Malinga ndi mtundu womwe anthu ambiri amavomereza, zomerazi zimagawika m'magulu osakanikirana. Otsatirawa akuphatikizira omwe amataya chivundikirocho nthawi yobiriwira. Monga lamulo, mitengo yotere imakula m'nyengo yachilimwe-chilimwe, imasintha mitundu nthawi yophukira, kenako imakhetsa masamba ake. Umu ndi momwe amasinthira kuzizira kwachisanu.
M'nkhalango zowirira mumakhala mitengo, zitsamba ndi udzu zosiyanasiyana. Ambiri ndi mitundu ya broadleaf monga thundu, mapulo, beech, mtedza, hornbeam ndi mabokosi. Mitengo ya masamba ang'onoang'ono monga birch, poplar, linden, alder ndi aspen imakhalanso yofala pano.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu monga phiri laurel, azaleas ndi mosses omwe amakhala m'nkhalango yamdima yopanda dzuwa.
Nkhalango zowononga zaku Russia
Kudera la Russia, nkhalango zowirira zimakhala pakati pa mapiri akumwera ndi dera lakumpoto la nkhalango zosakanikirana. Mpheroyi imayambira kumayiko a Baltic kupita ku Urals ndi kupitirira, mpaka ku Novosibirsk ndi kumalire a Mongolia. Malowa ali ndi nyengo yotentha komanso yachinyezi.
M'madera akumpoto, mitengo ya oak, linden, phulusa, mapulo, elm ndizofala kwambiri. M'madera akumadzulo ndi kumwera, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama imakula chifukwa cha hornbeam, makungwa a birch, mtedza, mikuyu, zipatso zotsekemera, popula.
Zambiri mwa nkhalango zachigawochi ndizoyikapo birch, zotchuka kwambiri pakati pa ojambula aku Russia. Osamawerengera zitsamba ndi udzu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili m'nkhalango zowirira za Russia.
Nthaka
M'nkhalango zambiri, nthaka yofiirira imakhalapo. Ili ndi nthaka yachonde kwambiri. M'dzinja, masamba amagwa m'mitengo, kuwola ndikuwathandiza kupatsa nthaka chakudya chake. Ziphuphu zimathandiza kusakaniza zakudya mwa kuzipumitsa ndi humus.
Mizu ya mitengo imapita pansi kwambiri kuti ikatenge michere m'nyengo yokula. Komabe, ndi kuyamba kwa nthawi yophukira, masambawo amaphuka ndikupangitsa nthaka kukhala yothandiza.
Malo osangalatsa a nkhalango
Nkhalango zowuma zili pakati pa madera otentha ndi madera ozungulira nkhalango zosakanikirana. Ndi kwinakwake pakati pa 500-600 ndi 430-460 latitude. Chinyezimiro cha kutalika ndi chithunzi cha magalasi akumpoto ndi Kummwera kwa dziko lapansi. Ngakhale zili choncho, nkhalango zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika kumpoto. Mudzawapeza ku Europe, North America, madera ena a Russia, China ndi Japan.
Kummwera kwa dziko lapansi kulinso ndi nkhalango zowopsa, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono kwambiri ndipo zimafalikira kudera lonse la New Zealand, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Australia ndi South Asia. South America ili ndi madera akulu akulu awiri nkhalango zowirira kumwera kwa Chile ndi Paraguay. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zomera ndi zinyama zomwe zili mmenemo nthawi zambiri zimasiyana ndi moyo wakumpoto.
Nkhalango zowuma zimakonda kukula m'malo amapiri okhala ndi mitundu ina ya nthaka.
Nyengo
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mosiyana ndi ma conifers, nkhalango zowuma zimafotokozedwa ndikuti mitengo yake imasiya masamba kamodzi pachaka nyengo ikasintha, sizikunena kuti nyengo ya ambiri aiwo siyokwera, koma imasiyanasiyana ndi nyengo. Maderawa adzakhala ndi nthawi zinayi zomveka bwino, zotulutsa njira zachilengedwe - masamba amasintha mtundu wa nthawi yophukira, amagwa nthawi yozizira ndikukula masika. Nthawi zina nkhalango zowuma zimatchedwa nkhalango zotentha komanso zotakata, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo otentha. Ndi amene amapereka nyengo yotchulidwa, nyengo ya chisanu m'nyengo yozizira komanso nyengo yokhazikika yamvula yamwaka.
Kutentha kwapakati m'nyengo yotentha ndi + 15 C, ndipo pansi, monga lamulo, imagwera pansi pa 0 C. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumafika 500-800 mm. Mitengoyi imatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera komwe kuli, monga, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, nkhalango zowirira zitha kupezeka padziko lonse lapansi.
Kwa moyo wabwinobwino wa nkhalango zowola, nthawi yofunda iyenera kukhala masiku osachepera 120, koma m'malo ena imatha masiku 250 pachaka popanda chisanu.
Nyengo m'nkhalango yowonongeka imadalira nyengo m'derali. M'nyengo yozizira yozizira kumawonjezera mitundu ya zomera.
