Nsomba yaing'ono monga wopanda pake, ndizodziwika bwino kwa ambiri, chifukwa amakhala m'madamu osiyanasiyana ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka ndi asodzi amateur. Poyang'ana koyamba, sizingatheke kupeza chilichonse chodziwika bwino, koma tidzayesa kuphunzira mawonekedwe ofunikira a moyo wake, osafotokoza zakunja kokha, komanso kutengera chidwi ndi mawonekedwe ndi zizolowezi, popeza taphunzira zochititsa chidwi kuchokera ku nsomba zopanda pake.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Ukleyka
Bleak amatchedwa ofiira, wakhungu wamba, sylyavka, ndi wa banja la carp ndipo ndi nsomba wamba. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, kansomba kakang'ono kameneka kali ndi mayina ambiri, kutengera gawo lomwe amakhala.
Chifukwa chake, kopanda tanthauzo kumatchedwa:
- verkhovka (verkhovka);
- dergun;
- zogwirizana;
- zomangira;
- buckley.
Bleak ndi nsomba yokongola, yaying'ono, yopanda kanthu yomwe ili ndi kutalika. Mwakuwoneka, chikuwoneka kuti chaphwanyidwa pang'ono kuchokera mbali. Nsagwada zakumunsi za nsombazi zimatambasulidwa pang'ono, ndipo mkamwa mwake ndi wopindika m'mwamba. Mwambiri, asayansi amasiyanitsa mitundu pafupifupi 45 ya nsomba izi mumtundu wopanda chiyembekezo, zomwe zimasiyana osati m'malo omwe amakhalamo, komanso zina zakunja.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yakuda sikofunika kwenikweni. Pali nsomba zokhala ndi mphuno zofupikitsidwa pang'ono ndi mikwingwirima yakuda m'mbali. M'mphepete mwa mitsinje ku Europe, mutha kuwona kopanda tanthauzo ndi msana wowala kwambiri. Zimachitika kuti kusiyana pakati pa mitundu ya nsombazi ndi mitundu ina ya mano a pharyngeal. Mitsinje ya Nyanja Yakuda, Nyanja ya Caspian ndi Don imakhala ndi ma bleach akuluakulu, omwe kutalika kwake kumatha kufikira 30 cm kapena kupitirirapo. Kulemera kofiyira pang'ono pang'ono kuposa magalamu 200, kuli ndi malamulo oyandikira komanso zipsepse zofiira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba sizikhala bwino
Chifukwa chake, nsomba wamba ndi nsomba zazing'ono, kutalika kwake komwe kumatha kukhala masentimita 15, kulemera kwapafupipafupi ndi magalamu 60, koma palinso mitundu yayikulu (pafupifupi magalamu 100). Zinaonedwa kuti mtsinje wopanda madzi ndi wamfupi pang'ono kuposa womwe umakhala m'madzi am'nyanja.
Monga tanena kale, wopanda pake amakhala ndi mbali zazitali, zotsika, nsombazo zimakhala zowongoka, ndipo pamimba pamakhala pang'ono pang'ono. Mutu wawung'ono wa nsombayo uli ndi mawonekedwe owongoka, maso akhungu pa iyo amawoneka kuti ndi akulu, ndi ana akulu akuda akuda. Pakamwa pa mdimawu muli mano opindika omwe amakula m'mizere iwiri, amakhala ndi mawonekedwe okhota komanso osagwirizana. Pamapeto pa mchira wa nsombayo, chinsalu chachikulu chachikuda chakuda komanso chodulidwa kwambiri chimawoneka bwino. Zipsepse zotsalazo ndi za phulusa kapena zachikasu pang'ono.
Kanema: Bleak
Mtundu wopanda chiyembekezo umatchedwa pelagic, i.e. Amadziwika ndi dera lakuda lakumaso komanso kanyumba kakang'ono kamene kali pansi, kamene kamasokoneza nsombazo, kuthana ndi ziwombankhanga zapansi komanso mbalame zomwe zimaukira kuchokera mlengalenga. Gululi lili ndi sikelo yachitsulo yokhala ndi chowoneka ngati galasi. Kudera lakumbuyo, mtundu wabuluu wabuluu, utoto wa maolivi umawonekera, ndipo pamimba pamakhala chowala nthawi zonse. Chizindikiro chodziwika bwino chakudandaula ndi mamba yomata, yosungunuka, nsomba zomwe zimakakamira m'manja mwanu mukatenga nsomba m'menemo. Mwachiwonekere, ndicho chifukwa chake amatchedwa choncho.
Chosangalatsa: Masikelo ofooka ndi ofooka kwambiri, nthawi yomweyo amayamba kulumikizana ndi chilichonse (zomera, miyala), chifukwa chake ndikosavuta kutsuka nsomba iyi, mutha kungoyipaka ndi mchere mumtsuko, kenako ndikutsuka ndi madzi.
Kodi opanda chiyembekezo amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Bleak underwater
Madera onse aku Europe, kupatula mayiko akumwera, ndiwo magawidwe akuda kwambiri. Kukula kwa dziko lathu, nsomba iyi yasankha madzi aku Europe, ngakhale amakhalanso m'mitsinje yaku Asia. Ukleyka ndiwambiri m'malo amadzi ndi mitsinje a Baltic ndi White Sea.
Kugawa kwa nsombazi kumakwirira:
- Dvina wakumpoto;
- Beseni la Nyanja Yakuda;
- Caspian;
- Azov;
- Kama;
- Misonkho ya Irtysh ndi Iset;
- Poland;
- Finland;
- Baltic akuti.
Chosangalatsa: Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, malo opanda pake amapezeka m'malo otsetsereka a Ural, komabe amakhala kumeneko pang'ono. Asayansi sanadziwebe momwe nsomba yaying'onoyi idadutsa m'mapiri, ichi ndichinsinsi chenicheni!
Gululi limamatira kumtunda kwa madzi, kumakhala mitsinje, mayiwe, nyanja, malo osungira ndi mitsinje yaying'ono. Ngakhale madzi amchere pang'ono sawopsa nsomba iyi. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona magulu akhungu akuyenda moyandikira pafupi ndi milatho. M'masiku otentha kwambiri, kopanda tanthauzo limasunthira kunyanja, madzulo nsomba zimakokanso kupita pagombe, zimakhala zotsika pang'ono (pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka) pakukula kwa mbewu za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kumene maluwa amadzi ndi duckweed amakula, akuda amakonda kuyikidwa, nawonso, nthawi zambiri amasambira mumabedi amiyala, pomwe amakhala mpaka mbandakucha.
Ukleyka imakonda madzi oyenda, ndikukonda zigawo zamtsinje zomwe zili chete, ngakhale kuti kuthamanga kwakanthawi sikuvutitsa nsomba iyi, imazolowera mosavuta. Ukleyka imakhazikika m'malo amadzi pomwe pali mwala kapena pansi pamchenga, ndipo madzi oyenda amadzazidwa ndi mpweya wabwino. Nsombayi imasiyanitsidwa ndi moyo wongokhala, kusintha malo okhalamo nthawi yonseyi panthawi yobereka. Mukugwa, wokonda madzi am'mutu amayenera kupita pansi kuti akakhale nthawi yozizira m'maenje apansi.
Kodi chopanda pake chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Bleak mumtsinje
Bleak amatha kutchedwa omnivorous molimba mtima, ngakhale nsomba iyi ndi yaying'ono, koma yolimba kwambiri, siibadwa kuti izisankha chakudya, nsomba zimadya mosangalala tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, kuthamangira pafupifupi nthumwi iliyonse.
Bleak amakonda kulawa:
- zooplankton (ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha menyu yake);
- udzudzu;
- ntchentche;
- nsikidzi;
- mphutsi zosiyanasiyana;
- ntchentche;
- caviar ya nsomba ina yapakatikati;
- phytoplankton;
- mwachangu wa roach.
Kuchuluka kwa zakudya zazomera pazosowa bwino ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa zakudya zomwe nyama zimayambira. Zadziwika kuti ndi ntchentche zazikulu kwambiri, nsomba zikupitilizabe kudya tizilombo timeneti. Mvula yamabingu ndi mvula isanayambike, mdima wopepukawo umayamba kugwira ntchito, umadzipereka mpaka kusaka. Izi ndichifukwa choti panthawiyi, timiyala tambiri timagwera m'madzi kuchokera kuzomera zakunyanja, zomwe nsomba zimameza nthawi yomweyo. Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti wakuba mwadala amayamba kuphulika mwamphamvu ndikumenya mchira wake m'madzi kuti apopera utsi pakati pa tchire la m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Nsombazi zimatha kudya tirigu, mbewu ndi mungu wa zomera zomwe zagwera m'madzi.
Chosangalatsa: M'nyengo yotentha, yamtendere, mutha kuwona chithunzi choterocho pamene wakudikayo adumpha m'madzi kuti agwire timiyendo tomwe tikuthawa, tomwe timakonda kudya.
Ngati tikamba za kusodza ndi nyambo zomwe zimaluma bwino, ndiye kuti mutha kulembetsa: mtanda, mipira ya mkate, mphutsi za ndowe, mphutsi, ziphuphu zamagazi ndi zina zambiri.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ukleyka
Bleak ndi nsomba zomwe zimakonda kukhala pagulu, chifukwa nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona magulu ambiri akuda akuyenda m'madzi kufunafuna chakudya. Nsombazo zimakonda kumamatira mpaka 70 - 80 cm kuyambira koyambirira kwa masika mpaka kuzizira kwa nthawi yophukira. M'madamu omwe muli nsomba zambiri zolusa, masukulu ofooka ndi ochepa, izi zimalola kuti nsombazi zisakope chidwi cha adani komanso kuti zizitha kuyendetsa bwino. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chosasangalatsa ndichabwino kwambiri komanso chimagwira ntchito, chimatha kutchedwa kuti wothamanga kwenikweni, wokonzeka kukhala liwiro lalikulu, kubisalira munthu wopanda nzeru, luso lamasewera lotere nthawi zambiri limapulumutsa moyo wa nsomba.
M'matupi am'madzi momwe nyama zolusa zilipo zochuluka, malo opyapyala amaponyedwa m'malo otseguka, kupewa malo okhala ndi zochulukirapo, kotero ndizosavuta kuti nsomba ithawe popanda kugundana ndi zopinga zosiyanasiyana. Nyengo yozizira ikayamba, mdimawo umalowa pansi penipeni pa nyanjayi, ndipo nsomba imatha nthawi yonse yozizira ili m'chigawo cha anabiotic, ndikulowa m'mayenje achisanu limodzi ndi abale ena a carp. Kuchuluka kwa nsomba kumeneku kumapitilira mpaka ayezi atayamba kusungunuka.
Ponena za mtundu wa kansomba kakang'ono aka, ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti ndizabwino komanso zosangalatsa, izi zidadziwika kale ndi okonda kusodza. Sikuti pachabe kanthu kakang'ono kamene kamatchedwa kusungunuka kwakukulu, kuli pamwamba pa madzi kufunafuna zakudya, choncho, nthawi zambiri, sizimalola nyambo kumira, kuigwira nthawi yomweyo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nsomba sizikhala bwino
Bleak imayamba kubereka ali ndi zaka ziwiri, ndipo nthawi yayitali imakhala pafupifupi zaka 8. Shoals amasamukira kumalo oyenera kuberekera. Kutentha kwamadzi kukakhala kovomerezeka (madigiri 10 ndi kupitirira), akazi amayamba kuikira mazira ochulukirapo, omwe amatha kufikira 11,000.
Nthawi zambiri, mazira amayikidwa m'dera losaya la madzi, lomwe limatenthedwa ndi dzuwa ndipo limakhala ndi matope pansi. Kubzala makamaka kumachitika pafupi ndi zomera zam'madzi, koma izi zimachitikanso pafupi ndi miyala, mizu ya mitengo ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Amuna amayamba kuthira mazira. Mayi wocheperako komanso womata wa caviar wokhala ndi chikasu chachikaso nthawi yomweyo amamangiriza miyala ndi zomera.
Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yonse yobala imatha masiku anayi okha, ndondomekoyi imayambitsidwa masana, kuwala kwa dzuwa, ndipo imasiya pakadutsa dzuwa. Kubala kwa Bleak kumasiyanitsidwa ndi magawo angapo, omwe amayamba kumapeto kwa Marichi ndikutha kumapeto kwa Juni. Izi zimatengera posungira mosamala komanso kayendedwe ka kutentha kwamadzi momwemo. Nsombazi zimagwira ntchito kwambiri nthawi yobereka, mumatha kumva kuphulika kwamadzi pafupipafupi komanso ma pop. Chifukwa chake mdima umabalalitsa mazira oberekera kuti agwirizane ndi miyala, zomera, pansi pake.
Kutalika kwa mazira kumatengera kuchuluka kwamadzi ofunda. Ngati mukutentha mokwanira, ndiye kuti pakadutsa masiku asanu mapangidwe a mphutsi amayamba, okhala ndi kutalika pang'ono kuposa 4 mm. Patapita sabata, mutha kuwona mawonekedwe achangu, omwe poyamba amamamatira ku ziyangoyango pafupi ndi gombe, akudya zooplankton ndi ndere zazing'ono kwambiri. Chosiyanitsa chawo ndi mtundu wabuluu wam'mbuyo, chifukwa chake mutha kumvetsetsa kuti izi ndizoyipa pang'ono. Ana amakula mwachangu kwambiri, patatha chaka amakhala odziyimira pawokha.
Chosangalatsa: Bleak imayamba chifukwa cha ukalamba. Choyamba, kubereka kumachitika mu nsomba zokhwima kwambiri, kenako achichepere, okhwima mwakugonana, anthu am'madzi amatenga nawo mbali pantchitoyi. Kuponya kwa Caviar kumachitika m'magawo ndi masiku 10.
Adani achilengedwe ofooka
Chithunzi: Pair of bleaks
Bleak ali ndi adani osiyanasiyana, makamaka nsomba zowononga, zomwe ndi izi:
- nsomba;
- pike;
- asp;
- choboola;
- pike nsomba.
Zowononga sizisaka nsomba zokha, komanso zimakondwera ndi caviar yawo komanso mwachangu ndi chisangalalo. M'matupi ena am'madzi mulibe maziko a chakudya cha nsomba zambiri zodya nyama, zomwe zimawononga zochuluka kwambiri.
Nsomba yaying'ono ili pachiwopsezo kuchokera mlengalenga, mbalame sizimanyansanso kukhala ndi chotupitsa ndi nsomba zokoma komanso zonenepa.
Chifukwa chake wakuda nthawi zambiri amakhala wovutitsidwa:
- matani;
- miyezi;
- nsomba zam'madzi;
- abakha;
- nswala.
Mbalame zimatha kusodza mosavuta, zomwe zimaunjikidwa m'magulu pafupi ndi madzi. Kuphatikiza pa mbalame ndi nsomba zodya nyama, adani amdima ndi nyama zam'madzi monga otter, muskrat ndi mink. Ngakhale pakati pa tizirombo, chopanda tanthauzo sichimafuna, motero mazira a nsomba ndi mwachangu nthawi zambiri amadyedwa ndi kachilomboka.
Mosakayikira, asodzi omwe amayesa kugwira nsomba zododometsa m'njira zosiyanasiyana: mothandizidwa ndi ndodo yoyandama, ndodo yopota, kuwedza ntchentche, amatha kuwerengedwa pakati pa adani opanda chiyembekezo. Podziwa za kususuka kwa nsomba, ma anglers amagwiritsa ntchito zokopa zingapo, kuyambira agulugufe, ntchentche, mphutsi ndi mphutsi mpaka buledi wosavuta, chimanga chotentha ndi mtanda. Bleak nthawi zambiri imagwidwa ngati nyambo yamoyo kuti agwire nsomba zazikuluzikulu (mwachitsanzo, pike).
Chosangalatsa: Munthu wopanda nzeru akudziwa machenjerero ake: nsomba yolusa ikaigwira, imatha kudumpha kuchokera m'madzi kupita kumtunda, kenako nkubwerera kumalo ake. Pakadali pano, zoopsa zadutsa, ndipo nyama zolombazo zikhala patali.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Ukleyka
Bleak imapanga anthu osiyanasiyana, zimatengera malo omwe amakhazikikirako. Mtsinje wopanda madzi ndiwotalika komanso wautali, pomwe nyanjayi ndi yayikulu ndipo ili ndi nsana. Mosasamala kanthu za magawo ake ndi mawonekedwe ake, chopanda pake ndi mitundu yambiri ya nsomba, yomwe imapezeka m'madzi osiyanasiyana. Ukleyka yatenga malo pafupifupi ku Europe konse, mdziko lathu imakhalanso pafupifupi kulikonse.
Ngakhale kuti kansomba kakang'ono kameneka kali ndi adani ambiri, palibe chomwe chimaopseza kuchuluka kwake, yomwe ndi nkhani yabwino. Ngakhale nsomba zolusa zikawononga zakuda, zimabwezeretsanso ziweto zake chifukwa chakubala modabwitsa komanso kukula msanga. Chifukwa chake, kopanda tanthauzo sikusowa ndipo sikuphatikizidwa mu Red Book. Malinga ndi udindo womwe IUCN idapatsa nsombayi, ndi ya mitundu yazosavomerezeka kwenikweni.
Bleak ilibe phindu lapadera lazamalonda, kotero ndi anglers amateur okha omwe amaigwira. Guluu ndi wonenepa ndipo umakonda kwambiri. Samangodya zowuma zokha, komanso mchere, zouma, kusuta, komanso zowotcha. Nthawi zambiri nsomba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chotupitsa chakumwa.
Chosangalatsa: Kalekale, azungu osalimba amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi azungu kuti apange ngale zabwino kwambiri. Njira imeneyi idayambira Kummawa, pomwe anthu anali kupanga nsomba zazing'ono izi.
Pamapeto pake ndikufuna kuwonjezera izi wopanda pake ndi yaing'ono, koma ili ndi maubwino angapo kuposa nsomba zina zazikulu: ndiyopambanitsa, yopupuluma komanso kuzemba, mikhalidwe yonseyi nthawi zambiri imapulumutsa nsomba zake. Wofookayo amawoneka wosawonekera pakangoyang'ana koyamba, ndipo mutaphunzira za kufunika kwa nsomba iyi mwatsatanetsatane, mutha kuphunzira zambiri zosangalatsa, zachilendo komanso zosangalatsa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03/08/2020
Tsiku losintha: 12.01.2020 nthawi 20:45
