Hoopoe - yaying'ono kukula, koma mbalame yosaiwalika yokhala ndi nthenga zowala, milomo yopingasa yopingasa komanso mawonekedwe owoneka ngati mafani. Ndi a banja la Upupidae (hoopoe). Pali zikhulupiriro zambiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndi mbalameyi. Ku Russia, kulira kwake kunadziwika ngati mawu oti "Kwaipa apa!", Zomwe zimawonedwa ngati zamatsenga.
Kummwera kwa Russia ndi ku Ukraine, kulira kwa ziphuphu kunalumikizidwa ndi kuyamba kwa mvula. M'nthano za ku Caucasus, zidanenedwa za kuwonekera kwa mbalame mbalame. “Tsiku lina apongozi adawona mpongozi wawo akupesa tsitsi lake. Chifukwa cha manyazi, mkaziyo adafuna kusandulika mbalame, ndipo chisa chinatsalira m'mutu mwake.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Hoopoe
Mayina a hoopoe m'zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana ndi onomatopoeic omwe amatsanzira kulira kwa mbalame. Hoopoe adasankhidwa koyamba mchikuta cha Coraciiformes. Koma mu Sibley-Alquist taxonomy, hoopoe amasiyanitsidwa ndi Coraciiformes ngati dongosolo lina la Upupiformes. Tsopano alonda onse a mbalame amavomereza kuti hoopoe ndi wa hornbill.
Chosangalatsa: Zoyeserera zakale sizimapereka chithunzi chonse cha komwe hoopoe adachokera. Mbiri yakale ya achibale awo ndi yakale kwambiri: mtengo wawo unayambira ku Miocene, komanso ku banja lomwe latha, Messelirrisoridae, kuyambira.
Achibale ake apamtima kwambiri ndi asodzi a kingfisher komanso odyetsa njuchi. Komabe, hoopoes amasiyana mitundu ndi machitidwe. Pali mitundu isanu ndi inayi ya hoopoe (ndipo kafukufuku wina wamaphunziro akuwonetsa kuti ayenera kutengedwa ngati mitundu ina). Mitundu isanu ndi inayi ya hoopoe imadziwika mu "Upangiri wa Mbalame Zapadziko Lonse Lapansi", ndipo ma subspecies awa amasiyana kukula ndi mtundu wakuya mu nthenga. Misonkho yomwe ili m'magulu ang'onoang'ono sichidziwika bwino ndipo nthawi zambiri imatsutsidwa, pomwe ena amisonkho amasiyanitsa pakati pa ma subspecies africana ndi marginata omwe ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana:
- epops epops - hoopoe wamba;
- epops longirostris;
- epops ceylonensis;
- epops waibeli;
- epops senegalensis - ziphuphu za ku Senegal;
- epops zazikulu;
- epops saturata;
- epops africana - waku Africa
- epops marginata - Madagascar.
Mtundu wa Upupa udapangidwa ndi Linnaeus mu 1758.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Malo opangira mbalame
Palibe chiwonetsero chazakugonana mu hoopoe; chachikazi chimangocheperako pang'ono kuposa chachimuna ndipo chimakhala chosasintha pang'ono. Kukhazikitsa pansi kumatheka pokhapokha. Pamutu pake pali mawonekedwe ofiira ofiira a lalanje okhala ndi mdima wakuda. Kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 5-11. Ichi ndiye chinthu chachikulu chosiyanitsa mawonekedwe a mbalameyi. Mtundu wa mutu, bere ndi khosi umasiyanasiyana mitundu ndi mitundu ndipo umakhala ndi malaya ofiira ofiira kapena apinki, mkati mwake ndi ofiira ofiira ofiira okhala ndi mawanga akuda kotenga mbali.
Kanema: Hoopoe
Mchira ndi wapakatikati, wakuda ndi utoto wozungulira woyera pakati. Lilime silitali kwambiri motero ma hoopoes nthawi zambiri amakoka nyama yomwe yapezeka ndikuyigwira ndi kamwa kotseguka. Miyendo ndi yolimba komanso yolimba, imakhala ndi imvi, ndi zikhadabo zosalala. Achinyamata alibe utoto wowala kwambiri, amakhala ndi milomo yayifupi komanso kupindika. Mapikowo ndi otakata komanso ozungulira, okhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yachikasu yoyera.
Magawo akulu a hoopoe:
- kutalika kwa thupi 28-29 cm;
- mapiko a mapiko a 45-46 cm;
- mchira kutalika 10 cm;
- mulomo kutalika 5-6 cm;
- kulemera kwa thupi pafupifupi 50-80 g.
Hoopoes ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa nyenyezi. Mbalameyi imadziwika mosavuta, makamaka ikamauluka, chifukwa ndi mbalame yokhayo yaku Europe yomwe imaphatikizira zofiira, zakuda ndi zoyera m'mapiko ake. Chifukwa cha nthenga zawo, amalumikizana ndi malo awo akudya ndi kusaka chakudya.
Kodi hoopoe amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Hoopoe ku Russia
Hoopoes amakhala ku Europe, Asia ndi Africa (kudutsa Madagascar komanso kumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa). Mbalame zambiri ku Europe komanso nthumwi za mbalamezi ku North Asia zimasamukira kumadera otentha nthawi yachisanu. Mosiyana ndi izi, anthu aku Africa amangokhala chaka chonse.
Mbalameyi ili ndi malo okhala okhalamo: nthaka yopanda masamba bwino + malo owoneka bwino okhala ndi zokongoletsera (mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo, malo otsetsereka amiyala, makoma, zodyera za udzu ndi maenje opanda kanthu) kulikonse komwe ingakakwireko. Zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe zitha kuthandizira izi, chifukwa chake hoopoe amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana: madera owonongera, mapiri, nkhalango zamitengo ndiudzu. Subpecies ya Madagascar imakhalanso m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri.
Mbalameyi imapezeka m'madera onse a ku Ulaya:
- Poland;
- Italy;
- Ukraine;
- France;
- Spain;
- Portugal;
- Greece;
- Nkhukundembo.
Ku Germany, ziphuphu zimakhazikika m'malo ena okha. Kuphatikiza apo, awonedwa kumwera kwa Denmark, Switzerland, Estonia, Netherlands, Latvia ndi England. Ndipo mu 1975 adapezeka koyamba ku Alaska. Ku Russia, zisa za hoopoe kum'mwera kwa Gulf of Finland, m'malo ambiri.
Ku Siberia, mitundu ya hoopoe imafika ku Tomsk ndi Achinsk kumadzulo, ndipo kum'mawa kwa dzikolo imakhazikika kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Baikal, kupitilira m'mbali mwa South Muisky ku Transbaikalia ndikutsikira kugombe la Amur. Kunja kwa Russia, ku Asia, kumakhala pafupifupi kulikonse. Chojambula chimodzi chidalembedwa pamtunda wa 6400 m ndiulendo woyamba wopita ku Mount Everest.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe a hoopoe amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone msanga zomwe mbalame yowala iyi ikudya!
Kodi hoopoe amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Malo otetezera nkhalango
Imakonda kudya yokha, nthawi zambiri pansi, kangapo mlengalenga. Mapiko olimba komanso ozungulira amachititsa mbalamezi msanga komanso zothamanga akamathamangitsa tizilombo tambiri. Kalembedwe ka hoopoe ndikungoyenda m'malo otseguka, ndikuyima kuti muphunzire nthaka. Tizilombo tomwe tatulukira timatha kuchotsa pakamwa, kapena kukumba ndi miyendo yolimba. Zakudya za hoopoe makamaka zimakhala ndi: tizirombo tambiri, nthawi zina zokwawa zazing'ono, achule, mbewu, zipatso.
Pofunafuna chakudya, mbalameyi ifufuza milu ya masamba, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mlomo wake kunyamula miyala yayikulu ndikulekanitsa makungwawo.
Zakudya za hoopoe ndi monga:
- njoka;
- dzombe;
- Mulole kafadala;
- cicadas;
- nyerere;
- kafadala;
- ziwala;
- odyera akufa;
- agulugufe;
- akangaude;
- ntchentche;
- chiswe;
- nsabwe zamatabwa;
- centipedes, ndi zina.
Kawirikawiri amayesetsa kugwira achule ang'onoang'ono, njoka ndi abuluzi. Kukula kwakukula kwa migodi kumakhala mozungulira 20-30 mm. Hoopoes amamenya nyama yayikulu pansi kapena mwala kuti aphe ndikuchotsa tizirombo tating'onoting'ono, monga miyendo ndi mapiko.
Pokhala ndi milomo yayitali, imakumba matabwa owola, manyowa, ndikupanga mabowo osaya pansi. Nthawi zambiri, hoopoes amaperekera ziweto zoweta. Ili ndi lilime lalifupi, motero nthawi zina sichimameza nyama kuchokera pansi - imayiponya, imagwira ndikumeza. Dulani nyongolotsi zazikulu m'magawo musanagwiritse ntchito.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Hoopoe
Ndi mikwingwirima yake yakuda ndi yoyera komanso mikwingwirima yoyenda, hoopoe amafanana ndi gulugufe wamkulu kapena jay. Imawulukira pansi pamtunda. Mbalameyi imapezeka ndi mapiko atatambasula, ikuwomba padzuwa. Hoopoe sikophweka nthawi zonse kuwona m'munda, ngakhale si mbalame yamanyazi, ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala m'malo otseguka, pomwe imakhala pazinthu zapamwamba. A hoopoe amakonda kusamba mchenga.
Chosangalatsa: Hoopoes zakhudza chikhalidwe cha mayiko ambiri. Ankatengedwa ngati opatulika ku Aigupto wakale komanso chizindikiro cha ukoma ku Persia. M'Baibulo, amatchedwa nyama zoipa zomwe siziyenera kudyedwa. Amawonedwa ngati akuba kumadera ambiri ku Europe komanso oyambitsa nkhondo ku Scandinavia. Ku Egypt, mbalame "zidawonetsedwa pamakoma amanda ndi akachisi."
Pamwamba pa dziko lapansi limayenda mosazindikira komanso mwachangu. Yogwira masana pofunafuna chakudya. Izi ndi mbalame zosungulumwa zomwe zimakhazikika kwakanthawi kochepa, pomwe zimafunikira kusamukira m'nyengo yozizira. Pakati pa chibwenzi, zimauluka pang'onopang'ono, posankha malo oti adzagwire mtsogolo mtsogolo. Nthawi zambiri, malowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuswana kwa zaka zingapo. Pafupi ndi mbalame zina, kumenyana pakati pa amuna kumatha kuchitika, ngati tambala.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Ziphuphu za mbalame
Hoopoe amakhala ndi banja limodzi nthawi imodzi yokha. Chibwenzi chake chimakhala ndimizere ikuluikulu yamabelu. Mkazi akatenga, wamwamuna amayesa kusangalatsa wosankhidwayo pomupatsa chakudya, ndipo nthawi zambiri amamuthamangitsa kwanthawi yayitali. Zokopa nthawi zambiri zimachitika pansi. Mbalame zimakhala ndi ana amodzi pachaka. Koma izi zimangogwira ntchito kumadera akumpoto, anthu akumwera, nthawi zambiri amapita ku ana achiwiri.
Chosangalatsa: Kukula kwa clutch kumadalira komwe mbalame zimapezeka: mazira ambiri amayikidwa kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi kuposa kumwera. Kumpoto ndi pakati pa Europe ndi Asia, kukula kwa clutch kuli pafupifupi mazira 12, pomwe kumadera otentha ndi pafupifupi anayi, komanso kumadera otentha - asanu ndi awiri.
Mazira amatuluka msanga pachisa chonyansa. Kulemera kwawo ndi magalamu 4.5. Masamba obisalira amakhala osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Kutalika kwa kukaikira mazira mpaka mamita asanu. Mkaziyo amaikira mazira abuluu kapena obiriwira obiriwira, omwe amawasakaniza masiku 16 mpaka 19. Kukula kwa dzira pafupifupi 26 x 18 mm. Akaswa, anapiyewo amafunika masiku 20 kapena 28 kuti achoke pachisa. Mazirawo amawasanganiza ndi akazi okhaokha.
Munthawi yakubereketsa, kapena m'masiku khumi oyambilira, ndi yamphongo yokha yomwe imapereka chakudya cha banja lonse. Pokhapo anapiyewo akula ndipo amatha kusiyidwa okha, akazi amayamba kutenga nawo mbali pofunafuna chakudya. Kwa masiku ena asanu, anapiye amadyera m'dera lomwe kholo lawo lisanachoke.
Adani achilengedwe a hoopoe
Chithunzi: Hoopoe pamtengo
Kaŵirikaŵiri mbedza sizimagwidwa ndi nyama zolusa. Kusintha machitidwe a adani, ziphuphu ndi ana awo apanga machitidwe apadera. Pomwe mbalame yodya nyama imawonekera mwadzidzidzi, pomwe sipangakhale pobisalira pobisalira, ma hoopoes amawoneka mobisa, ndikupanga mawonekedwe achilendo okhala ndi nthenga zonyezimira kwambiri. Mbalameyi imagona pansi, ikutambasula mapiko ake ndi mchira wake wonse. Khosi, mutu ndi mlomo zimayang'ana kwambiri. Makamaka odyetsa samanyalanyaza iye posatetezedwa. Ofufuza ena ali mthupi lino awona posachedwa kupumula.
Chosangalatsa: Anapiye omwe ali pachiwopsezo ndi zilombo nawonso satetezedwa. Amalira ngati njoka, ndipo okalamba ena amayala ndowe zawo pakhomo laphanga ngati chitetezo. Ngakhale atagwidwa, amapitilizabe kukana mwamphamvu.
Komabe, madzi amafuta okhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa kuchokera ku kapamba ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri motsutsana ndi ziwombankhanga. M'chisacho, chachikazi chodandaulira chimakhala ndi chitetezo chabwino kwambiri kwa adani. Gland ya coccygeal imasinthidwa mwachangu kuti ipange gawo lapansi lonunkhira. Matumbo a anapiye atha kuchita chimodzimodzi. Zobisalira izi zimalowerera mu nthenga. Madzi amamasulidwa pafupipafupi, ndipo mwina amakulitsa pakakhala kudya kwambiri.
Zomangamanga zomwe zimanunkhiza ngati nyama yovunda zimaganiziridwa kuti zithandizira kuti ziwombankhanga zizipezeka, komanso kupewa kukula kwa tiziromboti komanso kukhala ndi zotsatira za antibacterial. Uchemberewu umasiya kanthawi pang'ono ana asanachoke pachisa. Hoopoes mwachilengedwe amatha kusakidwa ndi mbalame zodya nyama, zinyama, ndikuwonongeka ndi njoka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Ziphuphu za mbalame
Mitunduyi siili pangozi malinga ndi chidziwitso cha IUCN (udindo wa LC - Wosasamala). Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, anthu akumpoto kwa Europe, malinga ndi kafukufuku, anali kuchepa, mwina chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Kuphatikiza apo, kusintha komwe kumakhudzana ndi zochitika za anthu m'malo achilengedwe a mbalame kwadzetsa kufunikira kwa ochita zosangalatsa kuti azikhazikika m'minda ya azitona, minda yamphesa, minda ya zipatso, m'mapaki ndi malo ena olimapo. Komabe, kumadera olima kwambiri, kuchuluka kwawo kukucheperachepera. Komanso, hoopoe amawopsezedwa ndi mbalame zomwe zimapikisana nawo popezera malo.
Chosangalatsa: Mu 2016, hoopoe adatchedwa mbalame ya chaka ndi Russian Bird Conservation Union. Adalowa m'malo mwa redstart pamasankhowa.
Kuchepa kwa chakudya m'zaka makumi zapitazi kwachitika chifukwa chakuchepa kwa chakudya cha mbalame. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muulimi, komanso kuchoka ku ziweto zochuluka, zapangitsa kuchepa kwa tizilombo tomwe tili chakudya chachikulu cha nkhuku. ziphuphu... Ngakhale kuchepa kwa mbalame zonse m'zaka zaposachedwa, mphamvu zakuchepa masiku ano sizimalola kuti mitundu iyi ikhale pagulu la nyama zosatetezeka, chifukwa chiwerengero cha anthu chimakhalabe chokwera.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06.06.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 22.09.2019 pa 23:11
