera kulowera pakatikati pa mulitali.
Pofika kuzizira kozizira, gologolo wamba amakhala wamtali komanso wofewa kwambiri, koma nthawi yotentha amasintha kapangidwe kake, kukhala waufupi, wolimba komanso wochepa.
Zojambula
Ponena za kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu, Veksha ndiye mtsogoleri wosatsimikizika pakati pazinyama zambiri m'chigawo chachikulu cha Palaearctic: imasintha mtundu wa malaya amoto kutengera nyengo, subspecies, ngakhale kukhala m'malire a anthu.
M'nyengo yotentha, chovala cha gologoloyu chimapangidwa ndimayendedwe ofiira, ofiira kapena amdima wakuda; m'nyengo yozizira, malayawo amakhala otuwa, nthawi zina amakhala akuda (nthawi zina okhala ndi bulauni). Pakati pa zikope ndi ma piebald, omwe ubweya wake umasungunuka ndi mawanga oyera, komanso zitsanzo ndi ubweya wakuda mwamtheradi (melanists) ndipo, mosemphana ndi mtundu wonse wa pigment (albino).
Kwa ma Far East, ma Carpathian ndi Manchu subspecies a gologolo wamba wofiirira komanso mdima wakuda waubweya wachisanu amadziwika. Ndipo agologolo agulu (oimira akulu kwambiri a Veksha mdera lakale la USSR) amawonetsa utoto wonyezimira komanso wabuluu nthawi yozizira, komanso imvi yotumbululuka (yokhala ndi mchira wakuda ndi wachikasu-dzimbiri).
Agologolo agulu lanyumba amatchedwa agologolo amisomali (yomwe imadziwika ndi mtundu wachisanu wa mchira). Pamodzi ndi iwo, a Veksha adagawika "brown-tailed", "ofiyira" ndi "akuda".
Molting
Kusintha kwa malaya mu gologolo kumachitika, monga nyama zambiri, kawiri pachaka.... Mchira wa gologolo umakhala ndi nthawi yake yokonzanso ubweya: imatulutsa kamodzi pachaka. Spring molt imachitika, monga lamulo, mu Epulo - Meyi, ndi molt yophukira imachitika kuyambira Seputembara mpaka Novembala.
Monga mukudziwa, kusungunuka kwa zinyama zonse kumayang'aniridwa ndi kutalika kwa masana, komwe kumayang'anira ntchito ya khungu la pituitary. Yotsirizira amapanga thyrotropin, amene (iwonso) amachita pa ntchito ya chithokomiro England, amene amayamba molt.
Ndizosangalatsa! Amuna okhwima ogonana nthawi zonse amayamba kusungunuka msanga kuposa akazi ndi azaka zapakati pawo omwe amabadwa mchaka chino. Kusintha kwa ubweya masika kumachokera kumutu mpaka kumunsi kwa mchira, ndi kugwa - kuchokera muzu wa mchira mpaka kumutu.
Nthawi ya molt ndiyosintha kwambiri, chifukwa zimatengera kupezeka kwa chakudya ndi nyengo. Pokhala ndi chakudya chochuluka, ubweya wa agologolo umayamba ndikutha koyambirira, mwa owonda - osachedwetsa komanso kutambasula.
Moyo, khalidwe
Nthano yamtunduwu siyosiyana ndi madera, chifukwa chake, madera a gologolo nthawi zambiri samangotchulidwa, komanso nthawi zambiri amakhala otambalala pamwamba pa mzake.
Veksha amakhala ndi moyo wokonda kudya kwambiri, kuwonetsa mphamvu m'mawa ndi madzulo... Ndi nthawi imeneyi kuti amayendayenda m'nkhalango kufunafuna chakudya, chomwe chimatenga 60-80% ya nthawi yake yogwira ntchito. Pozindikira kuopsa kwake, imakonda kubisala pamutu pa mtengo.
Gologoloyo amawuluka mosavuta kuchokera kumtengo umodzi kupita ku wina, kugonjetsa ma 3-4 mita molunjika ndi 10-15 m muntunda wotsikira, pogwiritsa ntchito mchira wake ngati chiwongolero. M'nyengo yozizira, kuti asaimitse mawondo ake, imalumpha kwambiri pamwamba pake. Pakati pa nyengo yokhwima, komanso chipale chofewa sichimakhala, nthawi zambiri chimayenda pansi (kudumpha mpaka 1 mita).
Mu chisanu choopsa kwambiri komanso nyengo yovuta, amatha kukhala kosatha pogona, kugona. Kumva kokha kwa njala kokha komwe kumatha kupanga Vetsha kutuluka mobisala m'nyengo yozizira.
Kodi gologolo amakhala kuti
Kaya nyumba ya agologolo ili kuti, nthawi zonse imakhala mumtengo. M'nkhalango yowirira, gologoloyo amakonda kukhazikika m'maenje, ndikuwapaka ndere zamitengo, udzu ndi masamba owuma.
M'nkhalango ya coniferous, nthawi zambiri amamanga zisa (25-30 masentimita m'mimba mwake), ndikuziyika pamtunda wa 7-15 m pakati pa nthambi zowirira. Chisa chotere, chotchedwa gayn, chimapatsidwa mawonekedwe a mpira ndi veksha, ndikuchikuta mkati ndi masamba, tsitsi, moss ndi udzu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pofuna kuti isadandaule ndikumanga chisa, gologoloyo amakhala mnyumba ya mbalame. Amuna samavutikira kumanga chisa chawo, koma amakhala mnyumba zomwe zatsalira ndi zazikazi kapena zisa zopanda kanthu za agulugufe, mbalame zakuda ndi akhwangwala.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo awona kuti mbewa iliyonse "imabwereka" malo angapo (mpaka 15), kuwasintha masiku awiri kapena atatu (mwina kuthawa tiziromboti). Ngati mkaziyo ali ndi agologolo, amawakoka m'mano mwake. Mmodzi chisa, kwa zaka mazana atatu kapena atatu amadziunjikira m'nyengo yozizira, ngakhale ali ndi chizolowezi chokhala ndi moyo wosungulumwa.
Kusamuka
Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kusuntha kwa agologolo zitha kupezeka m'mabuku akale achi Russia.
Kusamuka kumachitika kumapeto kwa chilimwe - kuyamba kwa nthawi yophukira, ndipo moto wam'nkhalango ndi chilala nthawi zambiri zimayendetsa, koma nthawi zambiri - zokolola zochepa za agologolo, mtedza kapena mbewu za ma conifers.
Kutalika kwakutali komanso kwakutali kwa 250-300 km ndizosowa: monga lamulo, agologolo amayenda mtunda wocheperako kupita kunkhalango yoyandikana nayo.
Pakusamuka, makoswewo amalumpha mmodzimmodzi, koma amakhala kutsogolo kutsogolo (pafupifupi 100-300 km), osasokera pagulu ndi magulu akulu. Khalidwe la misa limadziwika kokha pamaso pa zopinga zachilengedwe.
Pakusamuka, gologolo amadutsa magawo ambiri achilengedwe ndi zopinga, kuphatikiza:
- steppe;
- tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra;
- zisumbu;
- magombe ndi mitsinje;
- Nsonga za mapiri;
- midzi.
Zoyenda nthawi zonse zimatsagana ndi kufa kwa agologolo, omwe amamiza, amaundana, amafa chifukwa chotopa ndikugwera m'mano a adani.
Pamodzi ndi kusamuka kwakukulu, kusamuka kwakanthawi, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyama zazing'ono kukhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha, komanso kusasitsa pang'ono pang'ono kwa chakudya. Kusamuka kwakanthawi ndikusowa chakudya kumasandulika kukhala kusamuka.
Kuswana kwa Veksha wachichepere kumachitika mu Ogasiti / Seputembala ndi Okutobala / Novembala, akasuntha makilomita 70-350 kutali ndi zisa zawo.
Zowona, mapuloteni ena okhwima ogonana amakhalabe m'malo mwake. Amangosintha kaphatikizidwe kazakudya, ndikusinthira kuzomera zopanda mafuta ochepa kwambiri:
- ndere;
- impso;
- makungwa a mphukira zazing'ono;
- singano.
Ndi gulu la makoswe lomwe limakhala maziko obwezeretsa agologolo am'deralo.
Utali wamoyo
Mwachilengedwe, gologolo wamba amakhala ndi moyo waufupi kwambiri: munthu wamkulu wazaka 4 amadziwika kuti ndi wokalamba. "Zoyipa zazitali" mwa anthuwa siziposa 10%. Koma mu ukapolo (wopanda adani komanso ndi zakudya zabwino), veksha amakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 10-12.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Gologolo (woimiridwa ndi subspecies 40) asankha malo oyenda okhaokha a kontinenti ya Eurasian kuchokera kugombe la Atlantic kupita ku Kamchatka, Sakhalin ndi pafupifupi. Hokkaido.
Nyamayo idasefukira ku Siberia, Far East komanso gawo la Europe ku Russia... Agologolo oyamba adalowa ku Kamchatka cha m'ma 1923-24. Veksha adazolowera moyo wa Tien Shan, komanso ku Caucasus ndi Crimea, adazolowera zikhalidwe (minda yamphesa ndi minda).
Gologolo, monga wokhala m'nkhalango, amakonda nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi nkhokwe zambiri (mbewu zamitengo).
Kuphatikiza apo, nyamayo imakhazikika m'minda ngati:
- nkhalango zamkungudza;
- nkhalango zamkungudza
- nkhalango za spruce;
- nkhalango zazikulu;
- nkhalango zamapiri;
- nkhalango zapaini zosakaniza.
Zinadziwika kuti kuchuluka kwa agologolo kumachepa kulowera kumpoto komwe mitengo yamapiri ndi larch imapambana.
Zakudya zamapuloteni wamba
Zokonda za Veksha ndizochulukirapo (zopitilira 130), koma chakudya chachikulu ndi mbewu za conifer, kuphatikiza paini, spruce, mkungudza waku Siberia, larch ndi fir. M'madera akumwera, komwe kuli nkhalango zambiri za oak (zokhala ndi nkhalango zowaza), amalola kufuna mtedza ndi zipatso.
Chakudya chachikulu zikalephera, mapuloteni amasamutsidwa ku masamba ndi mphukira za mitengo, ma rhizomes ndi ma tubers, ndere, zipatso, zomera za herbaceous ndi bowa (posankha nswala).
Pakakhala kusowa kwa chakudya, mapuloteni amasandulika tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndikudya masamba a firs. Pakati pamasewera achikondi, nthawi zambiri amasinthira chakudya cha nyama - tizilombo timene timakhala ndi mphutsi, anapiye, mazira ndi zinyama zazing'ono.
Agologolo ndiwanzeru ndipo amasungitsa nyengo yozizira ndi mtedza, zipatso ndi ma cones, ndikuziyika m'mabowo kapena kukwirira pakati pa mizu... Amayanika bowa popachika pakati pa nthambi. Veksha samakumbukira mwachidule: amaiwala za malo ake osungira ndipo amapunthwa mwangozi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Agologolo "sclerosis" amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ena okhala m'nkhalango (zimbalangondo, makoswe ndi mbalame) zomwe zimadya "zakudya zamzitini" zake. Komabe, veksha amawalipira ndalama yomweyo, kupeza zinthu zopangidwa ndi mbewa, chipmunks ndi nutcrackers pansi pa chipale chofewa cha 1.5m.
Potuluka m'nyengo yozizira, gologoloyo samanyoza mafupa a nyama zakufa ndikupita kukanyambita mchere. Zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku zimasiyanasiyana kutengera nyengo: mchaka, nthawi yoswana, mapuloteni amadya mpaka 80 g, nthawi yozizira - osaposa 35 g.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ma Vekshas amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa chonde, kubweretsa matala awiri pachaka, mpaka atatu kumwera kwa mndandanda. Gologolo yekha ndiamene amabereka kamodzi pachaka. Kuyamba kwa nyengo yokhwima kumamangiriridwa ku dera la dera linalake, kuchuluka kwa ziweto komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya, koma nthawi zambiri kumayamba kumapeto kwa Januware - koyambirira kwa Marichi, kutha mu Julayi - Ogasiti.
Mkazi alibe kusowa kwa zibwenzi, osankha kuchokera kwa omwe amafunsira 3-6 omwe, pomenyera nkhondo, amayimba mokweza, amathamangitsa otsutsana nawo ndikugogoda mwamantha panthambi zawo. Pambuyo pa kugonana ndi wopambana, mkaziyo amamanga chisa chaukhondo komanso chokwanira (nthawi zambiri awiri kapena atatu), pomwe ana ake adzawonekera patatha masiku 35-38.
Ndizosangalatsa! Atalera zinyalala zake zoyambirira, mayiyo amadyanso ndikukwatirana, choncho nthawi yapakati pa kubadwa nthawi zina imakhala milungu 13. M'dzinja (Okutobala - Novembala), gulu la Veksha nthawi zambiri limakhala 2/3 loyimiridwa ndi agologolo agalundipo.
Zinyalala zimakhala ndi agologolo akhungu amaliseche kuyambira 3 mpaka 10, iliyonse ikulemera pafupifupi magalamu 8. Monga mwalamulo, pali ana ang'ono ochepa m'ngalayi yachiwiri. Tsitsi lawo limayamba kukula patatha milungu ingapo, ndipo maso awo amatseguka patatha mwezi umodzi, kenako agologolowo akutuluka kale pachisa.
Mayi amawadyetsa mkaka kwa masiku pafupifupi 40-50, ndipo akafika masabata 8-10, makandawo amamusiya. Kubereka ana agologolo kumachitika miyezi 9-12.
Adani achilengedwe
Gologolo wamba amasakidwa ndi adani:
- paini marten;
- goshawk;
- nkhandwe;
- kadzidzi;
- sable (m'chigawo cha Asia cha Russian Federation);
- kharza (Kum'mawa kwakutali);
- amphaka.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo akutsimikizira kuti kuukira kwa adani sikukuvulaza anthu, zomwe sizinganenedwe za ma epizootic ndi kusowa kwa chakudya... Matenda, monga ulamuliro, amapezeka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, koma makamaka amapezeka pofika masika. Agologolo nthawi zonse amatayidwa ndi nkhupakupa, nyongolotsi ndi utitiri. Sizosadabwitsa kuti makoswe mazana ambiri amafa ndi tularemia, coccidiosis ndi hemorrhagic septicemia.
Mtengo wamalonda
Agologolo ambiri ndi a nyama yamtengo wapatali, pokhala imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakugulitsa ubweya wapakhomo.... M'gawo la Russian Federation, amalimata m'nkhalango za ku Europe, Urals, Yakutia, Siberia ndi Far East.
M'masiku a Soviet, gologolo (potengera kuchuluka kwa ubweya wokolola) anali wotsika kuposa khola limodzi, koma tsopano kuchuluka kwa zikopa kumachepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuyambira 2009, gologoloyo sanayikidwenso pamsika wogulitsa ku Russia.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kuchuluka kwa squirrel wamba kumakhudzidwa ndi zokolola za chakudya chake chachikulu: chaka chachonde chimatsatiridwa ndi kuphulika kwa kuchuluka kwa kubadwa (400%), pambuyo pocheperako - kutsika kwa chiwerengerochi kakhumi.
Kuchuluka kwa ziweto kumakula kum'maŵa ndi kumwera kwa mitunduyi: m'chigawo cha Moscow ndi agologolo 20-90 pa mahekitala 1,000, ku Eastern Siberia - kuyambira 80 mpaka 300 pa mahekitala 1,000. Chiwerengero cha veksh chimakhudzidwanso ndi malo awo okhala. Agologolo ambiri amapezeka m'nkhalango zamkungudza (mitu 400 mpaka 500 pa mahekitala 1,000).
Ndizosangalatsa! Zimadziwika kuti ku Ireland ndi ku England agologolo wamba adasinthidwa ndi gologolo wamtundu wakunja, yemwe adayambitsa woyamba ndi imodzi mwazirombo zoopsa. Ku Caucasus, m'malo mwake, veksha yemwe adayambitsa adathamangitsa agologolo achi Persian ku nkhalango za coniferous.
Komwe kusodza kwa agologolo kumachitika, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumapangidwanso muzaka 3-4 zokha. Kuchuluka kwa kufa kwa nyama zazing'ono kumatchulidwanso pano: 15-25% yokha ya agologolo amapulumuka m'nyengo yozizira yoyamba.
