Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Poganizira nyama zamakedzana, nthawi zambiri timatengera mammoths a mamitala asanu kapena ma dinosaurs owopsa, ndiye kuti, zolengedwa zomwe zimangoganizira pazithunzi. Komabe, zolengedwa zomwe zimatidziwa kuyambira ubwana ziyenera kutchulidwa ndi oimira zinyama zakale.
Awa ndi amphibiya opanda mchira, omwe apulumuka mpaka lero ngati achule ndi achule ambiri. Anzawo akale nthawi zina amatha kukula mpaka theka la mita. Mwachitsanzo, chule, masiku ano amatchedwa mdierekezi, anali wolemera pafupifupi 5 kg, komanso, amaganiza kuti anali wotchuka chifukwa chankhanza komanso kudya kwambiri, pokhala nyama yowopsa.
Chiwerengero cha mitundu yamakono ya amphibians opanda mchira akuyerekezedwa masauzande. Ndipo mamembala awo ndi zolengedwa zosangalatsa kwambiri, pokhapokha ngati amatha kupuma osati pakamwa ndi m'mapapo, komanso ndi khungu. Koma ngwazi yankhani yathu ili chule wamtengo, yomwe, mosiyana ndi abale ambiri omwe atchulidwawa, omwe amakonda malo okhala kumtunda, amakhala pamitengo.
Zimafanana osati achule okha, omwe amawoneka kuti ndi enieni, komanso amphibiya, achule ache. Ena mwa iwo ndi gulu la oopsa kwambiri, chifukwa ngakhale dontho laling'ono lazinthu zakhungu lawo ndilokwanira kupha anthu khumi ndi awiri.
Koma Mtengo wa chule wamtengo pafupifupi zopanda vuto lililonse, chifukwa ngakhale mitundu yoopsa kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, Cuba kapena ngati tovu, imatulutsa michere yokha yomwe imatha kuyambitsa moto kapena kukhumudwitsa khungu losawoneka bwino la m'maso ndi mkamwa. Ndipo mutakhudza khungu lawo, muyenera kusamba m'manja, osatinso china.
Amphibian otere amapanga banja lonse: achule amtengo. Ndipo sizinachitike mwangozi kuti dzina lotere linaperekedwa kwa oimira ake. Zowonadi, mosiyana ndi achule wamba, momwe amuna okha ndiwo amalira chiyembekezo chofuna kukopa chidwi cha atsikana osalankhula, achule amtengo ndi "azimayi" nawonso amalimba mtima.
Komanso, mitundu ina sikulira ngakhale, koma meow, khungwa, mluzu kapena kulira. Achule amtundu wina amatulutsa mawu ofanana ndi ma trill mbalame, mwachitsanzo, amadzazidwa ngati nightingale. Pali mitundu, mawu omwe ali ofanana ndi kumenyedwa kwachitsulo kapena kufinya pagalasi la mpeni. Chule wamtengo wamwamuna amadziwika bwino ndi chikhodzodzo chowoneka bwino ngati pakhosi pakhosi, chimathandiza eni ake kulimbitsa mawu osangalatsa omwe amaberekana.
Mitundu yomwe imayimira banja lofotokozedwalo, osati m'mawu okha, komanso mikhalidwe yawo ina, imasiyananso. Kuyang'ana chule mumtengo, nkotheka kulingalira kawonekedwe kawo.
Zamoyozi zimatha kukhala zazikulu kwambiri, zimawoneka ngati zopanda pake, ndipo zimatha kufanana ndi achule ang'onoang'ono kapena kukhala ndi thupi lathyathyathya lokhala ndi ziwalo zodabwitsa, zopindika, ngati ziwalo zosweka (izi ndi zomwe chule la mtengo wamaso ofiira limawoneka). Akazi amitundu yambiri amakhala nthawi imodzi ndi theka, kapena ngakhale awiri, okulirapo kuposa amuna.
Nthawi zambiri achule amtchire amakhala ndi mtundu wobisala, makamaka utoto wobiriwira, makungwa amitengo, ndere kapena masamba owuma, omwe amakhala. Pali mitundu yamizeremizere kapena yodzaza ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: lalanje, buluu, chofiira. Chosangalatsa cha ambiri a iwo ndikutha kusintha mtundu wawo kukhala wowazungulira.
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kusinthaku sikupangidwanso ndi zomverera, koma zovuta. Ndiye kuti, kwa iwo amapatsidwa zikwangwani makamaka ndi zolandirira khungu, ndipo samachita izi motsogozedwa ndi mitundu yowoneka bwino ya amphibian, koma motsogozedwa ndi malingaliro awo apadziko lonse lapansi.
Malo owopsa, pofanana kwambiri ndi nthaka komanso khungwa, amakankha nyama zotere kuti zikhale zotuwa kapena zofiirira. Ndipo yosalala, yodziwika ngati masamba, amasintha chule wamtengo pa wobiriwira.
Kusintha kwamitundu ya achule amitengo kumakhudzana ndi chilengedwe chakunja ndi chinyezi chosintha komanso kutentha, komanso mawonekedwe amkati mwa zolengedwa izi, momwe tinganenere. Mwachitsanzo, akayamba kuzizira, achule amtengo nthawi zambiri amatuluka, ndipo akakwiya amatha kuda.
Khungu la mitundu ina imatha kuwonetsa kuwala kwa infrared. Ichi ndi chuma chabwino chomwe chimapatsa mwayi osati kungowononga kutentha, komanso kuti zisawonongeke kwa mitundu ina ya zolengedwa zolusa, mwachitsanzo, njoka zomwe zimawona zinthu pazomwe zanenedwa.
Mitundu
Magawidwe achule amitengo ndiosokoneza, ndiye kuti amaperekedwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo amasinthidwa, makamaka posachedwa. Vuto lonselo ndikuti sizikudziwika kuti ndi mfundo ziti zadongosolo zomwe ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa monga zikuluzikulu: kufanana kwakunja ndi kwamkati, kukhalapo kwaubongo kapena mawonekedwe amtundu. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa, banjali limaphatikizapo mitundu 716, yomwe imaphatikizidwa pamitundu pafupifupi makumi asanu. Tiyeni tiwone bwino ena mwa oimira ambiri.
— Litoria wamiyendo yayitali M'banja lake amadziwika kuti ndi wamkulu kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi kukula kwa masentimita 13. Mamembala amtunduwu amadziwika ndi khungu lobiriwira, lolimba, makamaka wobiriwira wobiriwira.
Mtundu wonsewo umakwaniritsidwa chifukwa cha mikwingwirima yoyera yomwe imakweza mizere ya mkamwa. Zamoyo zoterezi zimakhala m'nkhalango zamvula ku Australia komanso kuzilumba zapafupi za Pacific (nthawi zambiri amatchedwa achule akulu kwambiri aku Australia). Amakhala m'malo pafupi ndi madzi, amapezeka m'mabwalo ndi m'mapaki.
— Litoria kakang'ono... Zolengedwa zamtunduyu kuchokera m'malo omwewo monga mamembala ena onse amtundu wa litorium. Achule amitengo otere kapena okhalapo ku Australia, kapena okhala kuzilumba zapafupi. Amapanga mawu ofanana ndi kulira. Zosiyanasiyana zazing'ono ndizochepa kwambiri, monga dzina limanenera, osati pamtundu wake wokha, komanso m'banja lonse.
Kukula kwake, zitsanzo zake ndi zinyenyeswazi zenizeni, makamaka poyerekeza ndi achibale akuluakulu. Amangofika kutalika kwa sentimita imodzi ndi theka kapena pang'ono pang'ono. Ndi aburawuni, koma ali ndi mimba yoyera. Mzere woyera ukuwoneka m'mbali ndi milomo. Zamoyo zoterezi zimakhala m'madambo otentha, ndipo zimapezekanso m'madambo.
— Chule wofiira komanso osati yayikulu kwambiri, pafupifupi kukula kwa 3.5 cm. Mtundu waukulu ndi bulauni wokhala ndi utoto wofiyira. Mbali za zolengedwa izi ndizosiyanasiyana zachikaso, nthawi zina ndimapangidwe. Mphumi imakongoletsedwa ndi malo amakona atatu. Achule amitengo otere amakhala m'malo ozizira kwambiri a South America: m'minda ndi m'madambo, mumitengo ndi m'nkhalango. Amatulutsa mawu ofanana ndi magalasi odulidwa ndi chinthu chakuthwa.
— Chule wamtengo wolira wa chule kukula kwake pafupifupi 3 cm kapena kuchepera. Zolengedwa ngati izi, zomwe zimakhala ku North America, zimayimba likhweru, monga dzina limanenera. Awa ndi achule okhala ndi khungu lofiirira komanso pamimba pamtambo. Ali ndi maso akulu ndi thunthu lowonda.
— Chule wamtengo wosula wopezeka ku Paraguay, Brazil ndi Argentina. Zilombo zazikuluzikulu (pafupifupi 9 cm) zikufuula mokweza kwambiri, ngati kuti zikumenya chitsulo ndi nyundo. Amakhala ndi khungu loyera, maso otuluka, mphuno itatu, komanso miyendo yakutsogolo. Mtunduwo ndi wachikaso chadongo, wodziwika ndi mzere wakuda kumbuyo kwake ndi utoto womwewo ndi madontho ndi timizere. Amadziwika chifukwa chodziwika bwino chosatseka maso awo nthawi yopuma yamasana, koma kungochepetsa ana awo.
— Chule wamtengo waku Cuba... izo Chule wamtengo wakupha, kupatula Cuba, imakhalanso m'maiko ena aku America, ku Cayman ndi Bahamas, ikukhazikika m'nkhalango zamadzi. Kukula kwake kumangocheperako pang'ono ndi zimphona zaku Australia, ndipo zina mwazimayi zazikulu kwambiri zimatha kufikira kukula kwa masentimita 14. Khungu la nyama izi limakutidwa ndi ma tubercles amdima, kumbuyo kwake konse kumatha kukhala kobiriwira, beige kapena bulauni.
— Chule wamba wamtengo, pokhala wokhala ku Europe, pakati pa abale ake ndi m'modzi mwa anthu akumpoto kwambiri. Ndipo malo ake amafikira kumpoto kwa Belarus, Lithuania, Norway ndi Netherlands. Ku Russia, imawoneka m'maiko a Belgorod ndi madera ena, komanso ku Crimea.
Kugawidwa ku France, Spain, Great Britain ndi mayiko ena aku Europe. Kukula kwake, achule amtundu wotere samapitilira masentimita 6. Mtundu wawo umasinthasintha, nthawi zambiri wobiriwira wobiriwira, nthawi zina bulauni, wabuluu, wakuda mdima. Oimira amtundu uwu amadziwa kusambira ndikukonda madzi, mosiyana ndi abale awo ena opunduka, omwe aiwala momwe angachitire izi pakusintha kwachilengedwe.
— Chule wamtengo waku Far Eastern ofanana kwambiri ndi wamba, koma ocheperako, chifukwa chake ena amawona ngati subspecies chabe. Imasiyana m'miyendo yayifupi komanso malo amdima pansi pa diso. Khungu lake limakhala lobiriwira komanso losalala kumbuyo, lowala komanso lowala pamimba. Mitundu yokhayi, pamodzi ndi achule wamba amtchire, imapezeka ku Russia.
— Chule wamtengo wapatali amakhala m'madzi, mitsinje ndi mayiwe aku North America. Mtundu wake umafika ku Alaska, koma kum'mwera kuli zolengedwa zotere. Khungu lawo ndi losalala, pamakhala mikwingwirima yakuda pafupi ndi maso, malo amakona atatu pamutu wa mtundu womwewo. Amuna amadziwika ndi khosi lachikasu. Mitundu imatha kusiyanasiyana: yakuda, yabulauni, imvi, yofiira, yobiriwira.
— Chule wamtengo wouluka... Pafupifupi achule onse amtengo amakhala ndi zotupa pakati pazala zakumapazi. Koma kwa ena, amakula bwino kotero kuti amawalola kuti aziwuluka mumlengalenga akamadumpha, mwakuwuluka kwenikweni. Izi zikuphatikiza mitundu ya Chijava.
Malinga ndi dzinalo, zolengedwa zotere zimapezeka pachilumba cha Java, komanso zimakhala zochepa ku Sumatra. Dera la tizilomboti tamtambo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono pafupifupi 19 cm2... Amtundu wawo ndi wobiriwira, wokhala ndi mimba yoyera komanso mbali ndi miyendo yachikasu-chikasu.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Achule amitengo amapezeka ponseponse padziko lapansi ndipo amapezeka pafupifupi kumayiko onse apadziko lapansi, koma sakonda malo ozizira. Amakhala, pamitengo, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa choncho. Makapu omata omata omwe amakhala pamphuno amawathandiza kuti aziyenda ndi mitengo ikuluikulu osagwa.
Mothandizidwa ndi iwo, zolengedwa izi zimatha kugwiritsitsa momasuka kusalaza, mwachitsanzo, magalasi, ngakhale kupachikika mozondoka. Kuphatikiza apo, ma disc omwe atchulidwawa amatha kuchepetsa kukomoka ngati kugwa mwangozi.
Makapu oyamwa amatulutsa madzi okutira, koma osati iwo okha, komanso zotupa zodulira pamimba ndi mmero. Mitundu ina ya achule amtengo samakhala mumitengo, ndi zolengedwa zapadziko lapansi komanso zam'madzi. Pali omwe adazolowera kukhala m'zipululu.
Madzi ndi malo odziwika bwino a amphibiya, koma achule amitengo, ngakhale amawoneka kuti ndi amphibiya, si onse amatha kusambira, koma mitundu yakale yokha. Ena mwa iwo, chifukwa cha zodziwika bwino, amakakamizidwa kukaona matupi amadzi nthawi yokolola. Ndipo, mwachitsanzo, phyllomedusa nthawi zambiri amakhala akuthengo pamadzi.
Omalizawa, monga adakhazikitsa, amafooka kukula kwa oyamwa pamiyendo yawo, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala osiyana ndi abale ena m'banjamo. Ndipo amakhalabe pamitengo chifukwa chala chakugwira chapadera chotsutsana ndi zotsalazo. Kwa iwo, zolengedwa izi zimatha kumamatira panthambiko ndi mphamvu kotero kuti pamene kuyesayesa kwapachikidwa kwa nyama ndi mphamvu, kumangochitika mwa kungovulaza chiwalo.
Achule amitengo amagwira ntchito usiku. Nthawi yakuda ikamapita, amapita kukasaka nyama yawo. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, ali okhazikika bwino, ndipo akusunthira kutali ndi zovuta za chakudya chamakilomita ambiri, amapita kwawo mosavuta.
Ma amphibiya otere amayenda modumpha, kutalika kwake nthawi zambiri kumakhala pafupifupi mita. Ndipo atakhala panthambi, amatha kusamala bwino. Maso a achule amitengo adakonzedwa ngati ma binoculars, ndiye kuti amapita patsogolo, otsogola komanso akulu kukula. Izi zimathandiza zolengedwa kulumpha molondola kupita ku chandamale chawo, molondola kwambiri kudziwa kutalika kwake, kaya ndi nthambi ya mtengo kapena wolozedwayo.
Amphibian a mtundu uwu ndi nyama zomwe nsagwada zawo zakumtunda zili ndi mano. Ndipo ngati awoneratu kuwukira kwa adani omwe akufuna kupindula nawo, ndiye kuti amatha kunamizira kuti afa, akugwa m'mimba. Mitundu ya poizoni imatulutsa ntchofu zowononga kuti ziteteze mdani.
Zimachitika kuti nyama izi zimagwira ntchito masana ndikusiya malo awo okhala. Khalidwe ili pafupifupi ndi chizindikiro cha mvula yomwe ikubwera. Kumva kuchuluka kwa chinyezi, achule amkati amakangana ndikufuula.
Mitundu yakumpoto, yoyembekezera nyengo yozizira, imadziika m'manda a milu yakugwa, imabisala m'mapako amitengo, kukwera pansi pamiyala, kubisala. Nthaŵi zina achule amtengo amabisala pomanga kapena kubowola. Ndipo zimangotuluka ndikutentha kwa masika.
Mafuta achule amtengo nthawi zina amatha kukhala mankhwala othandiza. Ndipo chitsanzo cha ichi ndi Japan shueha. Ndizosangalatsa kwambiri, zamtengo wapatali, koma zosowa mosiyanasiyana.
Zilombozi ndizovuta kwambiri pazachilengedwe, chifukwa chake zimatha kukhala ndi moyo ndikukhala ndi ana okha m'malo oyera. Kuchokera pamafuta awo, njira zimapangidwira zomwe zimathandiza odwala matendawa kuti athetse mavuto ambiri omwe amakhudzana ndi kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa mitsempha yamagazi ndi mtima, komanso matenda ena.
Zakudya zabwino
Achule amitengo ndi zolengedwa zolusa, koma masankhidwe awo amatengera malo okhala komanso, kukula kwake. Mwachitsanzo, zimphona zaku Australia zimawonetsa chidwi chazakudya zamoyo zilizonse zomwe zingameze.
Chakudya chawo chachikulu ndi zouluka zouluka, koma amatha kuthana ndi adani awo akuluakulu. Amawukira abuluzi komanso abale awo omwe, ndiye kuti samanyoza kudya anzawo.
Kwa nyama zodya nyama, anthu aku Australia opanda mchira amapatsidwa poizoni usiku, koma choyamba amabwera kuthirira madzi, kumiza mmenemo, kudyetsa khungu ndi thupi lonse, potero amakwaniritsa zosowa zawo zamadzimadzi. Popanda katundu, sangathe kukhala ndi moyo, koma, chifukwa, malinga ndi momwe alili ndipo ayenera kukhala amphibians.
Achule akulu, osangalatsa, achilendo komanso osangalatsa kwambiri amasungidwa m'chipinda chokhala ndi zomera zotentha mkati. Koma ngakhale kumeneko, obereketsa amasamalira malo osungiramo madzi osamba mokwanira ndipo tsiku lililonse amathira ziweto zawo madzi ofunda.
Achulewa aku Australia amadyetsedwa ndi tizilombo, njoka, mphemvu, ndi nyama yowonda. Nthawi zina amapatsa mbewa zazikuluzikuluzi zomwe amadya kuti zisangalatse.
Ndi kususuka kwawo, zolengedwa zotere zimatha kuopseza osati omwe amazunzidwa okha, koma ngakhale oweta ena, omwe amachita mantha ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe amafunikira tsiku lililonse. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timadyetsa makamaka tizilombo touluka, nkhono, mbozi, chiswe, nyerere, ndi nyama zina zopanda mafupa.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Achule amtengo ku Australia omwe amakhala mu terrarium amafunikira kukondoweza kuti abereke bwino mu ukapolo: choyambirira, kuchuluka ndi chakudya choyenera; analengedwa, kutalika kwina kwa tsikulo, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Koma mwachilengedwe, zolengedwa zotere zimaberekana popanda vuto lililonse, kuphatikiritsa mazira kumizu ya zomera ndi miyala pansi pamitsinje ndi mitsinje mwachangu.
Mwambiri, kubereka kwa amphibiya a banja lofotokozedwayo, lomwe limachitika kamodzi kapena kawiri pachaka, limalumikizidwa mwanjira ina ndi madzi, chifukwa ndipamene miluza yawo imakula.Mwachitsanzo, chule la mtengo wa nthochi, amapachika mazira ake pamasamba a nthambi zamitengo yokhotakhota pamwamba pamadzi. Ndipo tadpoles akawonekera kuchokera kwa iwo, iwo, ngati kuti anali pachimake, nthawi yomweyo amagwera mu gawo lachonde lamadzi - kholo la zamoyo zonse, komwe amakula bwino mpaka kukhala achikulire.
Frog yamtengo atha kupeza pobisalapo m'matope komanso tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono todzaza madzi nthawi yamvula yambiri. Momwemonso achule ang'onoang'ono aku Mexico - chule wamtengo wa Sonoran.
Alongo ake ena m'banjamo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsanso ntchito madzi osaya omwe amapangika m'mitengo yamitengo, ngakhale m'mbale zamaluwa ndi ma axil a masamba azomera zazikulu. Ndipo kupeza malo ofanana nthawi yamvula kumadera okhala ndi nyengo inayake si vuto.
Ndi m'malo amenewa momwe ana amphongo amakulira. Makanda amitundu yambiri amakhala ndi mutu wowoneka bwino wokhala ndi maso pambali, ali ndi michira yayitali, yotambalala kumunsi ndikulumikiza zingwe kumapeto.
Nthawi zina ma aquariums ang'onoang'ono amapangidwa mwachilengedwe ndi mitundu ina. Mwachitsanzo, dzenje loyenera la mtengo limakutidwa ndi mtedza winawake wapadera, chifukwa chake, pakagwa mvula, madzi, opita mmenemo, amakhalabe mkati mwa chotengera choterocho osatuluka.
Izi ndi zomwe achule amtengo waku Brazil amachita. Phylomedusa wokutidwa ndi mapepala, ndikusiya mazira pamenepo, amata mathero awo palimodzi, ndikupanga machubu. Mitundu ina imakumba zinyalala pomanga maiwe. Mwachidule, ndani onse adazolowera ndikusamala za kubereka, ndipo malingaliro azachilengedwe alibe malire.
Achule amphongo onga achule, omwe akufuna kupanga chitonthozo chachikulu pakukula kwa ana awo, akuyesera kukopa atsikana awiri nthawi imodzi ndi mawu ofuula. Amathira mazira oyamba mwa iwo, pomwe mazira a wopemphayo wachiwiri, amachoka pamalo omwewo, amangokhala chakudya cha mazira oyamba.
Mitundu ina imayikira mazira akulu, koma ochepa. Awa ndi mazira apadera, momwe kusintha kwathunthu kumachitika, ndipo osadulidwa ndi ana akhanda, koma timakope tating'ono ta akulu.
Achule amtengo wam'madzi ndiosangalatsa kwambiri. Pokhala ndi makola achikopa pamsana pawo, amanyamula mazira a umuna mmenemo mpaka ana okulirawo atakhala ngati makolo awo.
Mafuta achule amtengoKupangidwa kuchokera kumachende ake kumakhalanso ndi machiritso monga mafuta ake. Imathandizira kuphatikiza magazi ndikuthandizira kulimbikitsa thupi lonse la munthu. Mwachilengedwe, achule amtengo ali ndi adani okwanira. Amatha kukhala mbalame zolusa, njoka, kuyang'anira abuluzi, abuluzi akulu, ngakhale mapemphelo akulu akulu, ngakhale ali tizilombo.
Izi zimafupikitsa moyo wa achule oterewa. Ndipo chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri m'malo awo achilengedwe, sizikhala zoposa zaka zisanu. Koma mu terrariums, otetezedwa ku zovuta, nthawi zina amasangalala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 22, milandu yotere imadziwika.
