Kiwi (Artеryх) ndiye yekhayo amene amayimira mtundu wa makoswe ochokera kubanja lomwelo (Artеrygidae) ndi dongosolo la kiwiformes, kapena mbalame zopanda mapiko (Artеrygifоrеs). Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu isanu yomwe ikupezeka ku New Zealand. Mbalameyi ndi wachibale wapafupi wa cassowary ndi emu.
Kufotokozera kwa mbalame ya kiwi
Kiwis ndi chizindikiro cha New Zealand, ndipo chithunzi cha mbalameyi chitha kupezeka pazitampu ndi ndalama.... Maonekedwe ndi zizolowezi za kiwi ndizodabwitsa kwambiri ndipo ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mafotokozedwe ndi mawonekedwe a mbalame zina zomwe katswiri wazowona nyama William Calder adatcha oimira owala bwino a banja la Artérygidae "zolemekezeka zolemekezeka".
Maonekedwe
Ma Kiwis ndi makoswe opanda ndege. Kukula kwa mbalame yayikulu kwambiri ndikochepa kwambiri, osaposa kukula kwa nkhuku wamba. Kwa kiwi, mawonekedwe azakugonana ndiodziwika, ndipo akazi nthawi zonse amakhala akulu kuposa amuna. Thupi la mbalameyi limaoneka ngati peyala. Mutu ndi waung'ono, womwe uli pakhosi lalifupi. Kulemera kwakuthupi kwa munthu wamkulu kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa 1.4-4.0 kg.
Kiwi imadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mapiko akulu kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi mbalame zonse zomwe zikukhala masiku ano. Kutalika kwa mapikoko sikupitilira 50 mm, motero amakhala osawoneka pansi pa nthenga zopangidwa bwino. Komabe, ma kiwi amasungabe chizolowezi chawo cha mbalame, ndipo popumula amabisala milomo yawo pansi pa mapikowo.
Ndizosangalatsa!Pamaso pa thupi la mbalameyi pamakhala yokutidwa mofananamo ndi nthenga zofewa zotuwa kapena zofiirira, zofananira kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a ubweya. Kiwis alibe mchira. Miyendo ya mbalameyi ndi yazala zinayi, koma yayifupi komanso yamphamvu kwambiri, yokhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa. Mafupawa amaimiridwa ndi fupa lolemera.
Kiwi ndi mbalame yomwe imadalira makamaka osati kuwona kwake, komwe kumaperekedwa ndi maso ang'onoang'ono, koma pakumva bwino kwambiri ndikumva kununkhira. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi mlomo wautali kwambiri, wosinthasintha, woonda komanso wowongoka kapena wopindika pang'ono, womwe mwa mwamuna wamkulu umatha kufika kutalika kwa masentimita 9.5-10.5. Lilime la Kiwi limachepetsedwa. Pafupi ndi tsinde la mulomo, ziwalo zakukhudza zili, zoyimiriridwa ndi ziphuphu kapena ma vibrissae.
Kutentha kwa thupi kwa kiwi ndi 38 ° C, komwe kumatsika pang'ono pang'ono kuposa mitundu ina yambiri ya mbalame. Mulingo uwu umakhala wofanana pakatenthedwe ka thupi la nyama zambiri. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nthenga za kiwi zimakhala ndi fungo labwino kwambiri, lomwe limakumbukira fungo la bowa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mphuno za Kiwi zimatseguka kumapeto kwa mlomo, pomwe mumitundu ina ya mbalame zimapezeka kumapeto kwenikweni kwa mlomo.
Ndi chifukwa cha ichi, mbalameyi ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha nyama zambiri zakutchire, zomwe zimatha kupeza kiwi ndi fungo.
Moyo ndi khalidwe
Malo okhalamo achilengedwe a kiwis ndi malo achinyezi komanso obiriwira nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chakupezeka kwa zala zazitali zokwanira, mbalame yotere si njira yokhazikikira m'dothi lamadothi. Madera okhala anthu ambiri amakhala ndi mbalame pafupifupi zinayi kapena zisanu pa kilomita imodzi yamderali. Ma Kiwis amangokhala usiku kapena madzulo.
Masana, ma kiwis amayesa kubisala m'mabowo, maenje kapena pansi pa mizu yazomera. Mwachitsanzo, kiwi yayikulu imvi imatha kukumba dzenje, lomwe ndi labyrinth weniweni wokhala ndi zotuluka zingapo ndi zolowera. Kudera lake, wamkulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malo okhalamo khumi ndi awiri, omwe amasintha tsiku lililonse.
Dzenje lokumbalo limagwira mbalameyi patangotha milungu ingapo kuchokera pomwe anakonza... Munthawi imeneyi, chomera cha mossy ndi chomera chomera chimakula bwino, chomwe chimakhala ngati chinsinsi chobisalira polowera. Nthawi zina kiwi amateteza chisa chake mosamala kwambiri, makamaka ndikuphimba masambawo ndikutenga nthambi.
Masana, mbalame imatha kuchoka pogona pokha pakagwa ngozi. Usiku, mbalameyi imayenda modabwitsa, motero imatha kuzungulira malo ake onse.
Mbalame yobisalira komanso yamanyazi nthawi yamasana, imakhala yolusa kwambiri pomwe kumayamba usiku. Kiwi ndi mgulu la mbalame zam'madera, chifukwa chake, amuna ndi akazi, makamaka amuna, amateteza mwamphamvu malo ake okhala ndi aliyense wopikisana nawo.
Zida zowopsa, pankhaniyi, ndi miyendo yamphamvu komanso yolimba, komanso mulomo wautali. Pali zochitika pomwe nkhondo pakati pa mbalame zomwe zikupikisana imatha kumwalira m'modzi mwa anthuwo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Komabe, ndewu zazikulu komanso zamagazi pakati pa ma kiwi akuluakulu zimachitika kawirikawiri, komanso kuteteza malire a tsambalo, mbalame zimakonda kulira mokweza, momveka bwino pamtunda wamakilomita angapo.
Kodi kiwi amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Kutchire, moyo wa kiwi sudutsa zaka makumi angapo. Ndi chisamaliro choyenera mu ukapolo, mbalame yotere imatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka makumi atatu, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale theka la zana.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
Malo achilengedwe a Kiwi ndi gawo la New Zealand. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaku North kiwi kapena Arteryx manteli imapezeka ku North Island, ndipo mbalame za mitundu monga wamba kapena A. australis, rovi kapena A. rowi ndi kiwi yayikulu imvi kapena A. haasti zimadzaza ku South Island. Anthu ena amapezeka m'dera la Kapiti Island.
Kiwi chakudya ndi zokolola
Kiwi imakonda kusaka usiku, chifukwa chake, posaka nyama, mbalame yotere imasiya malo ake pafupifupi theka la ola dzuwa litalowa. Tizilombo tambiri ndi mphutsi, komanso ma molluscs aliwonse, amphibiya ang'ono osati ma crustaceans akulu kwambiri, amapanga maziko a zakudya za nthumwi za Artеryх.
Ndizosangalatsa! Amafunafuna kiwi mothandizidwa ndi fungo labwino komanso kukhudza bwino, ndipo mbalame yotere imatha kununkhiza chakudya mosavuta pomata mlomo wake wautali pansi.
Pazakudya zakutchire, mbalameyi imathanso kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya chodyera, kudya zipatso kapena zipatso modzipereka.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kiwi ali mgulu la mbalame zodalira mkazi m'modzi. Monga lamulo, awiriawiri a mbalame zam'banja amapangika kwakanthawi kokwanira kawiri kapena katatu, koma nthawi zina ngakhale moyo. Mbalame zam'madera zimateteza malo awo onse okhala ndi achibale ena kapena omwe akupikisana nawo. Pafupifupi kawiri pamlungu, mbalame zimakumana mumabowo awo, komanso zimamveka mokweza ndikumayamba kwa usiku. Nyengo yakunyamula ndi kuyambira Juni mpaka koyambirira kwa Marichi.
Kiwi chachikazi chimatengera dzira limodzi kapena awiri mu mink yokonzedweratu kapena pansi pa mizu yazomera. Nthawi yobereka, yaikazi imatha kudya kawiri kapena katatu kuposa nthawi yakuswana.
Masiku angapo asanaikire mazira, mbalameyo imasiya kudya, chifukwa cha dzira lomwe ndi lalikulu kwambiri, limatenga malo ambiri m'thupi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti si wamkazi yemwe amawaikira mazira, koma kiwi chachimuna. Nthawi zina, makamaka panthawi yakudyetsa, champhongo chimasinthidwa mwachidule ndi chachikazi.
Nthawi yayikulu yakusinthira imangochepera miyezi itatu... Ntchito yoswetsayo imatenga masiku angapo, pomwe mwana wankhuku amayesetsa kuthyola chipolopolocho mothandizidwa ndi milomo ndi zikhomo. Anapiye a kiwi omwe adabadwa kale ali ndi mapiko a nthenga, chifukwa amafanana kwambiri ndi akulu. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti atangobadwa kumene anapiye, makolo amasiya ana awo.
M'masiku atatu oyambilira, nkhokwe zokhazokha zokhazokha ndizomwe zimayang'anira kudyetsa anapiye. Anapiye a kiwi sabata iliyonse amatha kusiya chisa chawo, ndipo ali ndi zaka ziwiri, ana a kiwi omwe akukula akuyesera kale kuti apeze chakudya chawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'miyezi yoyambirira ndi theka, anapiye a kiwi amadya masana okhaokha, kenako kenako amasinthana usiku, mwachizolowezi pamtundu wa mbalame, moyo wawo.
Mbalame zazing'ono sizitetezedwa kwathunthu, chifukwa chake, pafupifupi 65-70% ya achinyamata amakhala ozunzidwa ndi mitundu yonse yodya anzawo. Kukula kwa anapiye kumakhala kocheperako, ndipo ma kiwis akuluakulu komanso okhwima atha kuyandikira zaka zisanu. Amuna oimira Artéryx amakula msinkhu wazaka chimodzi ndi theka.
Zazimayi zimatha kuberekanso patapita nthawi, pafupifupi zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, koma nthawi zina ngakhale zaka zisanu, ndipo mawonekedwe a mbalame yotere ndi kupezeka kwa thumba losunga mazira. Pa moyo wake wonse, kiwi chachikazi imatha kuikira mazira pafupifupi zana.
Adani achilengedwe
Mpaka pomwe dera la New Zealand limakhala ndi nyama zolusa monga amphaka, agalu, weasel ndi marten, ermine ndi ferret, mbalame "yaubweya" idalibe adani achilengedwe omwe sangasokoneze chiwerengerocho. Kuphatikiza pa olanda nyama, osaka mbalame zachilendo, komanso ozembetsa nyama zosaka nyama, akuwopsezabe anthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chifukwa chobisalira, kukhala usiku, mbalamezi sizipezeka mwachilengedwe, mwachilengedwe. Ndipo ndi mkhalidwe wa kiwiwu womwe udakhala chifukwa chachikulu chakutsika kowopsa kwa mbalame yachilendo, yomwe sinazindikiridwe pomwepo.
Malinga ndi asayansi ena, ngati zaka chikwi zapitazo panali ma kiwi opitilira 12 miliyoni omwe amakhala m'nkhalango ku New Zealand, ndiye kuti pofika chaka cha 2004 kuchuluka kwa mbalameyi kunatsika kopitilira khumi, ndipo pafupifupi 70,000.
Malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri adaziwona, kuchuluka kwa kutha kwa nthumwi za Artеryх mpaka posachedwa kunali pafupifupi 5-6% ya anthu onse chaka chilichonse. Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chidadzetsa vutoli chinali kubweretsa nyama zolusa zosiyanasiyana za azungu pachilumbachi.
Palibe vuto lililonse ku kiwi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwakukulu kwa madera obiriwira.
Zofunika! Ngakhale kupirira kokwanira komanso kusatengeka ndimatenda ambiri, kiwi ndizovuta kwambiri kuthana ndi kusintha kwakachilengedwe.
Boma lachitapo kanthu pothandiza kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Zaka zopitilira makumi awiri zapitazo, pulogalamu yaboma idakhazikitsidwa yomwe ikuphatikiza njira zodzitetezera, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti muchepetse kuchepa kwa anthu a kiwi.
M'mikhalidwe yokonzanso malo okhala, mbalame zowetedwa mu ukapolo zakhazikika bwino m'chilengedwe... Mwazina, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa nyama zolusa, zomwe ndi adani achilengedwe cha kiwi, zidaphatikizidwanso pamachitidwe othandizira boma.
Mitundu itatu ya Artеryх, yoyimiriridwa ndi kiwi wamba, yayikulu imvi ndi yaying'ono, yalembedwa pamasamba a Red Book yapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo ali pachiwopsezo cha Vulnerablе. Mitundu yatsopano yakumpoto kwa kiwi ndi ya mbalame zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha kapena Kutha. Mitundu ya Rovi ndi mbalame yomwe pakadali pano ili ndi mbiri yovuta kwambiri kudziko lonse.
