Eider wamba (Somateria mollissima) ndi mbalame yayikulu yam'nyanja yam'banja la bakha. Mitunduyi yochokera ku oda ya Anseriformes, yogawidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja yaku Europe, komanso kum'mawa kwa Siberia ndi kumpoto kwa America, imadziwikanso kuti bakha wakumpoto kapena wakunyanja.
Kufotokozera kwa eider
Bakha wamkulu kwambiri, wamtundu wotakata, ali ndi khosi lofupikitsidwa, komanso mutu waukulu ndi milomo yoboola pakati. Kutalika kwakuthupi ndi 50-71 masentimita wokhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 80-108... Kulemera kwa thupi la mbalame wamkulu kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa 1.8-2.9 kg.
Maonekedwe
Mtunduwo umachititsa kuti thupi lodziwika bwino lomwe lodziwika bwino likhale logonana.
- kumtunda kwa thupi lamwamuna kumakhala koyera kwambiri, kupatula kapu yakuda velvety, yomwe ili pakorona, komanso dera lobiriwira la occipital ndi mchira wapamwamba wakuda. Kupezeka kwa zokutira zosakhwima, zotsekemera zotsekemera zimawoneka m'chifuwa. Mbali yakumunsi ndi mbali zamphongo ndizakuda, ndimadontho owoneka bwino komanso oyera oyera mbali zake. Mtundu wa milomo umasiyana kutengera mawonekedwe amtundu wa subspecies, koma anthu omwe ali ndi utoto wachikasu-lalanje kapena wamtambo wobiriwira amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Komanso mawonekedwe a pamlomo ndi osiyana kwambiri.
- Nthenga za bakha wachikazi wowoneka bwino zimayimiriridwa ndi kuphatikiza kwakumbuyo kofiirira ndi mizere yakuda yambiri, yomwe ili kumtunda. Mitsinje yakuda imawonekera makamaka kumbuyo. Mlomo uli ndi mtundu wobiriwira wa azitona kapena wa bulauni, wakuda kuposa uja wamwamuna. Bakha wakumpoto wamkazi nthawi zina amatha kusokonezedwa ndi wamkazi wa zisa zofananira (Somateria srestabilis), ndipo kusiyana kwakukulu ndikumutu kwakukulu komanso kwakumbuyo kwakumbuyo.
Zinyama zamtundu wamba, zimafanana kwambiri ndi zazikazi zamtunduwu, ndipo kusiyana kumayimiriridwa ndi nthenga zakuda, zosasunthika zokhala ndi timizere tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'ono.
Moyo ndi khalidwe
Ngakhale amakhala munyengo yovuta kwambiri yakumpoto, akalulu amachoka m'malo okhala ndi zovuta kwambiri, ndipo malo ozizira sakhala kwenikweni kumadera akumwera. M'madera aku Europe, anthu ambiri asintha ndipo azolowera kukhala moyo wokhazikika, koma mbalame zambiri zam'nyanja zimakonda kusamuka pang'ono.
Woimira wamkulu chotere pabanja la Duck nthawi zambiri amauluka motsika pamwamba pamadzi, kapena amasambira mwachangu... Mbali yapadera yodyera wamba ndi kutha kuyenda kwakuya kwa mita zisanu kapena kupitilira apo. Malinga ndi asayansi, kuya kwakukulu komwe mbalameyi imatha kutsikira ndi mamita makumi awiri. Eider amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi zitatu.
Mbalame zambiri zochokera kumadera akumpoto a dziko lathu, komanso madera a Sweden, Finland ndi Norway, komanso anthu wamba, amatha kukhala m'nyengo yozizira nyengo yakugombe lakumadzulo kwa dera la Murmansk, chifukwa chakusowa kwa madzi ozizira komanso kuteteza chakudya chokwanira. Magulu ena a abakha othamanga amapita kumadzulo ndi kumpoto kwa Norway, komanso ku Baltic ndi Nyanja ya Wadden.
Kodi wopalasa amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Ngakhale kuti nthawi yayitali yamoyo wamba yachilengedwe imatha kufikira khumi ndi isanu, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale zaka zowonjezerapo, anthu ambiri a mbalame zam'nyanjayi samakhala ndi zaka khumi.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
Malo okhala achilengedwe a bakha wozizira kwambiri ndi madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja. Eider wamba amakonda zisumbu zazing'ono, zamiyala, pomwe nyama zowopsa kwambiri zamtunduwu kulibe.
Ndizosangalatsa! Madera akulu omwe amakhala ndi bakha wakumpoto ndi magawo a arctic ndi subarctic, komanso gombe lakumpoto pafupi ndi Canada, Europe ndi Eastern Siberia.
Kum'maŵa kwa North America, mbalame yam'nyanja imatha kukaikira mazira kumwera mpaka ku Nova Scotia, ndipo kumadzulo kwa kontinentiyi, malo okhala okhawo amakhala ku Alaska, Dease Strait ndi Melville Peninsula, Victoria ndi Banks Islands, St. Matthew ndi St. Lawrence. M'magawo aku Europe, maspucies osankhidwa mollissima amafala kwambiri.
Nthawi zambiri, bakha wamkulu wakumpoto amapezeka pafupi ndi malo am'nyanja okhala ndi nkhono zambiri ndi zina zambiri zapamadzi. Mbalameyi siziwulukira kumtunda kapena kulowa mkati, ndipo zisa zimakonzedwa pafupi ndi madzi, pamtunda wopitilira theka la kilomita. Eider wamba samapezeka pagombe lamchenga wofatsa.
Eider kudyetsa ndi kugwira
Chakudya chachikulu chodyera wamba chimayimiriridwa ndi nkhono zam'madzi, kuphatikiza mamazelo ndi litorin, zomwe zimapezeka kunyanja. Bakha wakumpoto amatha kugwiritsira ntchito mitundu yonse ya nkhanu, zoyimiridwa ndi amphipods, balanus ndi isopods, komanso amadyetsa echinoderms ndi nyama zina zopanda mafinya zam'madzi. Nthawi zina, bakha wam'madzi ku Arctic amadya nsomba, ndipo panthawi yobereketsa, azimayi odyetsa amadyetsa zakudya zamasamba, kuphatikiza algae, zipatso, mbewu ndi masamba amitundumitundu yam'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Njira yayikulu yopezera chakudya ndikumira pamadzi. Chakudya chimamezedwa chonse kenako nkugayidwa mkati mwa gizzard. Eider wamba amadyetsa masana, amasonkhana m'magulu amanambala osiyanasiyana. Atsogoleriwo amadumphira m'madzi koyamba, kenako mbalame zonsezo zimatsikira pansi kukasaka chakudya.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'nyengo yozizira kwambiri, kanyama wamba amayesetsa kusunga mphamvu munjira zabwino kwambiri, choncho mbalame yam'nyanja imayesetsa kugwira nyama zazikulu zokha, kapena kukana kotheratu chakudya nthawi yachisanu.
Kupumula kumakhala kovomerezeka, nthawi yayitali yomwe ndi theka la ola... Pakatikati pamadzi, mbalame zam'nyanja zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zomwe zimalimbikitsa kugaya chakudya mwakhama.
Kubereka ndi ana
Eider wamba ndi nyama yokhayokha yomwe imakhazikika nthawi zambiri mmagulu, koma nthawi zina imakhala iwiri. Ambiri okwatirana amapangidwa ngakhale nthawi yachisanu, ndipo nthawi yachilimwe, amuna amakhala osangalala kwambiri ndipo amayenda limodzi ndi akazi. Chisa ndi dzenje lokulira pafupifupi kotala la mita ndi kuya kwa masentimita 10-12, lomwe limaphulika pansi, lidayalidwa ndi udzu ndipo zochuluka zamadzi zimatulutsidwa kuchokera kumunsi kwa chifuwa ndi pamimba. Zowalamulira zimakhala, monga lamulo, la maolivi asanu akulu okwanira okwanira kapena mazira obiriwira.
Ntchito yoswetsa imayamba kuchokera nthawi yomwe dzira lomaliza limayikidwa... Ndi mkazi yekhayo amene amatenga nawo mbali pakusakaniza, ndipo kuwoneka kwa anapiye kumachitika patatha pafupifupi milungu inayi. Kwa masiku angapo oyambilira, yamphongo ili pafupi ndi chisa, koma patapita nthawi imasiya chidwi chofuna kuikira dzira ndikubwerera kumadzi am'nyanja, osawonetsa chidwi ndi ana ake. Pamapeto pa makulitsidwe, kutera kwachikazi kumakhala kolimba kwambiri komanso kusasunthika.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'magulu amadzi am'nyanja ochokera azimayi osiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri samangosakanikirana okha, komanso ndi mbalame zazikulu zosakwatiwa, zomwe zimabweretsa gulu lalikulu la mibadwo yosiyana.
Munthawi imeneyi, wamba wamba amakana kudya. Kutuluka kwa anapiye, nthawi zambiri, kumachitika nthawi imodzi, osatenga maola opitilira asanu ndi limodzi. Kwa masiku angapo oyamba, ana obadwa amayesa kukhala pafupi ndi chisa, komwe amayesa kugwira udzudzu ndi zina, osati tizilombo tambiri kwambiri. Anapiye akuluakulu amatengedwa ndi akazi pafupi ndi nyanja, pomwe ana amadyera pafupi ndi miyala ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Adani achilengedwe
Nkhandwe ku Arctic ndi kadzidzi wachipale chofewa ndi ena mwa adani ofunikira kwambiri bakha wamkulu wam'madzi ku Arctic, pomwe chiwopsezo chenicheni kwa anawo chikuyimiriridwa ndi nkhono ndi akhwangwala akuda. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame yayikulu yam'nyanja imavutika kwambiri ndi ma endoparasites osiyanasiyana, omwe amatha kuwononga thupi la wamba wamba mkati.
Mtengo wamalonda
Kwa anthu, eider wamba kapena bakha wakumpoto ndiwofunika kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha wapadera komanso wotsika mtengo. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe ake otentha, zinthu zoterezi ndizapamwamba kwambiri kuposa mtundu wina uliwonse wa mbalame.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zopadera zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a pansi zimatha kusonkhanitsidwa mosavuta zisa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisawononge mbalame yamoyo.
Eiderdown ndiyosangalatsa kwambiri asodzi, ndipo ili m'chifuwa cha mbalame yayikulu yam'nyanja. Chotsitsa chimadulidwa ndi bakha womira m'madzi ku Arctic kuti atseke kwambiri dzira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Monga ziwerengero zikuwonetsera, anthu omwe amakhala ndi eider wamba kumpoto kwa Europe ali pafupifupi awiriawiri miliyoni. Pafupifupi magulu awiriawiri amakhala m'dera la Black Sea Biosphere Reserve.
M'madera ena ndi zigawo zina, kuchuluka kwa mbalame zikuluzikulu zam'nyanja monga bakha womira m'madzi ku Arctic pakadali pano sikokwanira kwambiri.... M'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchuluka kwa bakha wakumpoto kwatsika kwambiri, zomwe zikuchitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kowonekera kwa chilengedwe cham'madzi ndi kupha nyama.
