Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mwambi wokhudza phwiti kuchokera kwa owerenga athu Marina Khaleeva:
Ndimauluka kupita kumadera ofunda m'nyengo yozizira.
Za dziko langa - kukumbukira kwanga:
Kutentha, nthawi yophukira, tsamba pachifuwa,
Amakhala ndi ine nthawi zonse ... Ndine ndani? Tchulani!
Kamoyo kameneka kamene kali ndi mapiko kakang'ono kachibale ka mpheta, koma kakang'ono kwambiri (pafupifupi masentimita 15). Mbalame yotereyi, limodzi ndi akhwangwala, mbalame zotchedwa namzeze, titmice, mbalame zam'madzi ndi mbalame zina zambiri, zomwe ndizofala kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zimawerengedwa ndi akatswiri odziwa za mbalame monga wopita - gulu lalikulu kwambiri la nthenga zonse.
Robin ili ndi mtundu wosangalatsa, wowonekera komanso wowala, womwe umapatsa mawonekedwe ake kukhala wapadera komanso wapadera. Pamwamba pa chivundikiro chake cha nthenga kuchokera ku occiput mpaka mchira ndi bulauni kapena bulauni kapena utoto wobiriwira; mbali za mutu, chifuwa, mmero ndi pamphumi ndizofiira; pamimba pamakhala poyera.
Koma uku ndikungolongosola chabe, chifukwa iliyonse ya mbalamezi imawoneka yosiyana pang'ono. Ndipo kusiyana kwamitundumitundu sikudalira kokha jenda, komanso zaka za munthu wina, komanso malo ake.
Malo owala amakongoletsa pachifuwa cha zirombo, koma zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri pamapangidwe ndi utoto wamitundu. Mwa amuna, imakhala ndi utoto wolimba kwambiri. "Chovala chakutsogolo" choterocho, chokongoletsa amuna, chimakhala malo ambiri, chimafalikira kuyambira pachifuwa pamwamba mpaka m'khosi mpaka kumutu.
Mbalame zakumwera zili ndi nthenga zowala. Komanso, mosasamala kanthu za malo okhala, mbalame zazikulu zokha zokhwima zimatchedwa mawere ofiyira. "Dicky" wa achichepere, ngati pakhosi, mbali ndi mapiko samadziwika kuti ndi ofiira kwenikweni, koma mthunzi wofiyira wofiyira.
Misana ya mbalame zazing'ono imasiyanasiyana ndi mawanga abulauni, ndipo pansi pake pamayera. Uwu ndi mtundu woteteza womwe sugwirizana ndi chilengedwe chozungulira, chopangidwa kuti ubise achinyamata osadziwa zambiri pachiwopsezo.
Komabe, zovala za akazi achikulire zimatha kukhala zowala ngati za amuna okhwima. Ndipo izi zimawulula tanthauzo lachinsinsi lomwe limabadwa m'chilengedwe. Pali lingaliro loti malinga ndi komwe kwatchulidwa kale, kasinthidwe kake ndi kuwala kwake, ziphuphu zimatsimikizira zaka za mnzake, mtundu wake, mitundu yake, kukonzeka kuswana, komanso kulandira zina zambiri zothandiza kwambiri kulumikizana kwa mbalame.
Anapiye, amitundu ina omwe amawoneka bwino, amazindikira amayi awo, kumvetsetsa momwe angakhalire poyandikira chisa cha chinthu chilichonse chouluka: kukuwa ndikutsegula milomo yawo poyembekezera kudya kapena kukhala chete mwakachetechete, kuwopa kukopa chidwi cha mlendo wokhala ndi nthenga wokayikitsa.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali mafotokozedwe pazodziwika bwino za mitundu: chifukwa chiyani phwiti amatchedwa choncho? Nthenga zowala za mitundumitundu yofiira zimawonekera patali, chifukwa zimadulidwa ndikukumbukirabe ndipo zimakhalabe m'mawu aanthu.
Pali chikhulupiriro kuti uwu ndi mtundu wa "chizindikiro cha Khristu" - dontho lamagazi ake, monga nthano yakale imanena. Mwina ndichifukwa chake aku Britain amawona mbalame zoyamwitsa zofiira ngati mtundu wa Khrisimasi ndipo patchuthi chawo amasindikiza zithunzi za mbalame zotere pamakhadi olonjera.
Pachifukwa chomwechi, mbalame zomwe zimatchulidwa nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa phwiti. Kwa anthu ena, amawerengedwa kuti ndi chizindikiro cha dzuwa lammawa. Dzina lina lotchedwa birdies limadziwikanso ndikofala: alders.
Mbalame zoterezi zilinso ndi luso lapadera. Ndioyimba bwino, amatha kupanga mawu osangalatsa kwambiri. Ndipo pankhani zaphokoso, ali ndi mwayi wopikisana nawo ma nightingles, komanso kuwapatsa mwayi woyambira.
Kuimba phwiti komanso mtundu wa maulawo, imakhala ndi chidziwitso cha mbalamezi. Zizindikirozi adapangidwa kuti azisonyeza malire a gawo lomwe akukhalamo, kuti akope anzawo nthawi yamasiku, amathanso kulemba zinthu zina zambiri zomwe zimamveka kuzilombo zapaderazi.
Mverani phwiti akuyimba
Kuyimba koteroko kumamveka nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Mwachitsanzo, kugwa, phokoso lomweli, munthu amatha kumva chisoni ndikulakalaka masiku ofunda. Koma nthawi yachilimwe nyimbozo zimakhala zokulirapo, zowala komanso zosangalatsa.
Phokoso lotere limamvekera mozungulira mdera m'mawa kwambiri, ndipo limamvekanso m'mawa kwambiri dzuwa likamalowa. Ichi ndi chifukwa china chotchulira mbalame ngati phwiti kapena, nthawi zina, zimangoyamba kumene.
Ndichizoloŵezi kunena kuti oimira maufumu oterewa ndi amtundu wa thrush ochokera kubanja la mbalame zazing'ono zotchedwa "flycatchers". Komabe, powoneka, phwiti amafanana kwambiri ndi ma nightingles, mawonekedwe amthupi okhawo siowongoka.
Pachifukwa ichi ndi zifukwa zina, akatswiri angapo a sayansi ya zamoyo amaganiza kuti mtundu uwu ndi mtundu wina wa ziphuphu. Mosiyana ndi abale awo akutali, mpheta, amadzitama mwamphamvu, miyendo yayitali yolimba komanso zikoka zolimba modabwitsa.
Mlomo wa mbalame zotere ndizochepa, zowoneka bwino, zakuthwa, zakuda kumapeto; maso akuda, ang'ono; Nthenga ndi zokongola, zomwe zimapatsa mbalame kukhala yokwanira komanso kukongola kwakunja. Mwachilengedwe, amakhala akhama pantchito, mwamakhalidwe awo amakhala achangu komanso opanda chidwi. Zambiri pazakuwoneka kwawo zitha kuwonedwa chithunzi cha phwiti.
Mitundu
Mbalame zoterezi zimaphatikizidwa kukhala mtundu womwe umalandira dzina lofananalo ndi mtunduwo: phwiti (dzina loti "robin" akuyenera kutero osati chifukwa cha sayansi, koma ndi mawu wamba). Koma zosiyanasiyana zokha zimagawidwa m'magulu angapo.
Osati onse omwe amawaimira amafanana ndi mtundu ndi mawonekedwe ake kufotokozera komwe kudaperekedwa kale. Chifukwa chake, amafunikira mawonekedwe apadera. Koma makulidwe awo ndi ofanana ndipo amafanana ndi omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa. Ndipo kulemera kwake kukuyandikira pafupifupi magalamu 17.
- Robin waku Japan amakhala m'zilumba zaku Japan, kumwera kwa China, zilumba za Kuril ndi Sakhalin. Kuphatikiza pa omwe atchulidwa kale, mitundu yowonjezera imawonjezeredwa pazovala za nthenga za amuna amtunduwu: buluu pamimba ndi kumbuyo, komanso wakuda kumapeto kwa mapiko. Koma "azimayi" okhala ndi nthenga a subspecies awa alibe mitundu yotere. Zovala zawo zimayang'aniridwa ndi malankhulidwe abulauni.
- Phwiti wakuda wakuda ali wosiyana kwambiri ndi abale omwe atchulidwa kale mumtundu wa nthenga. Khosi lake komanso gawo lakumunsi kwa nkhope yake m'maso mwake ndi mphuno zakuda. Nthenga zofiira zimaphimba kumbuyo kwa mutu, kumbuyo ndi mapiko, ndipo mimba ndi yopepuka. Mbalame zotere zimayimba bwino ndikumanga zisa m'nkhalango zakumwera kwa China, Taiwan, komanso ku Japan, makamaka pachilumba cha Ryukyu, motero amatchedwanso Ryukyu nightingales.
- Phwiti wamiyala yoyera yamapiri imafanana ndi subspecies zam'mbuyomu kukula kwake, koma matupi ake amakhala ngati nkhunda. Mitunduyi ndi yosangalatsa komanso yowala. Mtundu wa cholembera umayang'aniridwa ndi buluu. Nthenga zouluka ndizowala pang'ono. Pali mikwingwirima yoyera pathupi. Mbalame zoterezi zimakhala ku Caucasus ndi Siberia.
- Phwiti wamtundu wabuluu wonyezimira ali m'njira zambiri zofananira ndi mtundu wa maula ndi ma subspecies am'mbuyomu. Chovala chake chimayang'aniridwa ndi mitundu yabuluu ndi yamtambo. Kunja, imawoneka ngati paroti, mwina chifukwa cha kuwala kwa mitundu ya kavalidwe. Mbalame yotere imapezeka ku Indonesia, Asia, Africa.
- Robin wa ku Javane ali ndi dera lofanana ndi ma subspecies am'mbuyomu, kupatula ku Africa kokha. Nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pachilumba cha Java. Popeza amakhala kumadera ofunda, chifukwa chosowa ndege zanthawi yozizira, pali munthu wokhazikika. Mtunduwo ndi wowala, womwe umafanana ndi mawonekedwe a mbalame zakumwera.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mbalame za m'mawere ofiira ndizofala kwambiri ku Eurasia konse kuchokera ku Atlantic mpaka kum'mawa mpaka ku Mtsinje wa Ob ndi zigwa zake. Kum'mwera, malowa amapitilira Nyanja ya Mediterranean kupita kumpoto kwa Africa.
Asayansi adayesa kukhazikitsa mbalame zokongola m'malo ena apadziko lapansi, makamaka, adatumizidwa ku North America ndi Australia. Koma kuyesera koteroko sikunachite bwino.
Zilombo zamapikozi zimatha kusamuka komanso kukhala pansi. Izi zonse zimadalira kusintha kwa nyengo mdera lomwe amakhala. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zonse kumpoto kwa Europe, nthawi zambiri amasamukira ku Caucasus kapena Africa nthawi yachisanu.
Koma samawopa makamaka nyengo yozizira, amapita maulendo kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, ndikufikanso pakagwa chisanu. Ndipo iwo omwe ali kale omasuka m'nyengo yozizira samapanga maulendo apandege ngakhale pang'ono.
Ziwembu zomwe amakonda mbalame zamphongoKusankha malo okhala, makamaka m'mphepete mwa nkhalango ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo, nkhalango zowirira, nkhalango zowirira, komanso minda ndi mapaki.
Chachikulu ndikuti pali madzi pafupi ndi tsambalo. Kuyandikira kwa anthu azilombo zamapiko izi sizowchititsa manyazi makamaka. Kumbali inayi, amphaka akuyenda pafupi ndi komwe anthu amakhala, nthawi zina agalu, atha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu kwa nyama ngati izi.
M'nkhalango, mimbulu, nkhandwe, mbira, mbalame zodya nyama zimatha kubweretsa mavuto akulu kwa iwo. Nthawi zambiri zimawononga zisa zawo. Kuphatikiza apo, ferret, sable ndi ena oimira banja la weasel amawerengedwa kuti ndi adani.
Ma Robins amalankhulana pakati pawo. Amakhala osungulumwa mwachilengedwe, chifukwa chake amakhala ambiri osakhala ndi anzawo. Komabe, poyerekeza ndi abale awo, amakhala mwamtendere kwambiri.
Koma mbalame zina zimachita mantha, kusakhulupilirana komanso kudana, ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa ndewu, kuteteza gawo lomwe akukhalamo ndikubwezeretsanso zofuna zawo. Makamaka ovutitsa anzawo, okonda mikangano ndi ziwonetserozi ndi amuna.
Chifukwa chake, ngati imodzi mwa mbalamezi iyamba kumenya nkhondo, ndiye kuti izi ndichotsimikizika phwiti wamwamuna... Amayi awo ndi ololera komanso ovomerezeka. Mbalame zotere nthawi zambiri zimakhudzana ndi anthu molimba mtima.
Ndiubwenzi wawo, utoto wokongola komanso mawu osangalatsa amakhala chifukwa cha okonda mbalame kusungira ziweto zokongoletsera izi kunyumba. Mbalame zimakhala bwino kukhala mumkhola. Pokhapokha pano ndi bwino kubzala pamenepo mosiyana. Kupanda kutero, makamaka pakati pa amuna oyandikana nawo, mikangano ndi ndewu sizingapeweke.
Zakudya zabwino
Oyimira banjali omwe akugwira ntchito yolumikizira ntchentche akugwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa. Kupatula apo, maloboti amadziwika kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kuphatikiza pa ntchentche ndi udzudzu, mkati mwa chilimwe chodalitsika, mosatopa amasaka magulu a kafadala ndi tizilombo, akangaude, mbozi, nsikidzi, mosangalala amadya nkhono ndi ziphuphu.
Pofunafuna nyama, mbalamezi sizifunikira kukhala nazo, chifukwa chake zimasaka, monga momwe zimakhalira, m'modzi m'modzi. Zakudya zamapuloteni ndizoyenera mbalame. Koma chakudya chanyama chotere sichipezeka nthawi zonse.
Kupatula apo, atangotha masiku achizime ndi otentha atatha, malobvu amakhala ndi vuto ndi chakudya chama protein. Chifukwa chake, kugwa, amakakamizidwa kudya zipatso, zomwe zimakhala ndi nkhalango zambiri panthawiyi, komanso mbewu.
Ngati mbalame sizichoka kumayiko akwawo m'nyengo yozizira, ndiye kuti zimadya mosangalala kuchokera kwa odyetsa omwe anthu amawamanga munthawi yovuta ya mbalame. Zimakhalanso zovuta kwa iwo kumayambiriro kwa masika, mpaka nyengo yachizolowezi ya kasupe ya tizilombo ikhala ndi moyo. Koma posakhalitsa chisomo chimayambiranso kwa ma birdies.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Zisa za Robin kawirikawiri amakhala otsika. Amatha kupezeka kumtengo wotchedwa nkhalango: pama nthambi a zitsamba ndi pansi pa mizu ya mitengo, ndipo nthawi zambiri ngakhale pansi palokha, m'maenje ang'onoang'ono, m'mapiko ndi m'malo ena achilengedwe. Pomanga nyumba zankhuku, zida zofala kwambiri komanso zosadzichepetsa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: udzu, fluff, masamba.
Ndipo zonse zimayambira mchaka, amuna amabwerera kuchokera kuzungulirane kwachisanu. Ntchito zawo zachilengedwe zimaphatikizapo: kukhalamo ndi kutenganso malo okhala ndi zisa zakale, ngati akadakwanira kudyetsedwa.
Atsikana awo amabwera pambuyo pake, pomwe nkhondo ndi ziwonetsero zatsala pang'ono kutha. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, chakudya chimapezeka mokwanira. Chifukwa chake nthawi yakwana yosamalira mibadwo yamtsogolo.
Mazira a Robin mu mtundu amaphatikizidwa ndi zitsamba zowuma ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono. Zimakhala zachikasu, nthawi zina zapinki pang'ono, zokhala ndi zofiira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kukopa kwa mbalamezi, zomwe zimapezeka mozungulira Meyi, mosayang'ana chilengedwe, sizimawoneka ndi maso opanda chifundo.
Kawirikawiri pamakhala mazira asanu ndi atatu, ndipo nthawi yawo yosungunulira imatha theka la mwezi. M'masiku oyamba atayamba kubadwa ana, azirombo achikulire amakakamizidwa kutentha ana awo amaliseche ndi ofooka ndi matupi awo. Womalizirayo amaswa ndi khungu lakuda, lokutidwa ndi ochepa pansi, ndipo sawonekeranso kumbuyo kwa dziko lapansi, nthambi ndi greenery zomwe zaola kuyambira nthawi yophukira.
Phwiti wamkazi - mayi wokoma mtima, wofatsa komanso wosamala. Amagwira bwino ntchito yolera ndi kudyetsa ana. Wopatsidwa chidwi chobereka chaubereki, ali wokonzeka kuwotha ndikudyetsa nkhuku iliyonse padziko lapansi.
Koma izi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbalame zamasamba, mwachitsanzo, cuckoos. Amakonda kuponyera mipira yawo ku maere osayembekezera, opanda nzeru komanso osamala. Ndipo chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku zisa za mbalamezi, kuphatikiza pa kulira kwa anapiye awo, nkhanga zamphaka zolimba zimathamanga.
Makungu a Robin amakula mwachangu, mkati mwa milungu iwiri atabadwa. Ndipo makolo awo amakhala ndi nthawi yopanga zowalamulira zina, zomwe zimachitika nthawi zina.
Pofika nthawi yoti mwana fluffy achoke pachisa, sangakhale otchedwa wodziyimira pawokha. Alibe chochita ndipo sangathe ngakhale kuwuluka. Chifukwa chake, mtundu wapadera wamawangamawanga wa nthenga zawo zakula zonenepa za mthunzi wa masamba owuma ndi nthambi zamnkhalango (osati monga mbalame zazikulu) zimakhala zothandiza kwa iwo, chifukwa chifukwa cha izi, ali ndi mwayi wophatikizana ndi chilengedwe.
Moyo wa maloboti, malinga ndi nthawi yayitali, ndi waufupi - wopitilira chaka chimodzi. Koma izi zili choncho chifukwa kufa kwa anapiye kumakhala kwakukulu. Komabe, pali zochitika zina pamene mbalame zoterezi zidakhala zaka 12. Koma mbalame zotchingira khola zimakhala zazitali kwambiri chifukwa cha chisamaliro cha anthu.
