Nyanja ya Tanganyika ndi yakale kwambiri ku Africa ndipo mwina padziko lapansi, idapangidwa ku Miocene pafupifupi zaka 20 miliyoni zapitazo. Idapangidwa chifukwa cha chivomerezi champhamvu komanso kusintha kwa ma tectonic mbale.
Tanganyika ndi nyanja yayikulu, yomwe ili m'chigawo cha maboma - Tanzania, Congo, Zambia, Burundi ndipo kutalika kwa gombe ndi 1828 km. Nthawi yomweyo, Tanganyika ndiyonso yakuya kwambiri, pamalo ozama kwambiri ndi 1470 m, ndipo pafupifupi kuya kwake ndi pafupifupi 600 m.
Pamwamba pa nyanjayi ndi yayikulupo pang'ono kuposa dziko la Belgium, ndipo mphamvu yake ndi theka la North Sea. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu, nyanjayi imadziwika ndi kutentha kwa madzi ndi magawo ake.
Mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa madzi kumtunda ndi kuya kwake kuli pang'ono pang'ono, ngakhale asayansi amakhulupirira kuti izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiri pansi pamadzi.
Popeza palibe mphero yotentha m'madzi, yomwe pansi pake imayambitsa mafunde ndipo imapangitsa kuti madzi azikhala ndi mpweya wabwino, ndiye kuti ku Tanganyika pakuya kuposa mita 100 kulibe moyo.
Ambiri mwa nsomba ndi nyama amakhala kumtunda kwa madzi, ndi nsomba modabwitsa, makamaka zomwe zimatisangalatsa - cichlids.
Tanganyika cichlids
Cichlids (Chilatini Cichlidae) ndi nsomba zamadzi amadzi kuchokera ku Perciformes.
Ndi nsomba zanzeru kwambiri ndipo ndi atsogoleri azamisili komanso anzeru zaku aquarium. Alinso ndi chisamaliro cha makolo, amasamalira ma caviar komanso mwachangu kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma cichlids amatha kusintha moyenera ma biotopes osiyanasiyana ndikugwiritsa ntchito magawo osiyanasiyana azakudya, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo achilengedwe.
Amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira ku Africa kupita ku South America, ndipo amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira madzi ofewa kwambiri mpaka olimba ndi amchere.
Kanema mwatsatanetsatane mu Chirasha za Nyanja ya Tanganyika (ngakhale kutanthauzira kwa mayina a nsomba kuli kokhota)
Pamasamba atsamba lino mupezamo zolemba za cichlids ochokera ku Tanganyika:
- Mfumukazi Burundi
- Kutsogolo
- Chikho cha nyenyezi
Chifukwa chiyani Tanganyika ndi paradiso wamtengo wapatali?
Nyanja ya Tanganyika siinali chabe nyanja ina ya mu Africa kapena madzi ambiri. Kulibenso kwina mu Africa, ndipo, mwina, padziko lapansi, kulibe nyanjayi. Chachikulu, chakuya, chimakhala mdziko lakokha, momwe chisinthiko chimatsata njira yapadera.
Nyanja zina zinauma, zokutidwa ndi ayezi, ndipo Tanganyika sinasinthe mwapadera. Nsomba, zomera, zamoyo zopanda mafupa zinasinthidwa ndikukhala ndi niches zingapo mu biotope inayake.
N'zosadabwitsa kuti nsomba zambiri zomwe zimakhala m'nyanjayi ndizambiri. Pafupifupi mitundu 200 ya katikisi wina wafotokozedwa pakadali pano, koma chaka chilichonse mitundu yatsopano, yomwe kale inali yosadziwika imapezeka munyanjayi.
Madera akuluakulu omwe ali ku Tanzania ndi Zambia sanafufuzidwebe chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa moyo. Malingana ndi kuyerekezera kovuta, pali mitundu pafupifupi zana osadziwika ndi sayansi munyanjayi, ndipo mwa 95% yodziwika amangokhala ku Tanganyika osati kwina kulikonse.
Ma biotopes osiyanasiyana a Nyanja ya Tanganyika
Titaganizira za biotopes zosiyanasiyana m'nyanjayi, titha kumvetsetsa momwe ma cichlids adakwanitsira kudziwa izi kapena izi.
kotero:
Malo oyendera
Mamitala ochepa okha kuchokera pagombe amatha kuonedwa ngati malo osambira. Mafunde ndi mafunde nthawi zonse amapanga madzi okhala ndi mpweya wabwino kwambiri pano, chifukwa mpweya woipa umawonongeka nthawi yomweyo.
Zomwe zimatchedwa gobi cichlids (Eretmodus cyanostictus, Spathodus erythrodon, Tanganicodus irsacae, Spathodus marlieri) kapena ma goic cichlids adazolowera moyo wam'madzi, ndipo awa ndi malo okha ku Tanganyika komwe angapezeke.
Pansi pamiyala
Malo amiyala amatha kukhala amitundumitundu, ndi miyala kukula kwa nkhonya, ndi miyala yayikulu kwambiri, mita zingapo kukula kwake. M'malo otere, nthawi zambiri pamakhala gombe lokwera kwambiri ndipo miyala imakhala pamiyala ina, osati pamchenga.
Monga lamulo, mchenga umatsukidwa pamiyala ndipo umakhalabe m'ming'alu. M'malo amenewa, ma cichlids ambiri amakumba zisa zawo nthawi yobereka.
Kuperewera kwa mbewu kumalipidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ndere zomwe zimaphimba miyalayo ndikukhala chakudya cha mitundu yambiri ya cichlids, makamaka nsomba zomwe zimangodya zopanda pake ndi chakudya.
Biotope iyi ili ndi nsomba zambiri zamakhalidwe ndi zizolowezi zosiyanasiyana. Ndi kwawo kwa mitundu yachilengedwe komanso yosamukirako, cichlids omwe amakhala okha komanso pagulu, omwe amamanga chisa ndi omwe amaswa mazira mkamwa mwawo.
Ochuluka kwambiri ndi ma cichlids omwe amadya ndere zomwe zimamera pamiyala, koma palinso omwe amadya plankton, ndi mitundu yodya nyama.
Pansi pamchenga
Kukokoloka kwa dothi ndi mphepo kumapangitsa mchenga wochepa pansi kumadera ena a Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Monga lamulo, awa ndi malo okhala ndi zotsika pang'ono, pomwe mchenga umanyamulidwa ndi mphepo kapena madzi amvula.
Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo ngati awa, pansi pake pamadzaza kwambiri ndi zipolopolo zochokera ku nkhono zakufa. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi chilengedwe cha pansi ndi magawo amadzi, momwe zipolopolo zimawonongeka pang'onopang'ono. M'madera ena apansi, amapanga kapeti yopitilira. Mitundu yambiri ya cichlids yomwe imakhala m'malo amenewa yasintha kuti izikhala ndi kuberekana m'matumbawa.
Nthawi zambiri, ma cichlids omwe amakhala mumchenga wa biotopes amakonda kucheza. Kupatula apo, njira yabwino kwambiri yopulumutsira nsomba zomwe zimakhala m'malo otseguka komanso osakulirapo ndikutayika pagulu.
Callochromis ndi Xenotilapia amakhala m'magulu a mazana ndipo amakhala ndi ulamuliro wolimba. Ena amaikidwamo nthawi yomweyo mumchenga pakagwa ngozi. Komabe, mawonekedwe amtundu wa cichlids awa ndiabwino kwambiri kotero kuti ndizosatheka kuwawona kuchokera kumwamba.
Pansi pamatope
China chake pakati pamiyala ndi mchenga. Malo omwe zotsalira za algae zimadzikundikira ndipo nthaka yatsukidwa pamwamba. Monga lamulo, awa ndi malo omwe mitsinje ndi mitsinje imadutsa munyanjayi.
Silt ndi gwero la chakudya cha mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana, ndipo awa, amatengera bioplankton zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale ma plankton ena amadyedwa ndi sikilidi, kuchuluka kwake kumadyedwa ndi nyama zopanda mafupa zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimakhalanso chakudya cha nthendayi.
Mwambiri, malo okhala ndi matope pansi pa Tanganyika ndiopanda tanthauzo, koma alipo ndipo amadziwika ndi moyo wosiyanasiyana.
Pelagic wosanjikiza
Malo osanjikiza a pelagic alidi magawo apakati komanso apamwamba amadzi. Kuchuluka kwa madzi ku Tanganyika kumagwera chimodzimodzi; malinga ndi kuyerekezera kovuta, kuyambira matani 2.8 mpaka 4 miliyoni a nsomba amakhala mmenemo.
Chingwe cha chakudya pano chimayambira mu phytoplankton, yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati chakudya cha zooplankton, ndiyonso nsomba. Ma zooplankton ambiri amadyedwa ndi gulu lalikulu la nsomba zazing'ono (osati ma cichlids), omwe amakhala ngati chakudya cha ziwombankhanga zolusa zomwe zimakhala m'madzi otseguka.
Benthos
Malo ozama kwambiri, pansi ndi pansi m'nyanjayi. Popeza kukula kwa Tanganyika, palibe nsomba ngakhale imodzi yamtsinje yomwe imatha kukhala m'malo amenewa, chifukwa kumeneko kuli mpweya wochepa kwambiri. Komabe, chilengedwe sichimalekerera zachabechabe ndipo ena a cichlids adazolowera moyo wawo munthawi ya njala ya oxygen komanso mdima wathunthu.
Monga nsomba zam'nyanja zokhala pansi, apanga mphamvu zowonjezerapo komanso njira yochepa yodyetsera.
Ola limodzi lowombera pansi panyanja. Palibe Aryans, nyimbo zokha
Ma cichlids osiyanasiyana komanso kusinthasintha kwawo
Cichlid wamkulu mu Nyanja ya Tanganyika, Boulengerochromis microlepis, amakula mpaka 90 cm ndipo amatha kulemera makilogalamu atatu. Ndi chilombo chachikulu chomwe chimakhala kumtunda kwa madzi, chomwe chimasuntha pafupipafupi kufunafuna nyama.
Cichlid yaying'ono kwambiri, Neolamprologus multifasciatus, imakula osaposa masentimita 4 ndipo imachulukana mu zipolopolo za mollusk. Amakumba mumchenga pansi pomira mpaka utayikidwa m'manda mumchenga, kenako ndikutuluka pakhomo pake. Chifukwa chake, ndikupanga malo otetezeka komanso anzeru.
Lamprologus callipterus imagwiritsanso ntchito zipolopolo, koma mwanjira ina. Ichi ndi chilombo choyambitsa kusukulu chomwe chimapha nyama yake pasukulu, palimodzi amapha nsomba zazikuluzikulu.
Amuna ndi akulu kwambiri osakwanira kukhala mu chipolopolo (15 cm), koma akazi ndi ochepa kwambiri kukula kwake. Amuna okhwima ogonana amatenga zipolopolo zambiri za Neothauma ndikuzisunga m'dera lawo. Pomwe yamphongo ikusaka, azimayi angapo amaswa mazira m'matumbawa.
Cichlid Altolamprologus compressiceps yasintha moyo wam'nyanjayi ndikupanga mawonekedwe apadera. Imeneyi ndi nsomba yokhala ndi nthambwe yakuthambo kwambiri komanso thupi lopapatiza lomwe limatha kuterera mosavuta pakati pa miyala kuti igwire nkhanu.
Amadyanso mazira a cichlids ena, ngakhale makolo awo amawopsa. Kuti adziteteze, adapanga mano akuthwa komanso masikelo akuthwa komanso olimba, okumbutsa zida zankhondo. Zipsepse ndi mamba zikawululidwa, zimatha kupirira nsomba zazikulu mofanana!
Gulu lina la ma cichlids omwe asintha posintha mawonekedwe awo ndi gobi cichlids monga Eretmodus cyanostictus. Kuti apulumuke pamafunde oyenda mafunde, amafunika kuyandikira kwambiri pansi.
Chikhodzodzo chachizolowezi, chomwe nsomba zonse zimakhala nacho, zimasokoneza, ndipo gobies apanga mtundu wake wocheperako. Chikhodzodzo chaching'ono kwambiri chosambira, chosintha zipsepse za m'chiuno, ndi thupi lopanikizika zidathandizira ma cichlids kutengera biotope iyi.
Ma cichlids ena monga Opthalmotilapia adasinthidwa kuti aswane. Mwa amuna, pamapiko a chiuno pali mabala omwe amafanana ndi mazira amtundu ndi mawonekedwe.
Pakubala, yaimuna imawonetsa chomaliza kwa chachikazi, popeza atayikira mazira amatenga pakamwa nthawi yomweyo, amalakwitsa ndikuyesanso kuwatenga mazirawa. Pakadali pano, yamphongo imatulutsa mkaka, womwe umapanga mazira.
Mwa njira, khalidweli ndilofala kwa ma cichlids ambiri omwe amaswa mazira mkamwa mwawo, kuphatikiza omwe amadziwika mu aquarium.
Benthochromis tricoti ndi ma cichlids omwe amakhala mozama ndikufikira kukula kwa masentimita 20. Amakhala mozama kuchokera pa 50 mpaka 150 mita. Ngakhale ndi zazikulu, zimadya nyama zazing'ono - plankton ndi tizinyama tating'onoting'ono.
Kuti akwaniritse chakudyachi, adayamba kukamwa pakamwa ngati kachubu.
Trematocara cichlids amadyanso ma benthos osiyanasiyana. Masana, amatha kupezeka pansi pa mamita 300, ndiye cichlids akuya kwambiri padziko lapansi. Komabe, adasinthanso moyo ku Tanganyika.
Dzuwa likamalowa, amatuluka kuchokera pansi kufika pamwamba ndipo amapezeka pansi pamamita angapo! Chowonadi ndi chakuti nsomba zimatha kupirira kusintha kotereku ndizodabwitsa! Kuphatikiza apo, mzere wawo wotsatira ndiwovuta kwambiri ndipo umatha kuzindikira chakudya mumdima wathunthu. Chifukwa chake, adapeza kagawo kakang'ono, kodyetsa usiku kumtunda kwamadzi pomwe mpikisano ndi wocheperako.
Cichlid wina yemwe amadyetsa usiku, Neolamprologus toae, amadyetsa mphutsi za tizilombo, zomwe zimabisala mu zipolopolo zotentha masana, ndikukwawa kukadya usiku.
Koma a Cichlids Perissodus, omwe amadya kwambiri, adapita patali. Ngakhale m'kamwa mwawo mulibe malire ndipo amasinthidwa kuti azing'amba mamba nsomba zina.
Petrochromis fasciolatus idapanganso mawonekedwe achilendo m'kamwa mwa zida. Ma cichlids ena a m'nyanja ya Tanganyika ali ndi kamwa yotsika, pakamwa pawo ndikwezera. Izi zimamupangitsa kuti azinyamula ndere m'malo omwe ma cichlids ena sangathe kuzipeza.
Munkhaniyi, tangowerenga mwachidule zamoyo zozizwitsa za m'nyanja ya Tanganyika komanso anthu odabwitsazi. Moyo sokwanira kufotokoza zonsezi, koma kusunga ma cichlids awa mumtambo wa aquarium ndikotheka komanso kofunikira.
