Koi kapena brocade carps (Eng. Koi, Japan 鯉) ndi nsomba zokongoletsera zochokera ku chilengedwe cha Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus). Dziko lakwawo ndi Japan, lomwe masiku ano limakhalabe lotsogolera pakuweta ndi kusakaniza.
Nsombazi sizikulimbikitsidwa kuti zisungidwe m'nyanja. Koi carp imasungidwa m'mayiwe, popeza nsomba ndizamadzi ozizira komanso zazikulu.
Ndipo sawadyetsa nthawi yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, kuswana sivuta, koma kupeza mwachangu ndizosiyana.
Chiyambi cha dzina
Mawu oti koi ndi nishikigoi amachokera ku Chinese 鯉 (wamba carp) ndi 錦鯉 (brocade carp) powerenga ku Japan. Komanso, m'zilankhulo zonsezi, mawuwa amatanthauza magawo ochepa a carp, popeza panthawiyi panalibe gulu lamakono.
Koma ndinganene chiyani, ngakhale lero kulibe kudalirika pagawoli. Mwachitsanzo, carp ya Amur posachedwa inali subspecies, ndipo lero yatengedwa ngati mtundu wosiyana.
Mu Chijapani, koi ndi homophone (imamveka chimodzimodzi, koma imalembedwa mosiyana) chifukwa cha chikondi kapena chikondi.
Chifukwa cha ichi, nsomba zakhala chizindikiro chodziwika bwino chachikondi komanso ubale ku Japan. Pa Tsiku la Anyamata (Meyi 5), achi Japan amapachika koinobori, chokongoletsera chopangidwa ndi pepala kapena nsalu, pomwe pamakhala mtundu wa koi carp.
Zokongoletserazi zikuyimira kulimba mtima kuthana ndi zopinga ndipo ndikufuna kuchita bwino m'moyo.
Mbiri ya chilengedwe
Palibe chidziwitso chenicheni chokhudza chiyambi. Amakhulupirira kuti carp wamba idabweretsedwa ku China ndi amalonda, kapena idafika kumeneko mwachilengedwe. Ndipo kuchokera ku China adabwera ku Japan, koma pali kale zotsatsa zaomwe akuchita kapena osamuka.
M'mabuku olembedwa, kutchulidwa koyamba kwa koi kunayamba m'zaka za zana la 14-15. Dzinalo ndi magoi kapena carp wakuda.
Carp ndi gwero labwino kwambiri la mapuloteni, chifukwa chake alimi ku Niigata Prefecture adayamba kuwadyetsa kuti apange chakudya chawo chopanda mpunga m'miyezi yachisanu. Nsombazo zikafika kutalika kwa masentimita 20, zinagwidwa, kuthiridwa mchere ndikuumitsa mosungidwa.
Pofika zaka za zana la 19, alimi adayamba kuzindikira kuti ma carps ena asintha. Mawanga ofiira kapena oyera adapezeka pamatupi awo. Ndani, liti komanso chifukwa chiyani adadza ndi lingaliro lowabalalitsa osati chakudya, koma ndi zokongoletsera - sakudziwika.
Komabe, achijapani akhala akugwira ntchito yoswana kwanthawi yayitali, mwachitsanzo, dziko lapansi limafanana ndi nsomba zambiri zagolide kwa iwo. Kotero kuswana kwa kukongola kunali chabe nthawi.
Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito yoswana imaphatikizanso kuphatikiza ndi mitundu ina ya carp. Mwachitsanzo, koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20, ma carp adadutsa ndi carp yochokera ku Germany. Otsatsa aku Japan adatcha kusiyanaku kwatsopano Doitsu (Chijeremani ku Japan).
Kuchuluka kwenikweni kwa kuswana kunabwera mu 1914, pamene obereketsa ena adapereka nsomba zawo pachionetsero ku Tokyo. Anthu ochokera konsekonse ku Japan adawona chuma chamoyocho ndikusintha kwatsopano kwatsopano zaka zingapo zikubwerazi.
Dziko lonse lapansi lidaphunzira za koi, koma adatha kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi kokha mzaka za makumi asanu ndi limodzi, komanso kubwera kwa zotengera zapulasitiki. Mmenemo, ma carps amatha kutumizidwa kudziko lililonse popanda chiopsezo chotaya gulu lonse.
Masiku ano amabadwira padziko lonse lapansi, koma amawerengedwa kuti ndi abwino kwambiri ku Niigata Prefecture. Koi ndi amodzi mwa nsomba zokongola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mutha kupeza okonda mitundu pafupifupi mayiko onse.
Kufotokozera
Popeza ndi dziwe la nsomba zomwe zimasungidwa chifukwa cha mitunduyo, nsomba zazikulu ndizofunika. Kukula kwachilendo kwa koi kumatengedwa kuchokera ku 40 cm mpaka mbiri ya 120 cm.Nsomba imalemera kuyambira 4 mpaka 40 kg, ndikukhala mpaka ... zaka 226.
Koi yakale kwambiri yolembedwa m'mbiri yakhala ndi moyo mpaka pano. Zaka zake zimawerengedwa ndi masikelo, popeza mu carp gawo lililonse limapangidwa kamodzi pachaka, ngati mphete mumitengo.
Dzina la wolemba mbiriyo ndi Hanako, koma kupatula iye, zaka zinawerengedwera ma carp ena. Ndipo zidapezeka: Aoi - wazaka 170, Chikara - wazaka 150, Yuki - wazaka 141, ndi zina zambiri.
Ndizovuta kufotokoza mtundu. Kwa zaka zambiri, kusiyana kwakukulu kwawoneka. Amasiyana pakati pawo mitundu, utoto ndi mawonekedwe a mawanga, kupezeka kapena kupezeka kwa masikelo ndi zizindikilo zina.
Ngakhale kuti nambala yawo ndi yopanda malire, ochita masewerawa amayesa kugawa mitunduyo. M'munsimu muli mndandanda wosakwanira wa mitundu.
- Gosanke: otchedwa atatu akulu (Kohaku, Sanke ndi Showa)
- Kohaku: thupi loyera lokhala ndi mawanga ofiira owala
- Taisho Sanshoku (Sanke): tricolor, thupi loyera lomwe lili ndi mawanga ofiira ndi akuda ang'ono. Adalengedwa nthawi ya Taisho
- Showa Sanshoku (Showa): Thupi lakuda lokhala ndi mawanga ofiira ndi oyera. Adapangidwa nthawi ya Showa
- Bekko: thupi loyera, lofiira kapena lachikaso lokhala ndi mawanga akuda omwe sayenera kupitilira mutu
- Utsuri: "checkerboard", mawanga ofiira, achikasu kapena oyera pamiyendo yakuda
- Asagi: scp carp yokhala ndi mesh pamtundu wabuluu
- Shusui: Mizere iwiri yamiyeso yayikulu indigo yoyenda kutsikira kumbuyo kumchira. Pasapezeke mipata mzere.
- Tancho: yoyera ndi banga limodzi lofiira pamutu, ngati crane waku Japan (Grus Japonensis) kapena mtundu wagolide
- Hikarimono: nsomba zokongola, koma masikelo okhala ndizitsulo zazitsulo. Mulinso mitundu ingapo
- Ogon: golide (mtundu uliwonse wachitsulo wamtundu wa Koi)
- Nezu: mdima wakuda
- Yamabuki: wachikasu
- Koromo: "Wophimba", mawonekedwe akuda okutidwa pamunsi wofiira
- Kin: silika (mtundu wachitsulo womwe umawala ngati silika)
- Kujaku: "peacock", carp wabuluu wokhala ndi mawanga a lalanje kapena ofiira
- Matsukawa Bakke: Madera akuda amasintha kuchoka pakuda mpaka imvi kutengera kutentha
- Doitsu: carp yopanda ubweya waku Germany (kuchokera komwe ma carp ochepa anali kutumizidwa)
- Kikusui: carp yoyera yoyera yokhala ndi mawanga ofiira
- Matsuba: pinecone (shading the main color with a pinecone pattern)
- Kumonryu (Kumonryu) - lomasuliridwa kuchokera ku Japan "kumonryu" - "nsomba zanjoka". Wopanda koi wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ngati whale wakupha
- Karasugoi: Raven black carp, imaphatikizapo ma subspecies angapo
- Hajiro: wakuda wokhala ndi zoyera zoyera pamapiko azithunzi ndi mchira
- Chagoi: bulauni, ngati tiyi
- Midorigoi: mtundu wobiriwira
Zovuta zazomwe zilipo
Mavuto akulu amakhudzana ndi kukula kwa nsomba. Iyi ndi nsomba yamadziwe, ndi zotsatirapo zake zonse.
Kuti mukonze muyenera kukhala ndi dziwe, kusefera, kudyetsa mochuluka. Ndizosangalatsa kuwasunga, koma okwera mtengo.
Ma carro a Koi mumtsinje wa aquarium
Kuyika nsomba izi m'nyanja yamadzi sikunakonzedwe! Ndi nsomba yayikulu yamadzi ozizira yomwe imakhala mwamphamvu mwachilengedwe. Nthawi yogwira ntchito mchilimwe imalowerera m'nyengo yozizira.
Ambiri ochita zokometsera amalephera kupereka zinthu zoyenera. Ngati mwasankha kuyisunga mumchere wa aquarium, ndiye kuti voliyumu yake iyenera kuchokera pa malita 500 kapena kupitilira apo. Kutentha kwamadzi kumatentha, ndikuchepa kwa nyengo.
Nsomba zam'malo otentha sizisungidwa nawo, koma zina zagolide zimatha kusungidwa.
Koi carps mu dziwe
Mwa iwo okha, ma carbo a koi ndi odzichepetsa; ali ndi mphamvu yosungira mosamala, amangofunika kudyetsedwa.
Nthawi zambiri, eni ake amakumana ndi vuto la madzi oyera dziwe ndipo amawakwanitsa pogwiritsa ntchito kusefera kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chowonadi ndichakuti madamu ambiri momwe akukhalamo ndi ochepa kwambiri ndipo sangathe kupereka kuyeretsa kwayokha, kwachilengedwe.
Amafuna kusefera kwakunja kuti achotse zinyalala m'madzi asanaphe nsomba. Makina abwino osefera amakhala ndi njira zotsukira zachilengedwe komanso makina.
Sitikhala pa izi padera, popeza pali zosankha zambiri pano. Zonse zokonzeka komanso zokometsera.
Kutentha kwamadzi kuyenera kukhazikika osasintha kwambiri kwakanthawi kochepa. Mwa iwo okha, ma carps amatha kupirira kutentha komanso kutsika kwamadzi.
Koma, kachiwiri, ngati dziwe ndi laling'ono, ndiye kuti kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kumakhala kwakukulu. Pofuna kupewa nsomba kuvutika nazo, kuya kwa dziwe kuyenera kukhala osachepera 100 cm.
Dziwe liyeneranso kukhala ndi mbali zazitali zomwe zingateteze nyama zolusa monga ankhandwe kulowa.
Popeza dziwe limakhala panja, mphamvu za nyengoyi sizolimba kwenikweni. M'munsimu mupeza zomwe muyenera kuyang'ana nthawi iliyonse pachaka.
Masika
Nthawi yoyipitsitsa mchaka cha carp. Choyamba, kutentha kwamadzi kumasintha mwachangu tsiku lonse.
Kachiwiri, kumapezeka nyama zolusa, kufunafuna nsomba zokoma patapita nthawi yayitali yozizira kapena kuthawa kuchokera kumayiko ofunda.
Chachitatu, kutentha kwamadzi + 5-10ºC ndiye kowopsa kwambiri kwa nsomba. Chitetezo cha mthupi cha nsomba sichinayambebe kugwira ntchito, koma mabakiteriya ndi majeremusi ndizofanana.
Chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe mungachite pakadali pano kuti mupange mpweya wabwino komanso kutentha kwa madzi. Samalani ndi nsomba mwatcheru. Fufuzani zizindikilo zilizonse - kutopetsa kapena kusambira.
Dyetsani nsombazo kutentha kwamadzi kukakwera kuposa 10ºC. Ngati ayima pafupi ndikufunsa chakudya, ndiye kuti ichi ndi chizindikiro chabwino.
Pakadali pano, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito mafinya okhala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta tirigu, chifukwa amatengeka bwino.
Chilimwe
Nthawi yotentha kwambiri komanso yotentha kwambiri mchaka, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kagayidwe kambiri kansomba ndi magwiridwe antchito achitetezo amthupi. M'nyengo yotentha, koi imatha kudyetsa katatu patsiku popanda kuwononga thanzi lawo.
Mukungoyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti makina anu osefera akukonzekera izi, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala kudzawonjezeka kwambiri. Ndipo limodzi ndi nitrate ndi ammonia.
Kuphatikiza apo, ngati mulibe fyuluta yokwanira, dziwe lanu limatha kumawoneka ngati mbale ya msuzi wa nsawawa!
Chinthu china choyenera kusamala nthawi yotentha ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'madzi.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti kutentha kukakwera, mpweya woyipa kwambiri umasungunuka ndikusungidwamo. Nsomba zatsamwitsa, imirirani panja ndipo zitha kufa.
Kusunga mpweya wabwino m'madzi, uyenera kukhala ndi mpweya wokwanira. Momwemo, imatha kukhala ndege yowonera bwino kapena mathithi amadzi kapena madzi amtundu wina.
Chinthu chachikulu ndikuti galasi la dziwe limasuntha. Kudzera mwa kunjenjemera kwa madzi komwe kusinthana kwa gasi kumachitika.
Mulingo wochepa wa oxygen m'madzi omwe Koi amafunikira ndi 4 ppm. Kumbukirani kuti 4 ppm ndizofunikira, kuchuluka kwa mpweya kuyenera kukhala pamwamba pa izi. Koi yanu imafunikira oxygen kuti ikhale ndi moyo.
Kutentha kwamadzi kotentha mchilimwe ndi 21-24ºC. Uwu ndiye mkhalidwe wabwino kwambiri wa kutentha kwa iwo.
Ngati muli ndi dziwe losaya, kutentha kwamadzi kumatha kukwera kwambiri, ndipo koi imatha kuvulala. Perekani pogona kapena mthunzi wa dziwe lanu kunja kwa dzuwa.
Koi amakonda kudya kafadala. Nthawi zambiri usiku, mumamva mbama m'madzi pamene akuyesera kulumikiza tizilombo tomwe tikuuluka pafupi ndi pomwepo. Kudya kokwanira komanso bonasi yowonjezera ya kachilomboka kumawapangitsa kukula msanga kwambiri.
Kugwa
Chilichonse chimagwa - masamba, kutentha kwa madzi, kutalika kwa masana. Ndipo chitetezo cha mthupi. Poikilothermia kapena magazi ozizira amakhalanso ndi mtundu wa carp. Kutentha kwa thupi lawo kumadalira kutentha kwa madzi.
Kutentha kwamadzi kukatsika pansi pa 15ºC, mudzawona ma carps akucheperachepera. Apanso, muyenera kuwunika momwe alili ndi thanzi lawo.
Pakadali pano, ndi nthawi yokonzekera nyengo yozizira. Kutentha kukayamba kutsika, sinthani zakudya zomwe zili ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi mapuloteni ochepa.
Kusakanikirana kumeneku kumakhala kosavuta kukumba ndikuthandizira kuyeretsa dongosolo lawo lakugaya chakudya.
Lekani kudyetsa koi palimodzi kutentha kukamatsikira 10C. Amatha kuoneka kuti ali ndi njala, koma mukawapatsa chakudya, chakudya m'mimba mwawo chidzaola ndipo avutika.
Sungani dziwe lanu kukhala loyera kwathunthu kugwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chotsani masamba ndi zinyalala zina dziwe lanu nthawi yomweyo. Mukasiya dziwe lanu nthawi yonse yozizira, imayamba kuwola ndikutulutsa mpweya wakupha.
Zima (nyengo yachisanu)
Kupitilira kumpoto komwe mumakhala, mumakhala ndi mwayi wowona chipale chofewa ndi ayezi, ngakhale nyengo yotentha tsopano.
Koi amapita ku hibernation nthawi yachisanu, chifukwa chake samadya kapena kutulutsa poizoni. Osadyetsa koi ngati kutentha kwamadzi kukuchepera 10C.
M'nyengo yozizira, komanso nthawi yotentha, ndikofunikira kuyang'anira mpweya m'madzi, kuzizira kwathunthu kwamadziwe kumakhala koopsa kwambiri. Ndi bwino kuzimitsa mathithi panthawiyi, chifukwa kumapangitsa kuti kutentha kwa madzi kukhale kotsika kwambiri.
Pakadali pano, nsombazi zimamatira pansi, pomwe kutentha kwamadzi kumakhala pang'ono pang'ono kuposa kumtunda. Zochita zake zimakhala ziro, ma carps amagwera m'chigawo pafupi ndi kubisala. Ma carbo a Koi samadyetsedwa m'nyengo yozizira!
Onetsetsani kuti kutentha kwa madzi sikuyandikira + 1C. Kupanda kutero, makhiristo oundana amatha kupanga mphukira za nsombazo.
Osawonjezera mchere padziwe lanu. Mchere umatsitsa madzi ozizira, chifukwa chake mukawawonjezera padziwe lanu amatha kupha nsomba chifukwa kutentha kwamadzi kumatsika kwambiri.
Kudyetsa
Pali zifukwa zambiri zofunika kuziganizira mukamadyetsa:
- Sefani kukula
- Kukula kwa dziwe
- Mtundu wa zosefera ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe mungapeze kuti muyeretse
- Muli ndi nsomba zingati mu dziwe
- Kodi nyengo yachaka ndi iti
Nthawi yotentha ndi nthawi yakukula kwa carp. M'malo awo achilengedwe, azidya momwe angathere kuti apeze mafuta kuti azidya nawo nthawi yachisanu chakudya chikasowa. Muyenera kudyetsa zakudya zamapuloteni ambiri mchilimwe chonse kuti ziwonjezeke.
Anthu ambiri nthawi zambiri amadyetsa 2-5 patsiku. Mukamawadyetsa pafupifupi kawiri patsiku, amakula pang'onopang'ono kapena amakhalanso ofanana.
Mukadyetsa katatu pa tsiku, amakula mwachangu ndikufikira kukula kwawo mwachangu.
Muyenera kuwunika kuchuluka kwa chakudya; simukufuna kulemetsa fyuluta yanu yachilengedwe. Izi zikachitika, padzakhala kuchuluka kwa ammonia ndipo nsomba zitha kufa.
Kuchulukitsitsa kungakhalenso koopsa chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri komanso mavuto azaumoyo.
Koi amathanso kudyetsedwa. Amakonda malalanje, zipatso zamphesa, mandimu, mavwende, buledi, mphutsi, mphutsi, ndi zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zambiri zathanzi ..
Zipatso monga malalanje ndi zipatso zamphesa zitha kudulidwa pakati ndikuponyedwa m'madzi, ndipo chakudya china chonse chimadulidwa mzidutswa.
Kugwa, kutentha kwa dziwe lanu kukatsika pansi pa 15ºC, muyenera kuyamba kudyetsa zakudya zomwe zili ndi nyongolosi ya tirigu kuti muthandizire kuyeretsa m'mimba.
Kutentha kwamadzi kukayamba kutsika pansi pa 10ºC, muyenera kusiya kuwadyetsa palimodzi. Kutentha kwamadzi kukazizira kwambiri, dongosolo lanu logaya chakudya la koi limasiya ndipo chakudya chilichonse chomwe chimatsalira chimayamba kuvunda.
M'nyengo yozizira, ma carps sadyedwa konse. Kagayidwe kake kamachepetsa pang'ono, chifukwa chake amangofunika mafuta amthupi kuti apulumuke miyezi yozizira.
M'chaka, metabolism imadzuka, chifukwa chake ndibwino kuti muwapatse chakudya chosavuta kugaya chomwe chili ndi nyongolosi ya tirigu.
Mutha kuyamba kuwadyetsa madzi akangozizira dziwe lanu ali pamwamba pa 10ºC. Chizindikiro chabwino ngati ma carps ayamba kudya mbewu zomwe zikukula m dziwe.
Yambani mwa kudyetsa kamodzi patsiku ndikuwonjezera pang'onopang'ono. Pamene kutentha kwamadzi kumakhala kozungulira 15ºC, mutha kuyamba kudyetsa zakudya zamapuloteni.
Chakudya chabwino chimakhala ndi mapuloteni athunthu komanso vitamini C wokhazikika, omwe samatsitsa mkati mwa masiku 90 mwachizolowezi.
Ngakhale
Sikovuta kuganiza kuti nsomba zam'madzi sizigwirizana ndi nsomba zam'malo otentha. Kupatula kwake ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba zagolide, monga shubunkin. Koma ndizocheperako pang'ono kuposa koi yamadziwe.
Koi ndi nsomba zagolide
Goldfish idawoneka ku China zaka zopitilira chikwi zapitazo pobzala kuchokera ku crucian carp. Asintha kwambiri kuyambira pamenepo kuti nsomba zagolide (Carassius auratus) ndi carpian carp (Carassius gibelio) tsopano zimaonedwa ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Goldfish idabwera ku Japan m'zaka za zana la 17, ndipo ku Europe ali ndi zaka 18. Koi, komabe, adatulutsidwa kuchokera ku Amur carp mu 1820.Kuphatikiza apo, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo ngati simusunga mtundu, ndiye kuti pambuyo pa mibadwo ingapo amasandulika nsomba wamba.
Kutalika kwa carp kumafika mita imodzi ndipo pafupifupi amakula pamlingo wa 2 cm pamwezi. Nsomba yayikulu kwambiri ya golide sidzakula kuposa masentimita 30.
Ndiwochepa, amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi zipsepse zazitali.
Zosintha zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe amthupi ndipo zimasiyana ndimitundu inanso.
Mitundu ina ya nsomba zagolide (wamba, comet, shubunkin) ndizofanana ndi mtundu wa thupi ndi koi ndipo ndizovuta kusiyanitsa musanathe msinkhu.
Koi ndi nsomba zagolide zimatha kuswana, koma popeza ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba, anawo amakhala osabala.
Kusiyana kogonana
Amuna ndi akazi amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe amthupi. Amphongo ndiwotalika komanso owonda, pomwe akazi amakhala ngati ndege. Nthawi zonse amakhala otakata kuposa amuna, chifukwa amanyamula mazira mazana.
Chifukwa cha ichi, ambiri ochita zosangalatsa amakonda azimayi okha, popeza mtundu wa nsombayo umawonekera bwino pagulu lonse. Ndipo pachifukwa chomwechi, akazi nthawi zambiri amapambana pazionetsero.
Koma kusiyana kumeneku kumangowonekera pakapita nthawi, chifukwa nsomba zimakulirakulira.
Pakutha msinkhu (pafupifupi zaka ziwiri zakubadwa), kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumawonekera.
Kuswana
Mwachilengedwe, ma carps amabala mchaka kapena koyambirira kwa chilimwe, pomwe mwachangu amakhala ndi mwayi wopulumuka. Yaimuna imayamba kuthamangitsa yaikazi, kusambira pambuyo pake ndikukankha.
Akasesa mazirawo, amira pansi, chifukwa ndiwolemera kuposa madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, mazirawo amakhala omata komanso amamatira ku gawo lapansi.
Ngakhale kuti mkazi amaikira mazira masauzande ambiri, ochepa amakhala ndi moyo mpaka kukula, popeza mazirawo amadyedwa ndi nsomba zina.
Malek amabadwa pasanathe masiku 4-7. Kupeza nsomba zokongola komanso zathanzi mwachangu sikophweka. Chowonadi ndichakuti, mosiyana ndi nsomba zagolidi, momwe mwachangu ambiri amasowa kapena kupunduka.
Ngati mwachangu alibe mtundu wosangalatsa, ndiye kuti wobereketsa wodziwa bwino amachotsa. Kawirikawiri mwachangu amadyetsedwa ndi arowan, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti amakulitsa utoto wake.
Zotsika, koma osati zabwino kwambiri, zimagulitsidwa ngati nsomba wamba. Zabwino kwambiri zatsalira kuti ziswane, koma izi sizitsimikizira kuti ana awo adzakhala owala kwambiri.
Kuswana komwe kumadalira kwambiri mulimonse kuli ndi zabwino zake ndi zovuta zake. Kumbali imodzi, mwina simungapeze zotsatira ngakhale mutakonzekera, mbali inayo, mutha kupeza mtundu watsopano munthawi yochepa, kwa mibadwo ingapo.
