Kangaude wamtanda (Aranaeus) ndi kachipangizo kamene kali m'gulu la akangaude a Araneomorphic ndi banja lozungulira (Araneidae). Masiku ano padziko lapansi pali mitundu yoposa chikwi chimodzi ya mitanda, yomwe imakhala pafupifupi kulikonse.
Kufotokozera kwa mtanda
Kapangidwe kangaude kakuyimiridwa ndimimba ndi arachnoid warts, cephalothorax ndi miyendo yoyenda, yopangidwa ndi ntchafu, gawo la bondo, tibia, forefoot, tarsus ndi claw, komanso chelicera ndi pedipalpa, mphete ya acetabular ndi coxa.
Maonekedwe
Akangaude ndi ochepa kukula kwake, komabe, wamkazi wa nyamayi ndi wokulirapo kuposa wamwamuna... Kutalika kwa thupi la mkazi ndi 1.7-4.0 cm, ndipo kukula kwa mwamuna wamkulu wa kangaude, monga lamulo, sikupitilira 1.0-1.1 cm. Thupi lonse la kangaude limakhala ndi chipolopolo cholimba chachikasu chofiirira, chomwe chimatayidwa nthawi nthawi ya molt yotsatira. Pamodzi ndi mitundu yambiri ya arachnids, akangaude opingasa amakhala ndi miyendo khumi, yoyimiriridwa ndi:
- miyendo inayi yoyenda, yokhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa zomwe zili kumapeto;
- nsapato ziwiri zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofunikira ndikofunikira kuti zigwire nyama yomwe yagwidwa;
- gulu lina la chelicerae lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito polanda ndi kupha munthu amene wagwidwa. Ma chelicerae opingasa amalunjika pansi, ndipo zingwe za chelicerae zimayang'ana mkati.
Amuna achikulire pagawo lomaliza la pedipalp ali ndi chiwalo chophatikizira, chomwe chimadzazidwa asanakwatirane ndi madzimadzi, omwe amalowa mu cholowa cha seminal chomwe chili chachikazi, chifukwa cha ana omwe amapezeka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Maluso owoneka ndi akangaude samakula bwino, chifukwa chake nyamakazi sichiwona bwino ndipo imatha kusiyanitsa zowoneka bwino kwambiri, komanso kupezeka kwa kuwala ndi mithunzi.
Akangaude opyola pamtanda ali ndi maso anayi, koma amakhala osawona kwenikweni. Malipiro abwino kwambiri pakuchepa kwamaso kotereku ndikumvetsetsa kwakukhudza, komwe kuli ndi tsitsi lapadera lomwe limapezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Tsitsi lina m'thupi la nyamakazi limatha kuchitapo kanthu pakakhala zovuta zamankhwala, tsitsi lina limazindikira kugwedezeka kwamlengalenga, ndipo ena amatenga mawu amtundu uliwonse.
Mimba mwa akangaudewa ndi ozungulira komanso opanda magawo. Pamwamba pake pali mawonekedwe mumtanda, ndipo kumunsi kuli magulu atatu azitsamba zapadera za kangaude, zomwe zimakhala ndimatumba pafupifupi chikwi omwe amatulutsa kangaude. Zingwe zolimba zoterezi zimakhala ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana: kumanga maukonde odalirika, kukonza malo okhala kapena kuteteza koko kwa ana.
Njira yopumira ili pamimba ndipo imayimilidwa ndimatumba awiri am'mapapo, momwe mumakhala makhola owoneka ngati masamba ndi mpweya. Madzi hemolymph, ophatikizidwa ndi mpweya, amazungulira mkati mwa makola. Njira yopumira imaphatikizaponso ma tracheal machubu. M'chigawo chakumbuyo kwa pamimba, pamakhala mtima, womwe umawoneka ngati chubu chotalika kwambiri chotulutsa mitsempha yayikulu.
Mitundu ya mitanda
Ngakhale kuti pali akangaude ambirimbiri pamtanda, mitundu 30 yokha ndi yomwe imapezeka mdera lathu komanso mayiko oyandikana nawo, omwe amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa "mtanda" womwe uli kumtunda kwa mimba. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi kangaude wa mabanga anayi (Aranaeus quadratus), yemwe amakhala m'malo onyowa komanso opanda udzu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi kangaude wocheperako kwambiri wotchedwa Aranaeus sturmi, yemwe amakhala makamaka kuma conifers m'chigawo cha Palaearctic, omwe kukula kwake kumalipidwa ndi mitundu yambiri yolemera.
Chofala kwambiri ndikumtanda wamba (Аrаneus diаdematus), thupi lake limakutidwa ndi chinthu chosungunuka chomwe chimasunga chinyontho, komanso mitundu yosawerengeka yolembedwa mu Red Book yotchedwa mtanda wokhotakhota (Аrаneus аngulаtus), womwe umadziwika ndi kusapezeka kwa mawonekedwe owoneka ngati mtanda ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono kukula kwa ma humps am'mimba.
Kodi chopingachi chimakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Akangaude opingasa amitundu yosiyanasiyana, poyerekeza ndi anzawo ambiri, amakhala kwakanthawi kochepa... Amuna amamwalira atangokwatirana, ndipo akazi amamwalira atangobadwa kumene.
Chifukwa chake, kutalika kwa mitanda yamphongo sikudutsa miyezi itatu, ndipo zazikazi zamtunduwu zimatha kukhala pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Njoka ya kangaude
Poizoni wa pamtanda ndiwowopsa kwa mafupa ndi mafupa am'mimba, popeza uli ndi hemileysin yotentha kwambiri. Katunduyu amatha kusokoneza maselo ofiira a nyama monga akalulu, makoswe ndi mbewa, komanso maselo amwazi wamunthu. Monga momwe tawonetsera, nkhumba, kavalo, nkhosa ndi galu zimakana kwambiri poizoni.
Mwa zina, poizoniyo amatha kusintha zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama iliyonse isakhale ndi nyama. Kwa moyo wamunthu ndi thanzi, mitanda nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanda vuto lililonse, koma ngati pali mbiri ya chifuwa, poizoniyo amatha kuyatsa moto kapena necrosis. Akangaude ang'onoang'ono amatha kuluma kudzera pakhungu la anthu, koma kuchuluka kwa poyizoni wovulaza nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopanda vuto, chifukwa chake kupezeka kwake pakhungu kumatsagana ndi zowawa zochepa kapena zopitilira msanga.
Zofunika! Malinga ndi malipoti ena, kulumidwa kwa mitanda ikuluikulu yamitundu ina sikumapweteka monganso kumva kulira kwa chinkhanira.
Ukonde wa kangaude
Monga lamulo, mitanda imakhazikika pamutu pa mtengo, pakati pa nthambi, pomwe maukonde akuluakulu amakonzedwa ndi kangaude.... Masamba a chomeracho amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga pogona. Nthawi zambiri, ukonde wa kangaude umapezeka mu tchire komanso pakati pa mafelemu azenera m'nyumba zosiyidwa.
Kupita kwa kangaude tsiku lililonse kumawononga ukonde wake ndikuyamba kupanga ina yatsopano, popeza maukonde otsekerawo amakhala osagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa choti sizingokhala zazing'ono zokha, komanso tizilombo tambiri tambiri timagwera mwa iwo. Monga lamulo, ukonde watsopano walukidwa usiku, womwe umalola kangaude kuti agwire nyama yake m'mawa. Maukonde omangidwa ndi kangaude wamkulu wamkazi amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mizere ingapo ya zingwe ndi ma radii, zoluka ndi ulusi womata. Kutalikirana pakati pa ma coil oyandikiranso ndicholondola komanso kosasintha.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa cha kulimba kwake komanso kukhathamira kwake, ulusi wa kangaude wamtanda wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali popanga nsalu ndi zokongoletsa zosiyanasiyana, ndipo pakati pa anthu okhala kumadera otentha akugwirabe ntchito yopangira maukonde ndi maukonde.
Zomangamanga zangaude za kangaude zimabweretsedwa ku automatism ndipo zimakonzedweratu mu dongosolo lamanjenje pamtundu wamtundu, kotero ngakhale achichepere amatha kupanga mosavuta ma kangaude apamwamba kwambiri ndikugwira msanga nyama zofunikira pakudya. Akangaude okhawo amagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wowuma, wouma poyenda, chifukwa chake mtanda sungathe kumamatira pamaukonde.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
Woimira kwambiri ndi mtanda wamba (Aranaeus diadematus), wopezeka kudera lonse la Europe komanso kumayiko ena aku North America, komwe akangaude amtunduwu amakhala m'nkhalango za coniferous, matanthwe ndi zitsamba. Mtanda wokhotakhota (Аrаneus аngulаtus) ndi nyama zomwe zili pangozi komanso zosowa kwambiri zomwe zimakhala mdziko lathu, komanso mdera la Palaearctic. Kangaude wamtanda wotchedwa Aranaeus albotriangulus wokhala ku Australia amakhalanso ku New South Wales ndi Queensland.
M'dera la dziko lathu, amapezeka akalulu a oak (Araneus ceroregius kapena Aculeirа ceroregia), omwe amakhala muudzu m'mbali mwa nkhalango, m'minda ndi minda, komanso m'malo okhala ndi zitsamba zowuma.
Mtsinje wa Araneus savaticus, kapena kangaude, amagwiritsa ntchito mapanga ndi miyala ikuluikulu, komanso malo otsegulira migodi ndi nkhokwe, kuti akonze ukonde. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu uwu umakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi nyumba za anthu. Kangaude wamphongo woyang'anizana ndi mphaka (Aranaeus gemmoides) amakhala mdera lakumadzulo kwa America ndi Canada, ndi India, Nepal, dera la Bhutan ndi gawo lina la Australia akhala malo achilengedwe oimira nyama zakutchire zaku Asia za kangaude Araneus mitifiсus kapena "Kangaude wa Pringles".
Chakudya, kuchotsa pamtanda
Akangaude, pamodzi ndi akangaude ena ambiri, ali ndi vuto lakunja lakunja... Poyembekezera nyama yawo, akangaude nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi ukonde, kukhazikika mu chisa chobisika, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi ukonde wolimba. Chingwe chapadera cha ulusi chimatambasulidwa kuchokera pakatikati pa ukonde kupita pachisa cha kangaude.
Zakudya zazikulu za kangaude zimayimilidwa ndi ntchentche zosiyanasiyana, udzudzu ndi tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono, tomwe kangaude wamkulu amatha kudya pafupifupi khumi ndi kamodzi. Ntchentche ikatha, gulugufe kapena tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono timalowa muukondewo ndikuyamba kuwomba mkatimo, kutulutsa kwa ulusi wazizindikiro nthawi yomweyo kumachitika, ndipo kangaudeyo amachoka pamalowo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngati kachilombo ka poizoni kapena kakakulu kwambiri kalowa mumsampha wa kangaude, kangaudeyo imathothoka msanga kuti ichotse. Komanso, mitanda imalimbana mwamphamvu kuti isakhudzane ndi tizilombo tomwe timatha kuyikira mazira mu ma arthropod ena.
Nyamayi singathe kugaya nyama yodziyimira payokha, chifukwa chake, pomwe wovulalayo amalowa mu netiweki, kangaudeyo amalowetsa msuzi wake wokakala, wowopsa m'mimba mwake, kenako amalumikiza nyamayo mu cocoko ndikudikirira kwakanthawi, pomwe chakudya chimakumbidwa ndipo limasanduka otchedwa yothetsera michere.
Njira yodyera chakudya mumkhaka nthawi zambiri imatenga pafupifupi ola limodzi, kenako madzi amadzimadzi amayamwa, ndipo chivundikiro chokha chimatsalira mkati mwa cocoko.
Kubereka ndi ana
Akangaude ndi ma dioecious arthropods. Nthawi zokondana zimachitika usiku. Amuna amakwera pamisampha ya akazi, kenako amakonza magule osavuta, omwe amakhala okweza miyendo yawo ndikugwedeza ulusi. Zoterezi zimakhala ngati zizindikiritso. Mwamuna atakhudza cephalothorax ya mkaziyo ndi ma pedipalps, kumakwatira kumachitika, komwe kumakhala kusamutsa kwamadzimadzi ogonana.
Pambuyo pa kukwatira, mtanda wamwamuna umamwalira, ndipo kwa nthawi yakazi ndi nthawi yoluka chikuku kuchokera pa intaneti... Monga mwalamulo, chikuku cholukidwa ndi chachikazi chimakhala cholimba, ndipo kwakanthawi konyamula wamkazi chimanyamula chokha, kenako ndikubisala pamalo abwino. Nyumba zachikoko kuyambira mazira atatu mpaka mazana asanu ndi atatu, omwe ali amtundu.
Mkati mwa "nyumba" mazira okhala ndi akangaude samawopa kuzizira ndi madzi, popeza chikoko cha kangaude ndi chopepuka mokwanira ndipo sichimamira. M'chaka, akangaude amatuluka m'mazira, omwe kwa nthawi yayitali amakhalabe mkati mwa malo otentha komanso osangalatsa. Kenako akangaude amayamba kuyenda pang'onopang'ono mosiyanasiyana, ndikukhala odziyimira pawokha.
Chifukwa cha mpikisano waukulu kwambiri wachilengedwe, akangaude ang'onoang'ono obadwa ali pachiwopsezo chanjala ndipo amatha kudyedwa ndi obadwa nawo, kotero achinyamata amayesa kumwazikana mwachangu kwambiri, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wakupulumuka m'malo ovuta achilengedwe.
Ndizosangalatsa!Pokhala ndi miyendo yaying'ono komanso yofooka, kangaude zazing'ono zimagwiritsa ntchito ulusi kuti zizungulire, pomwe mitanda imadutsa m'malo osiyanasiyana. Pamaso pake, akalulu pa intaneti amatha kuyenda mtunda wokwana 300-400 km.
Akangaude amtanda nthawi zambiri amasungidwa ngati ziweto. Kuti mumange akangaude oterewa, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito terrarium yokwanira, chifukwa cha kukula kwa ndodo. Kuluma kwa mtanda sikowopsa, koma posamalira chipinda chachilendo, zofunikira zonse ziyenera kutsatiridwa.
