Nyama yodya nyama, chimbalangondo, kapena chimbalangondo (Ursus maritimus), ndi wachibale wapamtima wa chimbalangondo chofiirira ndipo ndi nyama yolusa kwambiri padziko lapansi masiku ano.
Mbali ndi Kufotokozera
Chimbalangondo cha kumtunda ndi imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri zapamtunda zochokera ku ziweto zolusa.... Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi mamita atatu ndipo amalemera mpaka tani. Kulemera kwapakati kwamwamuna, monga lamulo, kumasiyana pakati pa 400-800 kg ndi kutalika kwa thupi kwa 2.0-2.5 m, kutalika kwakufota sikupitilira mita imodzi ndi theka. Akazi ndi ochepa kwambiri, ndipo kulemera kwawo sikupitilira 200-250 kg. Gulu la zimbalangondo zazing'ono kwambiri kumaphatikizapo anthu okhala ku Svalbard, pomwe zazikulu kwambiri zimapezeka pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Bering.
Ndizosangalatsa!Chikhalidwe cha zimbalangondo zakumtunda ndi kupezeka kwa khosi lalitali komanso mutu wolimba. Khungu lakuda, ndipo utoto waubweyawo umatha kusiyanasiyana mpaka utoto wachikaso. M'nyengo yotentha, ubweya wa nyama umasanduka wachikasu chifukwa chokhala padzuwa kwanthawi yayitali.
Chovala cha zimbalangondo chakumtunda sichikhala ndi mitundu ya utoto, ndipo tsitsi limakhala lopanda kanthu. Mbali ya tsitsi loyenda ndikumatha kutumiza kokha kuwala kwa ultraviolet, komwe kumapangitsa ubweya kukhala ndi mawonekedwe otenthetsera kwambiri. Palinso ubweya wotsutsa pazitsulo za miyendo. Kakhungu kosambira pakati pa zala zakumapazi. Zikhadabo zazikulu zimalola kuti nyamayo igwire nyama yolimba kwambiri komanso yayikulu.
Subpecies zakufa
Chimbalangondo chachikulu chakumapiri chakufa kapena U. maritimus tyrannus ndi gawo lofanana kwambiri la chimbalangondo chodziwika bwino komanso chodziwika bwino masiku ano. Mbali yapadera ya subspecies iyi inali kukula kwakukulu kwambiri kwa thupi. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu kumatha kukhala mamita anayi, ndipo kulemera kwapakati kupitilira tani.
M'dera la Great Britain, mu malo a Pleistocene, zinali zotheka kupeza zotsalira za ulna umodzi wa chimbalangondo chachikulu kwambiri, chomwe chinapangitsa kuti adziwe malo ake apakatikati. Mwachiwonekere, nyama yayikuluyi idasinthidwa mwangwiro kusaka nyama zazikulu zokwanira. Malinga ndi asayansi, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti subspecies zitheke chinali chakudya chokwanira kumapeto kwa nyengo yozizira.
Chikhalidwe
Malo ozungulira a chimbalangondo ozungulira amakhala ochepa ndi gawo la gombe lakumpoto la makontinenti ndi gawo lakumwera kwa kugawa kwa madzi oundana oyandama, komanso m'malire amadzi osefukira akunyanja ofunda. Malo ogawawa akuphatikiza magawo anayi:
- malo okhala;
- malo okhala nyama zambiri;
- malo omwe amapezeka azimayi apakati;
- Gawo la njira zakutali kumwera.
Zimbalangondo zakumtunda zimapezeka pagombe lonse la Greenland, madzi oundana a Greenland Sea kumwera kwa zilumba za Jan Mayen, Chilumba cha Svalbard, komanso Franz Josef Land ndi Novaya Zemlya ku Barents Sea, Bear Islands, Vai-gach ndi Kolguev, Nyanja ya Kara. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha zimbalangondo zimawonedwa pagombe lamakontinenti a Nyanja ya Laptev, komanso kum'mawa kwa Siberia, Chukchi ndi Beaufort. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yazilombo zambiri imayimilidwa ndi kutsetsereka kwanyanja ya Arctic Ocean.
Amayi apakati azimayi okhala ndi pakati nthawi zonse amakhala m'mapanga m'malo awa:
- kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Greenland;
- kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Spitsbergen;
- gawo lakumadzulo kwa Franz Josef Land;
- kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Novaya Zemlya;
- zilumba zazing'ono za Nyanja ya Kara;
- Dziko Kumpoto;
- magombe kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Taimyr Peninsula;
- madera a Lena ndi Bear Islands ku Eastern Siberia;
- gombe ndi zilumba zoyandikira ku Chukchi Peninsula;
- Chilumba cha Wrangel;
- kum'mwera kwa Chilumba cha Banks;
- gombe la Simpson Peninsula;
- gombe lakumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Baffin Land ndi Island ya Southampton.
Maulendo okhala ndi zimbalangondo zapakati amaonanso pa ayezi wonyamula mu Beaufort Sea. Nthawi, monga ulamuliro, kumayambiriro kwa masika, zimbalangondo zimayenda maulendo ataliatali kupita ku Iceland ndi Scandinavia, komanso ku Kanin Peninsula, Anadyr Bay ndi Kamchatka. Ndi ayezi komanso podutsa Kamchatka, nyama zolusa nthawi zina zimapezeka mu Nyanja ya Japan ndi Okhotsk.
Zinthu zamphamvu
Zimbalangondo zakumtunda zimakhala ndi fungo labwino, komanso ziwalo zakumva ndi kuwona, kotero sizovuta kuti nyama yolusa idye nyama yake pamtunda wa makilomita angapo.
Chakudya cha chimbalangondo chotsimikizika chimatsimikizika ndi mawonekedwe amalo ogawira komanso mawonekedwe amthupi lake... Chilombocho chimasinthidwa nyengo yozizira yakumadzulo komanso kusambira kwakanthawi m'madzi achisanu, motero oimira nyama zam'madzi, kuphatikiza nkhono zam'madzi ndi ma walrus, nthawi zambiri amakhala nyama yawo. Mazira, anapiye, nyama zazing'ono, komanso nyama zakufa monga nyama zam'nyanja ndi nsomba, zomwe zimaponyedwa ndi funde la pagombe, zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chakudya.
Ngati ndi kotheka, chakudya cha chimbalangondo chimatha kusankha kwambiri. M'zisindikizo kapena ma walrus omwe agwidwa, chilombocho chimadya mafuta akhungu ndi thupi. Komabe, chilombo chanjala kwambiri chimatha kudya mitembo ya anzawo. Sizingatheke kuti nyama zikuluzikulu zodya nyama zizidyetsa zakudya zawo ndi zipatso ndi moss. Kusintha kwanyengo kwakhudza kwambiri chakudya, ndichifukwa chake zimbalangondo zakumtunda zakhala zikusaka kwambiri malo posachedwa.
Moyo
Zimbalangondo zakumtunda zimasamukira kwakanthawi, komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa madera ndi malire a madzi oundana pachaka. M'nyengo yotentha, nyama zimabwerera kumtunda, ndipo nthawi yozizira, ziwetozo zimasamukira kum'mwera ndikulowa kumtunda.
Ndizosangalatsa!Ngakhale kuti zimbalangondo zimakhala makamaka pagombe kapena ayezi, nthawi yozizira, nyamazo zimakhala m'mapanga omwe ali kumtunda kapena pachilumba, nthawi zina pamtunda wamamita makumi asanu kuchokera kunyanja.
Kutalika kwa nyengo yachisanu yozizira ya zimbalangondo, monga lamulo, kumasiyana pakati pa masiku 50-80, koma makamaka azimayi apakati omwe amabisala. Kutsekemera kosasintha komanso kofupikirako kumakhala kwa amuna ndi nyama zazing'ono.
Pamtunda, chilombochi chimasiyanitsidwa ndi liwiro lake, komanso chimasambira bwino komanso chimamira bwino kwambiri.
Ngakhale kuti zikuwoneka kuti zikuchedwa, ulesi wa chimbalangondo kumanyenga. Pamtunda, chilombochi chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuthamanga kwake komanso kuthamanga kwake, ndipo mwazinthu zina, nyama yayikuluyi imasambira bwino ndikusambira bwino kwambiri. Thupi la chimbalangondo limatetezedwa ndi malaya akunenepa kwambiri, omwe amalepheretsa kunyowa m'madzi oundana komanso amatha kusunga kutentha. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakusintha ndikupezeka kwa mafuta osanjikiza, omwe makulidwe ake amatha kufikira masentimita 8-10. Mtundu woyera wa chovalacho umathandiza nyamazi kuti zizibisala moyang'anizana ndi chipale chofewa ndi ayezi.
Kubereka
Malingana ndi zochitika zambiri, nthawi yovuta ya zimbalangondo zimatha pafupifupi mwezi ndipo imayamba mkatikati mwa Marichi. Pakadali pano, zolusa zimagawika pawiri, koma akazi amapezekanso, limodzi ndi amuna angapo nthawi imodzi. Nthawi yokwatirana imatenga milungu ingapo.
Mimba ya chimbalangondo
Imatenga pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi itatu, koma kutengera zochitika zingapo, imatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa masiku 195-262... Ndizosatheka kusiyanitsa pakati pa mkazi wapakati ndi chimbalangondo chimodzi. Pafupifupi miyezi ingapo asanabadwe, kusiyana kwamakhalidwe kumawonekera ndipo akazi amakhala okwiya, osagwira ntchito, amagona pamimba kwa nthawi yayitali ndikusowa chilakolako. Zinyalala nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ana awiri, ndipo kubadwa kwa mwana mmodzi kumachitika mwa akazi achichepere, oyamba kubadwa. Chimbalangondo chapakati chimatera pamtunda kugwa, ndipo chimakhala nthawi yonse yozizira mdzenje la chisanu, nthawi zambiri, pafupi ndi gombe la nyanja.
Chimbalangondo chisamaliro
M'masiku oyamba atabereka, chimbalangondo chakumtunda chimagona chammbali mozungulira pafupifupi nthawi zonse.... Tsitsi lalifupi komanso lochepa silokwanira kuti lizitenthe, chifukwa chake ana obadwa kumene amakhala pakati pa zikono za amayi ndi chifuwa chake, ndipo chimbalangondo chakuzizira chimatenthetsa ndi mpweya wawo. Kulemera kwapakati pa ana obadwa kumene nthawi zambiri sikupitilira kilogalamu yokhala ndi thupi lokwanira kotala la mita.
Ana amabadwa akhungu, ndipo ali ndi zaka zisanu zokha amatsegula maso awo. Chimbalangondo chimadyetsa ana ake amwezi omwe amakhala. Kutulutsa kwakukulu kwa zimbalangondo zachikazi kumachitika mu Marichi. Kupyola mu kabowo lokumbidwa panja, chimbalangondo chimayamba kuyenda pang'ono ndi ana ake, koma kutangoyamba kumene, nyamazo zimabwereranso kudzenje. Poyenda, anawo amasewera ndikukumba chisanu.
Ndizosangalatsa!Pakati pa zimbalangondo, pafupifupi 15-29% ya ana ndi pafupifupi 4-15% ya anthu osakhwima amafa.
Adani m'chilengedwe
Mwachilengedwe, zimbalangondo zakumtunda, chifukwa cha kukula kwake komanso chibadwa chodya nyama, zilibe adani. Imfa ya zimbalangondo zakum'mwera nthawi zambiri imayamba chifukwa chovulala mwangozi chifukwa chakukumana ndi intraspecific kapena posaka walruses wokulirapo. Komanso, whale whale ndi shaki yotchedwa polar shark ndi ngozi ina kwa akulu ndi achinyamata. Nthawi zambiri zimbalangondo zimafa ndi njala.
Munthu anali mdani woopsa kwambiri wa chimbalangondo chakumtunda, ndipo anthu akumpoto monga Chukchi, Nenets ndi Eskimos, kuyambira nthawi zakale, adasaka nyama yolowererayi. Ntchito yosodza, yomwe idayamba kuchitika theka lachiwiri la zaka zapitazi, idakhala yowopsa kwa anthu. Mkati mwa nyengo imodzi, alenje anapha anthu oposa zana limodzi. Zoposa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazo, kusaka kwa chimbalangondo kunatsekedwa, ndipo kuyambira 1965 yakhala ikuphatikizidwa mu Red Book.
Zowopsa kwa anthu
Milandu yokhudza chimbalangondo cha polar pa anthu imadziwika bwino, ndipo umboni wowoneka bwino wankhanza zalembedwa m'zolemba ndi malipoti aomwe akuyenda kumalo akutali, chifukwa chake, muyenera kusamala mosamala m'malo omwe chimbalangondo chimawonekere. M'dera la midzi yomwe ili pafupi ndi malo okhala nyama yakuthengo, zida zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi zinyalala zapakhomo ziyenera kukhala zosafikirika kwa nyama yanjala. M'mizinda ya m'chigawo cha Canada, omwe amadziwika kuti "ndende" adapangidwa mwapadera, momwe zimbalangondo zimangoyandikira kwakanthawi mzindawo.
