Kite woyera wosuta woyera (Elanus leucurus) ndi wa oda ya Falconiformes.
Zizindikiro zakunja za kaiti yoyera yoyera
Kite wautsi woyera woyera uli pafupifupi masentimita 43 kukula kwake ndipo uli ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 100 mpaka 107. Kulemera kwake kumafika magalamu 300-360.
Nyama yaying'ono yakuda-yoyera yamphongo yoyera, yofanana ndi kabawi chifukwa chamlomo wake wawung'ono, mutu wowala, mapiko aatali ndi mchira, miyendo yayifupi. Mkazi ndi wamwamuna ndi ofanana mumtundu wa nthenga ndi kukula kwa thupi, wamkazi ndiye wamdima pang'ono ndipo amalemera kwambiri. Nthenga za mbalame zazikulu kumtunda kwa thupi ndizotuwa, kupatula mapewa, omwe ndi akuda. Pansi pake pamayera kwathunthu. Mawanga akuda akuda amatha kuwona kuzungulira maso. Chipewa ndi khosi ndizopepuka kuposa msana. Mphumi ndi nkhope ndizoyera. Mchira ndi wotuwa. Nthenga za mchira ndi zoyera, sizimawoneka ngati zikutambasulidwa. Iris ya diso ndi yofiira-lalanje.
Mbalame zazing'ono zamtundu wa nthenga zimafanana ndi makolo awo, koma zimajambulidwa mumtambo wofiirira wofanana.
Mikwingwirima yofiirira ilipo, kapu ndi khosi ndizoyera. Kumbuyo ndi mapewa okhala ndi zoyera zoyera. Nthenga zonse zokutira zamapiko zimakhala zotuwa kwambiri ndi nsonga zoyera. Pali mzere wakuda kumchira. Nkhope ndi thupi lotsika ndiloyera ndi mthunzi wa sinamoni komanso mawanga ofiira pachifuwa, omwe amawoneka bwino pakuuluka. Nthenga za mbalame zazing'ono zimasiyana ndi utoto wa nthenga za akulu mpaka ku molt woyamba, womwe umachitika pakati pa miyezi 4 ndi 6 yakubadwa.
Iris ndi bulauni wonyezimira komanso wonyezimira wachikasu.
Malo okhala mphamba woyera wosuta
Ma kite amiyala yoyera amapezeka pamitengo yozunguliridwa ndi mizere yamitengo yomwe imakhala ngati zopumira mphepo. Amakhalanso m'mapiri, madambo, kunja kwa mitengo yomwe imakula. Amakhala m'malo amtchire ochepa omwe amakhala ndi mitengo yaying'ono, pakati pa tchire lolimba lomwe lili ndi mizere ya mitengo yomwe ili m'mbali mwa mitsinje.
Mtundu uwu wa mbalame zodya nyama ukhoza kuwonedwa kwambiri m'madambo, madera omwe ali kutali kwambiri ndi nkhalango, kuwoloka ndi madera obiriwira m'mizinda ndi m'matawuni, ngakhale m'mizinda yayikulu monga Rio de Janeiro. Kite woyera wosuta woyera umachokera kunyanja mpaka 1500 mita kutalika, koma umakonda mita 1000. Komabe, mbalame zina kwanuko zimakhala mpaka 2000 m, koma anthu ena amawoneka pamtunda wa mamita 4200 ku Peru.
Kugawidwa kwa kaiti yoyera yoyera
Kaiti ya mchira woyera utsi imapezeka ku America. Amapezeka kumadzulo ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa United States, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku California kupita ku Oregon komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf kupita ku Louisiana, Texas, ndi Mississippi. Malo amenewa akupitirizabe ku Central America ndi ku South America.
Ku Central America, ma kites omwe ali ndi utsi woyera amakhala ku Mexico ndi mayiko ena, kuphatikiza Panama. Ku South America, malowa akuphatikiza mayiko otsatirawa: Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, kumpoto kwa Argentina kumwera kwa Patagonia. M'mayiko a Andes (Ecuador, Peru, kumadzulo kwa Bolivia ndi kumpoto kwa Chile) sichikupezeka. Ma subspecies awiri amadziwika mwalamulo:
- E. l. Leucurus amakhala mchigawo cha South America kumpoto, mpaka ku Panama.
- E. majusculus imafalikira ku USA ndi Mexico, ndikumwera chakumwera ku Costa Rica.
Makhalidwe a kite woyera wosuta
Ma kites omwe amakhala ndi utsi woyera amakhala osadukiza kapena awiriawiri, koma magulu akulu amatha kusonkhana kunja kwa nyengo yogona kapena m'malo omwe chakudya chimakhala chochuluka. Amapanga masango okhala ndi makumi angapo kapena mazana a anthu. Zimachitika kuti mbalame zodyerazi zimakhazikika m'kanyumba kakang'ono, kokhala ndi awiriawiri angapo, pomwe zisa zili pamtunda wa mamitala mazana angapo.
M'nyengo yokwatirana, ma kites omwe ali ndi utsi woyera amayenda pandege mozungulira osadukiza kapena awiriawiri, akumapereka chakudya kwa mnzake m'mlengalenga. Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yoswana, amuna amathera nthawi yawo yambiri mumtengo.
Mbalame zodya nyamazi zimangokhala, koma nthawi zina zimayendayenda pofunafuna mbalame zambiri.
Kubalana kwa mphamba yoyera yoyera
Chisa cha Kites choyera choyera kuyambira mu Marichi mpaka Ogasiti ku United States. Nyengo yoswana imayamba mu Januware ku California, ndipo imayamba kuyambira Novembala ku Nuevo Leon kumpoto kwa Mexico. Amabadwira kuyambira Disembala mpaka Juni ku Panama, February mpaka Julayi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa South America, Okutobala mpaka Julayi ku Suriname, kumapeto kwa Ogasiti mpaka Disembala kumwera kwa Brazil, Seputembala mpaka Marichi ku Argentina, ndi Seputembala ku Chile.
Mbalame zodya nyama zimamanga zisa zazing'ono ngati tinthu tating'ono totalika masentimita 30 mpaka 50 m'mimba mwake komanso masentimita 10 mpaka 20 kuya.
Mkati mwake mumakhala udzu ndi udzu wina. Chisa chili pambali pamtengo. Nthawi ndi nthawi, ma kites omwe ndi utsi woyera amakhala zisa zakale zosiyidwa ndi mbalame zina, amazibwezeretseratu kapena kuzikonza zokha. Clutch imakhala ndi mazira 3 - 5. Mzimayi amakhala masiku 30 - 32. Anapiye amasiya chisa pambuyo pa 35, nthawi zina masiku 40. Ma kites oyera oyera amakhala ndi ana awiri pa nyengo.
Kudya mphamba yoyera yamiyala yoyera
Ma kites ofiira oyera amadyera makoswe makamaka, ndipo munyengo amasaka makoswe ena: dambo ndi makoswe a thonje. M'madera akumpoto, amadyanso ma opossum ang'onoang'ono, ma shrew ndi ma voles. Amasaka mbalame zazing'ono, zokwawa, amphibiya, tizilombo tambiri. Zowononga nthenga zimazembera nyama yomwe ili pamtunda wa 10 ndi 30 mita kuchokera padziko lapansi. Zimauluka pang'onopang'ono kudera lawo, kenako zimathamanga kwambiri zisanagwetse pansi miyendo yawo ili lendewera. Nthawi zina ma kites omwe amakhala ndi utsi woyera amagwera nyama zawo kuchokera kutalika, koma njirayi yosaka samagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi. Ambiri mwa omwe adazunzidwayo amagwidwa pansi, mbalame zazing'ono zokha ndi zomwe zimagwidwa ndi zolusa paulendo wawo. Kites zoyera zoyera zimasaka makamaka mbandakucha ndi madzulo.
Mkhalidwe Wosungira wa White-Tailed Smoky Kite
White-tailed Clouded Kite ndiye ili ndi gawo lalikulu logawira pafupifupi 9,400,000 ma kilomita. M'dera lalikululi, pali kuwonjezeka pang'ono. Mtundu wa mbalame zodya nyamawu wasowa pafupifupi ku North America, koma malo omwe mtunduwu wataya wakula kwina. Ku Central America, mbalame zachuluka. Ku South America, kaiti yoyera utsi woyera imakhazikitsa malo atsopano ndi nkhalango. Chiwerengero chonse ndi mbalame zikwi mazana angapo. Choopsa chachikulu kwa adani awo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira mbewu.
