Masoka achilengedwe amachitika pambuyo ponyalanyaza anthu omwe amagwira ntchito m'mafakitale. Kulakwitsa kumodzi kumatha kutenga miyoyo masauzande ambiri. Tsoka ilo, masoka achilengedwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri: kutuluka kwa gasi, kutayika kwa mafuta, moto wamoto. Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane zambiri za zoopsa zilizonse.
Masoka am'madzi
Imodzi mwamasoka achilengedwe ndikuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa madzi m'nyanja ya Aral, yomwe milingo yake idatsika ndi 14 mita pazaka 30. Idagawika magawo awiri amadzi, ndipo nyama zambiri zam'madzi, nsomba ndi zomerazo zidatha. Gawo lina la Nyanja ya Aral lawuma ndipo lakutidwa ndi mchenga. M'dera lino mukusowa madzi akumwa. Ndipo ngakhale pali zoyesayesa zobwezeretsa dera lamadzi, pali kuthekera kwakukulu kwakufa kwa chilengedwe chachikulu, chomwe chingakhale kutayika kwa mapulaneti.
Ngozi ina inachitika mu 1999 pamalo opangira magetsi a Zelenchuk. M'dera lino, panali kusintha kwa mitsinje, kusamutsa madzi, ndi kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kwambiri utachepa, amene anathandiza kuchepa kwa anthu zomera ndi nyama, malo Elburgan anawonongedwa.
Imodzi mwamavuto omwe amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi ndi kutayika kwa mpweya wa oxygen womwe uli m'madzi. Asayansi apeza kuti mzaka zapitazi za 50, chizindikirochi chagwera kupitirira 2%, chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri madzi am'nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa cha momwe anthropogenic imakhudzira hydrosphere, kuchepa kwa mpweya wa oxygen m'mbali yamadzi yapafupi kunawonedwa.
Kuwononga madzi chifukwa cha zinyalala zapulasitiki kumawononga dera lamadzi. Tinthu tomwe timalowa m'madzi titha kusintha chilengedwe cha m'nyanja ndipo zimawononga kwambiri zamoyo zam'madzi (nyama zimalakwitsa pulasitiki ngati chakudya ndipo zimameza zolakwika). Tinthu tina tating'onoting'ono ndi tating'onoting'ono kwambiri mwakuti sangaoneke. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, zimakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe cha madzi, monga: zimayambitsa kusintha kwa nyengo, zimadziunjikira m'zinthu zam'madzi (zomwe zambiri zimadya ndi anthu), ndikuchepetsa gwero la nyanja.
Imodzi mwamavuto apadziko lonse lapansi ndi kukwera kwamadzi mu Nyanja ya Caspian. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti mu 2020 madzi akhoza kukwera ndi 4-5 mita ina. Izi zidzabweretsa zotsatira zosasinthika. Mizinda ndi zomera za mafakitale zomwe zili pafupi ndi madzi zidzasefukira.
Kutsanulira mafuta
Kutaya mafuta kwakukulu kwambiri kunachitika mu 1994, kotchedwa tsoka la Usinsk. Zowonongeka zingapo zidapangidwa mu payipi yamafuta, chifukwa chake matani opitilira 100,000 a mafuta adatsanulidwa. Kumalo komwe kutayikira kunachitikira, zomera ndi zinyama zinawonongedwa. Dera limalandila malo achilengedwe achilengedwe.
Mapaipi amafuta anaphulika pafupi ndi Khanty-Mansiysk mu 2003. Matani opitilira 10,000 a mafuta adatsikira mumtsinje wa Mulymya. Nyama ndi zomera zinawonongeka, mumtsinje komanso pansi.
Tsoka lina lidachitika mu 2006 pafupi ndi Bryansk, pomwe mafuta okwana matani 5 adataya pansi kupitirira 10 mita mita. Km. Zida zamadzi munthawi imeneyi zawonongeka. Tsoka lazachilengedwe lidachitika chifukwa chodumphira payipi yamafuta ku Druzhba.
Mu 2016, masoka awiri achilengedwe adachitika kale. Pafupi ndi Anapa, m'mudzi wa Utash, mafuta adatuluka pazitsime zakale zomwe sizikugwiritsidwanso ntchito. Kukula kwa dothi ndi madzi ndi pafupifupi mita sikweya mita, mazana a mbalame zam'madzi zafa. Ku Sakhalin, matani opitilira 300 a mafuta adatsanulira mu Urkt Bay ndi Mtsinje wa Gilyako-Abunan kuchokera payipi yamafuta yosagwira ntchito.
Masoka ena achilengedwe
Ngozi ndi zophulika m'mafakitale ndizofala. Chifukwa chake mu 2005 kudaphulika pachomera china ku China. Mafuta ambiri a benzene ndi poizoni adalowa mumtsinjemo. Amur. Mu 2006, kampani ya Khimprom idatulutsa mankhwala a chlorine makilogalamu 50. Mu 2011, ku Chelyabinsk, bromine idatuluka pamalo okwerera njanji, omwe adanyamulidwa m'galimoto imodzi yonyamula katundu. Mu 2016, asidi wa nitric adagwira moto pamalo opangira mankhwala ku Krasnouralsk. Mu 2005, mudawotchedwa nkhalango zambiri pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Chilengedwe chawonongeka kwambiri.
Mwina awa ndi masoka akulu achilengedwe omwe achitika ku Russian Federation pazaka 25 zapitazi. Chifukwa chawo ndikusanyalanyaza, kunyalanyaza, zolakwitsa zomwe anthu apanga. Masoka ena adachitika chifukwa cha zida zachikale, zomwe sizinapezeke kuti zawonongeka panthawiyo. Zonsezi zinayambitsa imfa ya zomera ndi nyama, matenda a anthu ndi imfa ya anthu.
Masoka achilengedwe ku Russia mu 2016
Mu 2016, masoka akulu akulu ndi ang'onoang'ono adachitika mdera la Russia, zomwe zidakulitsanso chilengedwe mdzikolo.
Masoka am'madzi
Choyamba, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kumapeto kwa kasupe wa 2016, mafuta adatsikira ku Black Sea. Izi zidachitika chifukwa chakudontha kwamafuta m'madzi. Chifukwa cha kupangika kwa mafuta akuda, ma dolphin angapo, nsomba ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi zinafa. Poyambitsa izi, panali vuto lalikulu, koma akatswiri amati kuwonongeka sikokukulu kwambiri, koma kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha Black Sea kumayambitsidwabe ndipo ndichowonadi.
Vuto linanso lidachitika pakusamutsa mitsinje ya Siberia kupita ku China. Monga akatswiri azachilengedwe akuti, ngati mungasinthe kayendedwe ka mitsinje ndikuwongolera kupita ku China, ndiye kuti izi zidzakhudza magwiridwe antchito azachilengedwe chonse m'derali. Osati kokha mitsinje yamtsinje idzangosintha, komanso mitundu yambiri ya zomera ndi zinyama za mitsinje zidzawonongeka. Kuwonongeka kudzachitidwa ku chilengedwe chomwe chili pamtunda, kuchuluka kwa zomera, nyama ndi mbalame zidzawonongedwa. M'madera ena, chilala chidzachitika, zokolola za mbewu zaulimi zidzagwa, zomwe zingachititse kuti anthu azisowa chakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, kusintha kwa nyengo kumachitika ndipo kukokoloka kwa nthaka kumatha kuchitika.
Utsi m'mizinda
Kusuta ndi utsi ndi vuto linanso m'mizinda ina yaku Russia. Choyamba, ndizofanana ndi Vladivostok. Gwero la utsi pano ndi chomera chowotcha. Izi sizilola kuti anthu azipuma ndipo amayamba matenda osiyanasiyana opuma.
Mwambiri, mu 2016 panali masoka achilengedwe angapo ku Russia. Pofuna kuthana ndi zovuta zawo ndikubwezeretsanso chilengedwe, pamafunika ndalama zambiri komanso kuyesayesa kwa akatswiri odziwa ntchito.
Masoka achilengedwe mu 2017
Ku Russia, 2017 yalengezedwa kuti ndi Chaka Cha ecology, kotero zochitika zosiyanasiyana zidzachitikira asayansi, anthu wamba komanso anthu wamba. Ndikoyenera kulingalira za momwe zachilengedwe zilili mu 2017, popeza masoka angapo azachilengedwe adachitika kale.
Kuwononga mafuta
Vuto lalikulu kwambiri zachilengedwe ku Russia ndikuwononga chilengedwe ndi mafuta. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chophwanya ukadaulo wa migodi, koma ngozi zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi zimachitika poyendetsa mafuta. Ikanyamulidwa ndi sitima zapamadzi zanyanja, chiwopsezo cha masoka chimakula kwambiri.
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka, mu Januware, ku Zolotoy Rog Bay ku Vladivostok kunachitika mwadzidzidzi - kutsanulira mafuta, komwe kudayipitsa komwe sikunadziwike. Tsamba lamafuta lafalikira kudera la 200 sq. mamita. Ngoziyi itangotha, apulumutsi a Vladivostok adayamba kuyithetsa. Akatswiri adatsuka malo a 800 mita lalikulu, kusonkhanitsa pafupifupi malita 100 osakaniza mafuta ndi madzi.
Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa February, ngozi yatsopano yothira mafuta inachitika. Izi zidachitika ku Komi Republic, mumzinda wa Usinsk m'modzi mwa minda yamafuta chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa payipi yamafuta. Zowonongeka zachilengedwe ndikufalikira kwa matani 2.2 a mafuta pamahekitala 0,5 a gawo.
Tsoka lachitatu lachilengedwe ku Russia lokhudzana ndi kutayika kwa mafuta ndi zomwe zidachitika pa Mtsinje wa Amur pagombe la Khabarovsk. Zotsatira za kutayika zidapezeka koyambirira kwa Marichi ndi mamembala a All-Russian Popular Front. Njira ya "mafuta" imachokera kumapayipi a zonyansa. Zotsatira zake, mpheteyo inali ndi 400 sq. Mamita a gombe, ndi gawo lamtsinjewo ndiopitilira 100 sq. Atangopeza banga la mafuta, omenyera ufuluwo adayitanitsa opulumutsa, komanso oimira oyang'anira mzindawo. Gwero la mafutawo silinapezeke, koma zochitikazo zinalembedwa munthawi yake, chifukwa chake, kuthetseratu ngozi ndi kusonkhanitsa madzi osakaniza amaloledwa kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Mlandu woyang'anira udayambika pazochitikazo. Komanso, zitsanzo zamadzi ndi nthaka zidatengedwa kuti zikawunikenso za labotale.
Ngozi zoyeretsera
Kuphatikiza pa kuti ndikowopsa kunyamula zinthu zamafuta, zadzidzidzi zimatha kuchitika m'malo oyengera mafuta. Kotero kumapeto kwa January mumzinda wa Volzhsky pa imodzi mwa mabungwe anali kuphulika ndi kuyaka kwa mafuta. Monga akatswiri adakhalira, chomwe chimayambitsa tsokali ndikuphwanya malamulo achitetezo. Mwamwayi, panalibe wowonongeka pamoto, koma kuwonongeka kwakukulu kudachitika m'deralo.
Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa February, moto udabuka ku Ufa pa imodzi mwazomera zomwe zimapanga mafuta. Ozimitsa moto adayamba kuzimitsa motowu nthawi yomweyo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zinthu zakuthambo. Moto unachotsedwa mu maola awiri.
Pakati pa mwezi wa Marichi, moto udabuka pamalo osungira mafuta ku St. Moto utangoyambika, ogwira ntchito yosungira nyumba adayitanitsa opulumutsa, omwe adafika nthawi yomweyo ndikuyamba kuthetsa ngoziyo. Chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito ku EMERCOM chidaposa anthu 200 omwe adakwanitsa kuzimitsa moto ndikupewa kuphulika kwakukulu. Motowo unaphimba dera lalikulu 1000 sq. mamita, komanso gawo lina la khoma la nyumbayo linawonongedwa.
Kuwononga mpweya
Mu Januwale, nkhungu yakuda idapangidwa ku Chelyabinsk. Zonsezi ndi zotsatira za mpweya wa mafakitale ochokera kumabizinesi amzindawu. Mlengalenga waipitsidwa kwambiri kwakuti anthu akukanika. Zachidziwikire, pali oyang'anira mizinda omwe anthu angalembetse madandaulo nthawi ya utsi, koma izi sizinabweretse zotsatira zowoneka. Mabizinesi ena sagwiritsa ntchito zosefera, ndipo chindapusa sichilimbikitsa eni mafakitale akuda kuti ayambe kusamalira zachilengedwe zamzindawu. Monga akunenera oyang'anira mzindawo ndi anthu wamba, kuchuluka kwa mpweya kwachuluka kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa, ndipo chifunga chofiirira chomwe chidaphimba mzindawo nthawi yachisanu chimatsimikizira izi.
Ku Krasnoyarsk, pakati pa Marichi, "thambo lakuda" lidawonekera. Chodabwitsachi chikuwonetsa kuti zodetsa zoyipa zimabalalika mumlengalenga. Zotsatira zake, mumzinda munachitika mkhalidwe wa ngozi yoyamba. Amakhulupirira kuti pakadali pano, zinthu zomwe zimakhudza thupi sizimayambitsa matenda kapena matenda mwa anthu, koma kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndikofunikira.
Mlengalenga waipitsidwanso ku Omsk. Kutulutsa kwakukulu kwa zinthu zovulaza kudachitika posachedwa. Akatswiri anapeza kuti ndende ya ethyl mercaptan inali yokwanira maulendo 400 kuposa masiku onse. Pali fungo losasangalatsa mlengalenga, lomwe limadziwika ngakhale ndi anthu wamba omwe samadziwa zomwe zidachitika. Pofuna kubweretsa omwe adachita ngoziyo kukhala ndi mlandu, mafakitale onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito izi popanga amafufuzidwa. Kutulutsidwa kwa ethyl mercaptan ndi kowopsa chifukwa kumayambitsa nseru, kupweteka mutu komanso kusagwirizana bwino mwa anthu.
Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mpweya wokhala ndi hydrogen sulfide kunapezeka ku Moscow. Chifukwa chake mu Januware adatulutsa mankhwala ambiri pamakina ochapira mafuta. Zotsatira zake, mlandu unatsegulidwa, popeza kumasulidwa kunayambitsa kusintha kwa mlengalenga. Pambuyo pake, ntchito za mbewuyo zidabwereranso mwakale, a Muscovites adayamba kudandaula pang'ono za kuwonongeka kwa mpweya. Komabe, koyambirira kwa Marichi, zinthu zina zowononga mlengalenga zidapezekanso.
Ngozi m'mabizinesi osiyanasiyana
Ngozi yayikulu idachitika kusukulu ya kafukufuku ku Dmitrovgrad, yomwe ndi utsi wa chomera. Alamu yamoto idalira nthawi yomweyo. Makinawa adatsekedwa kuti athetse vutoli - kutuluka kwamafuta. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, chipangizochi chidasanthulidwa ndi akatswiri, ndipo zidapezeka kuti makinawa atha kugwiritsidwabe ntchito kwa zaka pafupifupi 10, koma zochitika zadzidzidzi zimachitika pafupipafupi, ndichifukwa chake zosakaniza zamagetsi zimatulutsidwa mumlengalenga.
Mu theka loyambirira la Marichi, moto udabuka ku malo ogulitsa mafakitale ku Togliatti. Kuti athetse vutoli, opulumutsa 232 ndi zida zapadera zimakhudzidwa. Choyambitsa ichi ndichowopsa kwambiri cha cyclohexane. Zinthu zowononga zalowa mlengalenga.
Masoka achilengedwe mu 2018
Ndizowopsa pomwe chilengedwe chikuwopsya, ndipo palibe chomwe chingatsutse nyengo. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti anthu amabweretsa zoopsa, ndipo zotsatira zake zimawopseza moyo wa anthu komanso anthu ena amoyo.
Zinyalala
Mu 2018, kulimbana pakati pa anthu okhala m'malo okhala movutikira ndi "zinyalala" kupitilira ku Russia. Akuluakulu a boma ndi akumidzi akumanga zinyalala kuti zisungidwe zonyansa zapanyumba zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe komanso zimapangitsa kuti madera oyandikana nawo asakhale nzika.
Ku Volokolamsk mu 2018, anthu adayikidwa poyizoni ndi mpweya wochokera potayira fumbi. Msonkhanowu utatha, akuluakulu aboma adaganiza zotumiza zinyalalazo kwa anthu ena a feduro. Anthu okhala mdera la Arkhangelsk adazindikira zomangamanga, ndikupita kuzionetsero zofananira.
Vuto lomweli lidabuka m'dera la Leningrad, Republic of Dagestan, Mari-El, Tyva, Primorsky Territory, Kurgan, Tula, Tomsk Madera, komwe, kupatula malo otayikiridwa ndi anthu ambiri, kuli malo otayira zinyalala mosaloledwa.
Tsoka la Armenia
Nzika za mumzinda wa Armyansk zidakumana ndi zovuta kupuma mu 2018. Mavutowa adabwera osati chifukwa cha zinyalala, koma chifukwa cha ntchito ya chomera cha Titan. Zinthu zachitsulo zidachita dzimbiri. Ana anali oyamba kubanika, kutsatiridwa ndi anthu okalamba, achikulire athanzi kumpoto kwa Crimea omwe adakhalapo kwanthawi yayitali, koma sanathe kupirira zotsatira za sulfure dioxide.
Izi zidafika pofika pochotsa nzika za mzindawu, zomwe sizinachitike m'mbiri pambuyo pa tsoka la Chernobyl.
Kumira Russia
Mu 2018, madera ena a Russian Federation adathera pansi pa mitsinje yamadzi ndi nyanja. M'dzinja lozizira la 2018, gawo lina la Krasnodar Territory lidapita pansi pamadzi. Mlatho unagwa mumsewu waukulu wa feduro wa Dzhubga-Sochi.
M'chaka cha chaka chomwecho, kunali kusefukira kwamadzi ku Altai Territory, mvula ndi kusungunuka kwa chipale chofewa zidadzetsa kusefukira kwamtsinje wa Ob.
Kutentha mizinda yaku Russia
M'chilimwe cha 2018, nkhalango zimayaka m'dera la Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk Region ndi Yakutia, komanso utsi womwe ukukwera komanso phulusa limaphimba midzi. Matauni, midzi ndi matauni anali okumbutsani za kanema wonena za dziko lomwe linali pambuyo pa chipwirikiti. Anthu samapita m'misewu popanda chosowa chapadera, ndipo zinali zovuta kupumira m'nyumba.
Chaka chino, mahekitala 3.2 miliyoni adawotchedwa ku Russia pamoto 10 zikwi, chifukwa chake anthu 7296 adamwalira.
Palibe chopuma
Mafakitale achikale komanso kusafuna kwa eni kuyika malo azachipatala ndi zifukwa zomwe mu 2018 ku Russia kuli mizinda 22 yosayenera moyo wamunthu.
Malo akuluakulu ogulitsa mafakitale amapha pang'onopang'ono nzika zawo, zomwe nthawi zambiri kuposa zigawo zina zimadwala khansa, matenda amtima ndi m'mapapo, komanso matenda ashuga.
Atsogoleri a mpweya woipa m'mizinda ndi madera a Sakhalin, Irkutsk ndi Kemerovo, Buryatia, Tuva ndi Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Ndipo gombelo silabwino, ndipo madzi satsuka dothi
Magombe a Crimea ku 2018 adadabwitsa anthu omwe amapita kutchuthi osagwira ntchito bwino, adawopseza ndi zimbudzi ndi malo otayira zinyalala m'malo otchuka kutchuthi. Ku Yalta ndi Feodosia, zinyalala zamzindawu zimayenda molunjika pafupi ndi magombe apakati kupita ku Black Sea.
Masoka achilengedwe mu 2019
Mu 2019, zochitika zambiri zosangalatsa zidachitika ku Russian Federation, ndipo masoka opangidwa ndi anthu komanso masoka achilengedwe sanadutse dzikolo.
Zipale zachisanu zidabweretsa Chaka Chatsopano ku Russia, osati Santa Claus
Ziwombankhanga zitatu nthawi yomweyo zidabweretsa zovuta zambiri koyambirira kwa chaka. Mu Khabarovsk Territory (anthu adavulala), ku Crimea (adachita mantha) komanso m'mapiri a Sochi (anthu awiri adamwalira), chipale chofewa chomwe chimagwa chimatseka misewu, chisanu chomwe chimagwa kuchokera pamwamba pa mapiri chidawononga makampani azokopa alendo, magulu opulumutsa, omwe amawonongera ndalama zambiri kwa anthu am'deralo bajeti ya feduro.
Madzi ochuluka amabweretsa tsoka
M'chilimwechi, gawo lamadzi labalalika ku Russia. Madzi anasefukira ku Irkutsk Tulun, komwe kunali mafunde osefukira komanso kusefukira. Anthu zikwizikwi adataya katundu, nyumba mazana zidawonongeka, ndipo kuwonongeka kwakukulu kudayambitsidwa pachuma chadziko. Mitsinje Oya, Oka, Uda, Belaya idakwera mamita makumi.
Chilimwe chonse ndi nthawi yophukira Amur woyenda amatuluka m'mabanki. Chigumula cha nthawi yophukira chidawononga dera la Khabarovsk pafupifupi ma ruble 1 biliyoni. Ndipo dera la Irkutsk "linataya thupi" chifukwa cha gawo lamadzi la ruble 35 biliyoni. M'nyengo yotentha, kumalo opumirako anthu ku Sochi, wina adawonjezeredwa pazokopa alendo wamba - kujambula zithunzi za misewu yomwe idamira ndikuziyika m'malo ochezera.
Chilimwe chotentha chidakolezedwa ndimoto wambiri
M'dera la Irkutsk, Buryatia, Yakutia, Transbaikalia ndi Krasnoyarsk Territory, moto wamoto unazimitsidwa, zomwe zinakhala zochitika osati kwa onse aku Russia, komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Zotsatira za taiga yopsereza zidapezeka ngati phulusa ku Alaska komanso madera aku Arctic ku Russia. Moto waukulu unakhudza ma kilomita zikwi zikwi, utsi unafika m'mizinda ikuluikulu, ndikuchititsa mantha pakati pa anthu am'deralo.
Dziko lapansi linali kugwedezeka, koma panalibe chiwonongeko chapadera
Munthawi yonse ya 2019, mayendedwe apadziko lapansi adachitika. Monga mwachizolowezi, Kamchatka idagwedezeka, kunjenjemera kudachitika m'nyanja ya Baikal, dera la Irkutsk lokhalitsa lidamvanso kugwedezeka uku. Ku Tuva, dera la Altai ndi dera la Novosibirsk, anthu sanagone tulo totsata, amatsatira uthenga wa Unduna wa Zadzidzidzi.
Mkuntho si mphepo yamphamvu chabe
Mkuntho "Linlin" udadzetsa nyumba ku Komsomolsk-on-Amur, chifukwa ndimvula yamphamvu idadza m'chigawo cha Amur, chomwe, kuphatikiza mphepo yamphamvu, idawononga minda yamunthu payekha komanso zomangamanga m'derali. Kuphatikiza pa Gawo la Khabarovsk, Primorye ndi Dera la Sakhalin adavutika, omwe amakhalanso opanda magetsi chifukwa chamvula ndi mphepo.
Atomu yamtendere
Ngakhale mayiko otukuka padziko lonse lapansi akukana kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya, mayeso okhudzana ndi ukadaulowu akupitilizabe ku Russia. Nthawiyi, asitikali anazindikira molakwika, ndipo zosayembekezereka zidachitika - kuyaka kwadzidzidzi ndi kuphulika kwa roketi pa injini ya nyukiliya ku Severodvinsk. Kuchuluka kwa ma radiation kunanenedwa ngakhale kuchokera ku Norway ndi Sweden. Ziwombankhanga zankhondo zidasiya chizindikiro chawo chofikira pazambiri za izi, ndizovuta kumvetsetsa zomwe zinali zowonjezereka, ma radiation kapena phokoso lazama TV.
