Labrador Retriever ndi galu wosaka mfuti. Ndi umodzi mwamitundu yotchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi, makamaka ku UK ndi USA. Masiku ano, a Labrador Retrievers amagwira ntchito ngati agalu otsogolera, zochiritsa nyama muzipatala, opulumutsa, kuthandiza ana okhala ndi autism, komanso amagwira ntchito zikhalidwe. Komanso, amadziwika ngati agalu osaka.
Zolemba
- Agaluwa amakonda kudya ndikulemera msanga ngati atadya mopitirira muyeso. Kuchepetsa amachitira, musasiye chakudya chagona m'mbale, sinthanitsani kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndikukweza galu nthawi zonse.
- Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kunyamula chakudya mumsewu, nthawi zambiri amayesa kudya zinthu zowopsa. Ndipo kunyumba zinthu zosadyedwa zimatha kumeza.
- Uwu ndi mtundu wosaka, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndizamphamvu ndipo zimafunikira kupsinjika. Amafunika kuyenda mphindi 60 patsiku, apo ayi ayamba kutopa ndikuwononga nyumbayo.
- Galu ali ndi mbiri yabwino kwambiri kotero kuti ambiri amakhulupirira kuti safunika kuleredwa konse. Koma iyi ndi galu wamkulu, wamphamvu ndipo amafunika kuphunzitsidwa mayendedwe abwino. Maphunziro adzakuthandizani ndipo mudzakuthandizani kupewa mavuto mtsogolo.
- Eni ake ena amawona kuti ndi mtundu wosasamala. Ana agalu ali otere, koma akamakula amakhazikika. Komabe, uwu ndi mtundu wokula msanga ndipo nthawi imeneyi imatha kutenga zaka zitatu.
- Osakonda kuthawa dala, atha kutengeka ndi fungo kapena kuchita chidwi ndi china chake ndikusochera. Galu ameneyu amakonda kusochera ndipo ndikofunika kuyika microchip.
Mbiri ya mtunduwo
Amakhulupirira kuti kholo lenileni la mtunduwo, Galu Wamadzi wa St. John, adawonekera m'zaka za zana la 16 ngati wothandizira asodzi. Komabe, popeza palibe mbiri yakale yomwe ilipo, titha kungoganiza za galu ameneyu.
Mbiri yovomerezeka imati koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 15, asodzi, asodzi ndi amalonda adayamba kuwoloka nyanja kufunafuna malo oyenera kuti atsamunda achoke.
Mmodzi mwa anthuwa anali a John Cabot, woyendetsa sitima yaku Italiya komanso ku France yemwe adapeza Newfoundland mu 1497. Pambuyo pake, oyendetsa sitima aku Italiya, Spain ndi France adafika pachilumbachi.
Amakhulupirira kuti azungu asanafike, panalibe mitundu ya agalu achi Aborigine pachilumbachi, kapena inali yoperewera, popeza sanatchulidwe m'malemba akale.
Amakhulupirira kuti Galu Wamadzi Woyera wa John adachokera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaku Europe yomwe idafika pachilumbachi ndi oyendetsa sitima.
Izi ndizomveka, popeza doko pachilumbachi lidakhala poyimitsa zombo zambiri, ndipo panali nthawi yokwanira yopanga mtundu uliwonse.
Galu Wamadzi wa St. John ndiye kholo la ambiri obwezeretsa zamakono, kuphatikiza Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Straight Coated Retriever, Golden Retriever, ndi Labrador Retriever.
Kupatula iwo, chimphona chochezeka cha Newfoundland nawonso chinachokera ku mtunduwu.
Anali galu wapakatikati, wolimba komanso wamphamvu, wofanana ndi English Labrador Retriever kuposa waku America, yemwe ndi wamtali, wochepa thupi komanso wosalala.
Anali akuda akuda, okhala ndi mawanga oyera pachifuwa, pachibwano, paws ndi muzzle. M'mabuku amakono a Labrador, utoto uwu ukuwonekabe ngati banga loyera pachifuwa.
Monga mtundu wamakono, Galu Woyera wa Madzi Woyera anali wanzeru, anayesera kukondweretsa mwini wake, anali wokhoza kugwira ntchito iliyonse. Kuphulika kwa agalu pachilumbachi kudabwera mu 1610 pomwe London-Bristol Company idakhazikitsidwa ndikutha mu 1780 pomwe Lieutenant Governor wa Newfoundland Richard Edwards adachepetsa agalu. Adapereka lamulo kutengera kuti galu m'modzi yekha ndi amene angagwere banja limodzi.
Lamuloli limayenera kuteteza eni nkhosa kuti asagwidwe ndi agalu amtchire, koma kwenikweni anali andale. Panali ubale wolakwika pakati pa amalonda akuwedza asodzi ndi atsamunda akuweta nkhosa pachilumbachi, ndipo lamuloli lidakhala chida chokakamiza.
Kusodza kwamalonda nthawi imeneyo kunali koyamba. Zingwezo sizinali zofanana ndi zamakono ndipo nsomba yayikulu imatha kudzimasula pomwe imakwera pamwamba. Yankho lake linali kugwiritsa ntchito agalu, omwe amatsitsidwa pamwamba pamadzi mothandizidwa ndi zingwe ndikubwezeretsedwanso ndi nyama.
Agaluwa anali osambira abwino kwambiri chifukwa amawagwiritsa ntchito posodza ndi ukonde. Akasodza m'ngalawa, ankabweretsa ukondewo kumtunda ndi kubwerera kwawo.
Pofika 1800 panali kufunika kwakukulu ku England ku agalu abwino amasewera. Chofunikirachi chinali chifukwa cha kuwonekera kwa mfuti yosaka, yopanda flintlock, koma ndi kapisozi imodzi.
Panthawiyo, Galu Wamadzi wa St. John amadziwika kuti "Little Newfoundland" ndipo kutchuka kwake komanso kufunika kwa agalu amasewera kunatsegula njira yopita ku England.
Agaluwa adatchuka kwambiri pakati pa olemekezeka, chifukwa ndi munthu wolemera yekha amene angakwanitse kugula galu kuchokera ku Canada. Olemekezeka awa ndi eni malo adayamba kubereketsa ntchito kuti apange ndikulimbikitsa mikhalidwe yomwe amafunikira.
Agalu adatumizidwa kuchokera kumapeto kwa 1700 mpaka 1895, pomwe Britain Quarantine Act idayamba kugwira ntchito. Pambuyo pake, ndi ziweto zochepa zokha zomwe zimatha kubweretsa agalu, mtunduwo unayamba kukula pawokha.
James Edward Harris, 2nd Earl waku Malmesbury (1778-1841) adakhala munthu wotsatira Labrador Retriever wamakono. Ankakhala kum'mwera kwa England, mtunda wa makilomita 4 kuchokera padoko la Poole, ndipo adaona agaluwa ali m'sitima yomwe idabwera kuchokera ku Newfoundland. Anachita chidwi kwambiri kotero kuti adakonza zobweretsa agalu angapo mnyumba yake.
Wosaka komanso wothamanga wokonda masewera, adachita chidwi ndi machitidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito agalu awa, pambuyo pake adakhala nthawi yayitali yamoyo wake ndikukhazikitsa bata. Udindo wake komanso kuyandikira kwake padoko kumamulola kuti alowetse agalu kuchokera ku Newfoundland.
Kuyambira 1809, amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito makolo amtundu wamakono posaka abakha omwe ali nawo. Mwana wake wamwamuna, James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl waku Malmesbury (1807-1889) nawonso adachita chidwi ndi mtunduwo, ndipo onse pamodzi adatumiza agalu.
Pomwe 2 ndi 3 Earls anali kubala Labradors ku England, Kalonga wachisanu wa Bucklew, Walter Francis Montagu Douglas-Scott (1806-1884), mchimwene wake Lord John Douglas-Scott Montague (1809-1860) ndi Alexander Home, 10th Earl of Home (1769-1841) adagwira ntchito limodzi pamapulogalamu awo obereketsa, ndipo nazale idakhazikitsidwa ku Scotland m'ma 1830.
Panali nthawi imeneyi pomwe Mtsogoleri wa Bucklew adakhala munthu woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito dzina la Labrador potengera mtunduwo. M'kalata yake, amafotokoza zaulendo wapanyanja wopita ku Naples, komwe amatchula a Labradors omwe adatchedwa Moss ndi Drake, omwe adatsagana naye.
Izi sizitanthauza kuti ndi amene adadzetsa dzinalo, makamaka popeza pali malingaliro angapo pankhaniyi. Malinga ndi mtundu wina, mawu akuti labrador amachokera kwa "wogwira ntchito" wa Chipwitikizi, malinga ndi enanso ochokera pachilumba chakumpoto kwa Canada. Chiyambi chenicheni cha mawu sichikudziwika, koma mpaka 1870 silinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri ngati dzina la mtundu.
Kalonga wachisanu wa Bucklew ndi mchimwene wake Lord John Scott adatumiza agalu ambiri ku kennel yawo. Wotchuka kwambiri anali mtsikana wotchedwa Nell, yemwe nthawi zina amatchedwa Labrador Retriever, ndiye galu woyamba wamadzi wa St. John, yemwe anali pachithunzicho. Chithunzicho chidatengedwa mu 1856 ndipo nthawi imeneyo mitundu iyi imadziwika kuti ndi yonse.
Ngakhale kuti ziweto ziwirizi (Malmesbury ndi Buckleau) zakhala zikudziyimira pawokha kwa zaka 50, kufanana pakati pa agalu awo kukuwonetsa kuti Labradors woyamba sanali osiyana kwambiri ndi galu wamadzi wa St.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti nthawi isanakwane kukhazikitsidwa kwa Briteni Quarantine Act mu 1895 inali yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa mtunduwo. Lamulo loletsa agalu pachilumbachi lidawopseza anthu omwe anali kunja kwa chilumbachi.
Unali umodzi mwamalamulo angapo omwe adapangitsa kuti galu wam'madzi, a St. John asowe, ndipo zomwe zidachepetsa agalu omwe amachita kuswana ku England.
Lamulo lachiwiri lomwe linakhudza kwambiri anthu linali 1895 Act, yomwe idakhomera msonkho waukulu kwa onse agalu ku Newfoundland.
Pazinyalala anali okwera kwambiri kuposa amuna, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti awonongeke atangobadwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, malonda ndi Newfoundland adatsika kwambiri mu 1880, ndikuitanitsa agalu. Kuphatikiza apo, madera 135 pachilumbachi asankha kuletsa kotheratu agalu oweta.
Malamulowa adapangitsa kuti galu wamadzi wa St. John atheretu. Pofika 1930, zinali zosowa kwambiri ngakhale ku Newfoundland, koma agalu angapo adagulidwa ndikubwera nawo ku Scotland.
M'chigawo choyamba cha zaka makumi awiri, kutchuka kwa mtunduwu kudakulirakulira, chifukwa mafashoni akusaka ndi ziwonetsero za agalu adayamba. Panthawiyo, mawu akuti retriever anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo zidali kuti ana agalu amtundu umodzi adalembetsedwa m'mitundu iwiri yosiyana. Mu 1903, English Kennel Club idazindikira mtunduwo.
Mu 1916, kilabu choyambirira cha mafani chidapangidwa, ndi oweta otchuka kwambiri pakati pawo. Ntchito yawo inali yopanga ndikupanga zowoneka bwino momwe zingathere. Labrador Retriever Club (LRC) ikadalipobe mpaka pano.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, ziweto zopambana kwambiri komanso zotchuka ku Great Britain zidapangidwa, uwu unali m'badwo wagolide wa mtunduwo. M'zaka izi, agalu amawonetsa kusunthika, amachita bwino ziwonetsero komanso kumunda. Makamaka otchuka ndi agalu ochokera ku Benchori, kanyumba ka Countess Loria Hove.
Mmodzi wa ziweto zake adakhala katswiri pakukongola ndi magwiridwe antchito.
Pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, amalowa ku United States ndikudziwika kuti English Labradors. Kutchuka kwa mitunduyi kumayambira mu 1930 ndipo agalu ambiri amabwera kuchokera ku England. Adzakhala oyambitsa amtundu wotchedwa American.
Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, kuchuluka kwa omwe adalandidwawo kunatsika kwambiri, monga mitundu ina. Koma ku United States idakulirakulira, popeza dzikolo silidavutike, ndipo asitikali obwerera kuchokera ku Europe adabwera ndi ana agalu.
Zaka za pambuyo pa nkhondo zakhala zofunikira pakukula kwa mtunduwu, zatchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, ku USA mtundu wa agalu adapangidwa, osiyana ndi aku Europe. Anthu okhulupirira zamatsenga aku America adayenera kulembanso muyezo, zomwe zidadzetsa mikangano ndi anzawo aku Europe.
Agaluwa adabwera ku USSR mzaka za 1960, ndipo ngakhale pamenepo ku mabanja a akazembe, akuluakulu ndi anthu omwe anali ndi mwayi wopita kunja. Ndi chiyambi cha kugwa kwa USSR, zinthu zinasintha, koma adatchuka kwambiri m'ma 1990, agalu atayamba kutumizidwa kunja kwa gulu lonse.
Mu 2012, Labrador Retriever inali imodzi mwamitundu yotchuka kwambiri ku United States komanso padziko lapansi. Ochenjera, omvera, ochezeka, agaluwa amatenga mbali zosiyanasiyana pagulu. Izi sikungokhala kusaka kapena kuwonetsa agalu, komanso apolisi, achire, owongolera, opulumutsa.
Kufotokozera za mtunduwo
Mitundu yodalirika yogwira, galu wapakatikati, wolimba komanso wolimba, wokhoza kugwira ntchito maola ambiri osatopa.
Galu woyenda bwino wokhala ndi minyewa yabwino ya thunthu; Amuna amalemera 29-36 makilogalamu ndikufika masentimita 56-57 akufota, 25-32 makilogalamu pang'ono ndi masentimita 54-56 amafota.
Galu womangidwa bwino amawoneka othamanga, wolimbitsa thupi, wamisala komanso osanenepa.
Kuluka pakati pa zala zawo kumawapangitsa kusambira kwambiri. Amakhalanso ngati nsapato za chipale chofewa, zoteteza chipale chofewa kuti chisalowe pakati pazala zakumapazi ndikupanga ayezi. Ndi chowawa chomwe mitundu yambiri imadwala.
Labradors mwachibadwa amanyamula zinthu mkamwa mwawo, nthawi zina amatha kukhala dzanja lomwe amazigwira modekha. Amadziwika kuti amatha kusamutsa dzira la nkhuku mkamwa popanda kuwononga.
Chibadwa ichi ndikusaka, sikuti ndichachabechabe kuti ndi a omwe amatenga, agalu omwe amabweretsa nyama zowomberazo. Amakhala ndi chizolowezi chofuna kutafuna zinthu, koma amatha kutha ndi maphunziro.
Mbali yapadera ya mtunduwo ndi mchira, wotchedwa otter. Ndi wandiweyani m'munsi mwake, wopanda mame, koma wokutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi, lolimba. Chovala ichi chimapangitsa kuti chikhale chowoneka bwino komanso chofanana ndi mchira wa otter. Mchira umadutsa kumapeto kwake, ndipo kutalika kwake sikuloleza kugwada kumbuyo.
Chinanso ndi chovala chachifupi, chokutira, chowirikiza kawiri chomwe chimateteza galu bwino ku nyengo. Shati yakunja ndi yayifupi, yosalala, yolimba kwambiri, yomwe imapangitsa kuti ikhale yolimba. Chovala chachikulucho, chokhala ndi chinyezi sichitha nyengo ndipo chimathandiza galu kupirira kuzizira ndikulowa m'madzi, chifukwa chimakhala chodzaza ndi mafuta achilengedwe.
Mitundu yovomerezeka: wakuda, fawn, chokoleti. Mitundu ina iliyonse kapena kuphatikiza ndi kosafunikira kwambiri ndipo kumatha kuyambitsa galu. Zolemba zakuda ndi zofiirira za Labrador Retrievers zitha kukhala ndi chidutswa choyera pang'ono pachifuwa, ngakhale izi sizofunikira. Banga ili cholowa chochokera kwa kholo lawo, galu wamadzi wa Saint John. Agalu akuda amayenera kukhala amtundu umodzi, koma mbalamezi zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana, kuyambira chikaso mpaka zonona. Mdima wowunikira labradors chokoleti
Ana agalu achichepere kapena chokoleti nthawi zonse amawoneka ngati zinyalala, koma amatayidwa, popeza agalu oyamba anali akuda okha.
Woyamba kuzindikira fawn labrador retriever anali Ben wa Hyde, wobadwa mu 1899. Chokoleti idadziwika pambuyo pake mu 1930.
Tiyeneranso kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa agalu owonetsa ndi ogwira ntchito. Oyambawo amalemera komanso amakhala ndi miyendo yayifupi, pomwe ogwira ntchito amakhala othamanga komanso othamanga. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu iyi imasiyananso pakapangidwe kake ndi mphuno.
Khalidwe
Wanzeru, wokhulupirika, wochezeka wobwezeretsa amayesetsa kukondweretsa munthu ndipo amamukonda kwambiri. Kukoma mtima kwake komanso kuleza mtima kwake ndi ana, kukhala wochezeka ndi nyama zina zidapangitsa kuti mtunduwo ukhale umodzi wa agalu apabanja otchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amakhala okonda chidwi komanso okonda chidwi, onjezerani chikondi cha chakudya kwa iwo ndipo muli ndi galu woyendayenda.
Mukamayenda muyenera kusamala, galu uyu atha kunyamulidwa ndi fungo latsopano kapena angaganize zoyenda ndi ... kutayika. Kuphatikiza apo, kutchuka kwawo ndi umunthu wawo zimamupangitsa kukhala galu wokongola kwa anthu osawona mtima.
Ndipo anthu wamba sathamangira kubwezera chozizwitsa chotere. Tikulimbikitsidwa kuti musinthe galu ndikulemba zazomwe zili munkhokwe yapadera.
Popeza uwu ndi mtundu wogwira ntchito, umasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu zake. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi pafupipafupi kumathandiza galu wanu kukhala wolimba, wokondwa, komanso kupewa kusungulumwa. Ngakhale amakhala akulu, ndi katundu wolondola komanso wanthawi zonse, amatha kukhala mwamtendere m'nyumba. Katunduyu ayeneranso kukhala waluntha, zimathandiza galu kupewa kunyong'onyeka komanso kupsinjika komwe kumakhudzana nako.
Labrador amatenga okhwima pambuyo pake kuposa agalu ena. Iyi ndi galu wokula msanga ndipo si zachilendo kwa Labrador wazaka zitatu kuti azisungabe chidwi cha ana agalu komanso mphamvu.
Kwa eni ambiri, zimakhala zovuta kusunga mwana wagalu mnyumbamo, yemwe amalemera makilogalamu 40 ndikudumpha mozungulira nyumbayo ndi mphamvu zosasunthika.
Ndikofunikira kuti muyambe kulera galu kuyambira tsiku loyamba, kuti muzolowere kukhala ndi leash kuyambira masiku oyamba a moyo wake. Izi zimaphunzitsa galu ndikulola kuti mwiniwake aziwongolera bwino akamakula kwambiri.
Ndikofunikira kuti njira iliyonse yophunzitsira ndi maphunziro imatsagana ndi zochitika zomwe ndizosangalatsa galu.
Nzeru zapamwamba zimakhala ndi zovuta zake, chimodzi mwazomwezi ndikuti agalu amasangalala ndi kukondera. Mtunduwu sugonjera njira zowopsa, makamaka kulangidwa. Galu amakhala wotseka, kusiya kukhulupirira anthu, kukana kumvera.
Ngakhale kuti mtunduwo ulibe chiwawa kwa anthu ndipo sungakhale alonda kapena agalu olondera, amangokalipa ngati china chachilendo chikuchitika pafupi ndi nyumba yanu. Komabe, agaluwa sakonda kukuwa kosatha ndipo amangopereka mawu akakhala okondwa.
Labrador Retrievers amakonda kudya. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala onenepa kwambiri, ndipo amadya mosangalala chilichonse chomwe angathe. Kunja, izi zitha kukhala zoopsa kapena zosagayika.
Ndikofunika kuchotsa zinthu zonse zosatetezeka kutali, makamaka pakakhala mwana wagalu mnyumba. Kuchuluka kwa chakudya kuyenera kuchepetsedwa kuti galu asavutike ndi kunenepa komanso mavuto azaumoyo.
Stanley Coren, m'buku lake la Intelligence in Dogs, adayika mtunduwu m'malo achisanu ndi chiwiri pakupanga luntha. Kuphatikiza apo, amakhalanso osunthika komanso ofunitsitsa kusangalatsa, kuwapangitsa kukhala abwino kusaka ndi kupulumutsa, achire, komanso kusaka.
Chisamaliro
Labrador amatenga molt, makamaka kawiri pachaka. Munthawi imeneyi, amasiya ubweya wambiri pansi ndi mipando.
M'mayiko omwe muli nyengo yotentha, amatha kugwa mofanana chaka chonse. Kuti muchepetse tsitsi, agalu amasisitidwa tsiku lililonse ndi burashi yolimba.
Njirayi ithandizira kuchotsa tsitsi lakufa ndipo nthawi yomweyo igawire mafuta achilengedwe m'chivala chonsecho. Nthawi yotsalayo, ndikwanira kutsuka agalu kamodzi pa sabata.
Zaumoyo
Monga agalu ambiri osadetsedwa, mtunduwo umadwala matenda angapo amtundu. Ndipo zowona kuti ndi amodzi mwamitundu yotchuka kwambiri zimawapangitsa kukhala osatetezeka. Ubwenzi ndi chikondi zimawapangitsa kukhala agalu ogulitsa kwambiri.
Ena amapezerapo mwayi pa izi ndikusamalira nazale kuti angopeza phindu. Kwenikweni, sizowopsa ngati angawasankhe bwino. Koma kuti ena amasunga ndi kulera agalu mikhalidwe yoyipa ndi vuto kale.
Popeza kwa anthu oterowo galu ndiye, choyambirira, kuchuluka kwake, sasamala zaumoyo wake, tsogolo lake komanso psyche.
Amakonda kwambiri kupeza zochuluka momwe angathere ndikugulitsa mwana wagalu mwachangu momwe angathere. Ana agalu omwe amaleredwa m'makola oterewa ali ndi thanzi labwino komanso psyche wosakhazikika.
Mwambiri, uwu ndi mtundu wabwinobwino. Kutalika kwa moyo ndi zaka 10-12. Mofanana ndi mitundu ina ikuluikulu, amadwala ntchafu ya dysplasia. Ena ali ndi mavuto owonera monga kupita patsogolo kwa retinal atrophy, cataract, ndi kuwonongeka kwamadzimadzi.
Pali kufalikira kwakanthawi kwamatenda monga autoimmune ndi kugontha, kumadziwonetsera mwina kuyambira kubadwa kapena mtsogolo m'moyo. Koma vuto lalikulu ndi….
Kunenepa kwambiri... Amakonda kudya ndi kugona pansi, zomwe zimabweretsa kunenepa mwachangu. Pazovuta zake zonse zakunja, kunenepa kwambiri kumakhudza thanzi la galu. Kunenepa kwambiri kumakhudza kuyambika kwa dysplasia ndi matenda ashuga.
Kafukufuku ku United States adatsimikiza kuti pafupifupi agalu 25% ndi onenepa kwambiri. Pofuna kupewa izi, a Labradors amafunika kudyetsedwa moyenera ndikuyenda. Galu wathanzi amatha kusambira kwa maola awiri, ali ndi mafuta ochepa kwambiri ndipo amawoneka oyenera osati mafuta. Osteoarthritis ndiofala kwambiri kwa agalu achikulire komanso onenepa kwambiri.
Purina wakhala akuchita kafukufuku wokhudza moyo wa agalu kwa zaka 14. Agalu omwe chakudya chawo chimayang'aniridwa chimatha kuposa anzawo zaka ziwiri, zomwe zimalankhula zakufunika kwakudya.
