Gulugufe wam'madzi Ndi amodzi mwa agulugufe okongola kwambiri pakati pathu. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwake komanso kukhala kwake yekha, zimawerengedwa kuti ndi chinthu chofunikira kwa osonkhanitsa ndi okonda njenjete. Pafupifupi aliyense amadziwa zolengedwa zodabwitsa izi. Mtundu wowala komanso kukula kwakukulu umapatsa agulugufe chisomo komanso chapadera.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wa Swallowtail
Mtundu wa Papilio machaon ndi wa banja la Sailboat (kuchokera ku Lat. Papilionidae). Maganizo amenewa adapezeka ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Sweden ku 1758 Karl Liney. Katswiriyu adatcha gulugufeyo pambuyo pa sing'anga wakale wachi Greek Machaon, yemwe anali sing'anga, dokotala wamankhwala ndikumenyera nkhondo Agiriki mu Trojan War (1194 BC). Dotolo anali mwana wa Asclepius (mulungu wamachiritso) ndi Epione.
Chosangalatsa: Pali nthano yoti Dr. Machaon adachiritsa ankhondo omwe adavulala kunkhondo. Pankhondo ya Troy, adatenga nawo gawo kuti atenge dzanja ndi mtima wa Elena Wokongola. Koma akamwalira pa nkhondo imodzi, moyo wake umasanduka gulugufe wokongola wachikaso wokhala ndi mapiko akuda pamapiko ake.
Popeza dera la swallowtail ndi lokwanira mokwanira, mpaka 37 subspecies za njenjete zimasiyanitsidwa. Chofala kwambiri pakati pawo:
- Orientis - kumwera kwa Siberia;
- Ussuriensis - Amur ndi Primorye;
- Hippocrates - Japan, Sakhalin, Zilumba za Kuril;
- Amurensis - beseni pakati ndi m'munsi Amur;
- Asiatica - Central Yakutia;
- Kamtschadalus - Kamchatka;
- Gorganus - Central Europe, Caucasus;
- Aliaska - North America;
- Brutannicus Seitz - Great Britain;
- Centralis - gombe la Caucasus la Nyanja ya Caspian, Nyanja ya Caspian Kumpoto, chigwa cha Kura;
- Muetingi - Elbrus;
- Syriacus - Syria.
Palinso ma subspecies ena, koma asayansi samazindikira ambiri aiwo, pongoganiza za nyengo zokha, zofananira ndi anthu osankhidwa. Kudalira kwa utoto wamapiko pa kutentha sikuloleza ma taxonom kuti abwere pamalingaliro amodzi, chifukwa chake pamakhala kutsutsana kosalekeza pamutuwu. Kunja, mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi sitima yapamadzi yaku Corsican komanso sitima yapamadzi ya Aleksanor.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Machaon
Mtundu wa swallowtail ndi wowala komanso wokongola - wachikaso kapena beige. Pamwambapa pali mtundu wazingwe zakuda. Kukula kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 10 mwa akazi ndi 8 mwa amuna. Mapiko oterewa ndi ochokera masentimita 6 mpaka 10, kutengera subspecies. M'mbali yakunja yamapiko mumakhala mawanga achikasu ngati mwezi.
Mchira wolumikizana pamapiko akumbuyo, osayandikira pamimba. Kutalika kwawo kungakhale mpaka 10 millimeters. M'mbali, mapikowo amakhala ndi mawanga abuluu ndi achikasu. Kumbali yamkati yamapiko kuli "diso" lofiira. Amakhala ndi moyo mpaka masiku 24.
Kanema: Swallowtail Gulugufe
Mbozi imaswa ndi zobiriwira ndi mikwingwirima yakuda pomwe pamakhala madontho ofiira ambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi lawo pakubadwa kumakhala pafupifupi mamilimita awiri. Mu gawo la prothoracic pali chimbudzi chokhala ngati mphanda, chomwe chimapanga "nyanga" za lalanje.
Chosangalatsa: "Minyanga" imakhala ngati chitetezo kwa adani achilengedwe. Chotupacho chimatulutsa fungo losasangalatsa lomwe limathamangitsa nyama zolusa. Malasankhuli amakhala atadzipinda tsiku lonse. Amadzibisa ngati zitosi za mbalame kuti asakope mbalame.
Ziphuphu zimatha kukhala zotuwa kapena zobiriwira. M'badwo womaliza nthawi zonse umabisala pagulu la ana. Wamkulu amabadwa mchaka, nthawi yonse yozizira ikadutsa. Kwa theka la ola, amaumitsa mapiko ndikusungunuka, kenako amawuluka mozungulira malowo.
Chifukwa chake tidazindikira Kodi gulugufe likuwoneka bwanji... Tsopano tiwone komwe gulugufe amakhala.
Kodi gulugufe amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wa Swallowtail
Mitunduyi imakhala pafupifupi kulikonse padziko lapansi. Tizilombo titha kupezeka ku North America, kumwera kwa India, kumpoto kwa Africa, kuzilumba za Indian Ocean, ku Asia konse, ku England, njenjete zimangokhala kumadera a Norfolk County komanso kudera la Nyanja ya Arctic mpaka ku Black Sea.
Gulugufe wam'madzi imatha kukhala munthawi iliyonse, nyengo iliyonse ndiyabwino. Gulugufeyo adakumana m'mapiri a Tibet pamtunda wa mamita 4500 pamwamba pa nyanja. Kugawidwa kwakukulu kumeneku kwadzetsa mndandanda wama subspecies ambiri.
Tizilombo timakonda malo otseguka, choncho amakonda minda, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, masitepe, minda, ndi tundra kumizinda yopanda phokoso. Njenjete zimatha kuuluka kutalika kwa 2.5 mpaka 4 mita. Sakhala pachomera chimodzi kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake akatswiri azachilengedwe amawatcha agulugufe olimba.
Kumpoto kwamtunduwu, zolengedwa zokongolazi zimapezeka mchilimwe, kumadera akumwera, mitunduyo imadzuka kuyambira Meyi mpaka Seputembara. Lepidoptera sakonda kusamuka, koma kuti akhalebe nyengo yozizira m'maiko awo. Makamaka kudzikundikira kwakukulu kumawonedwa m'malo omwe amabzalidwa kaloti, nthanga za caraway, fennel, ndi katsabola.
Subspecies Orientis amakonda nyengo yakumwera, Asiatica - kumpoto, Gorganus adasankha wofunda pang'ono. Brutannicus amakonda malo ozizira, pomwe Centralis ndi Rustaveli asankha madera amapiri. Mwambiri, mitunduyo imasankha madera owala ndi maluwa ambiri.
Kodi gulugufe amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Machaon
Mbozi itangobadwa, tizilombo timangoyamba kudya masamba a chomera chimene dzira lake linaikidwapo. Mbozi imadyetsa mwakhama kwambiri, ndikupanga mphamvu zambiri panthawiyi. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu ya maambulera imakhala chakudya cha mitundu yapakati, monga:
- Parsley;
- Katsabola;
- Caraway;
- Kaloti (zakutchire kapena wamba)
- Kudzikweza;
- Buteni;
- Angelica;
- Prangos;
- Gorichnik;
- Fennel;
- Wodula;
- Selari;
- Ntchafu;
- Wodula;
- Girchovnitsa.
Okhala m'malo ena amadyetsa zomera za banja la Rutaceae - phulusa la tchire, Amur velvet, masamba osiyanasiyana; Wolemba: chowawa; birch: Makersimovich's alder, waku Japan alder. Pakutha pake, njenjete imachepa ndipo samadya.
Akuluakulu amadya timadzi tokoma, monga agulugufe ena ambiri, chifukwa cha mbalame zawo zazitali zakuda. Samangokhalira kudya chakudya ngati mbozi, motero samangosankha ambulera zokha. Kuti adzipezere chakudya, njenjete zimayendera maluwa osiyanasiyana.
Kwa akuluakulu, chakudya chochuluka sichifunika, dontho la timadzi tokoma ndi lokwanira kwa iwo, ndipo amathetsa ludzu lawo ndi mame a m'mawa. Lepidoptera imapeza zonse zofunikira kuti zithandizire zamoyo zazing'ono kuchokera m'nthaka yokhala ndi mchere kapena zinyalala zina zanyama.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gulugufe la Swallowtail lochokera mu Red Book
Agulugufe amagwira ntchito masana. Amapanganso maluwa amene amamasula masana kokha. Akuluakuluwo amakhala masabata ochepa okha ndipo, pambuyo pa umuna (amuna) ndikukhazika mazira (akazi), njenjete zimafa. Nthawi yotentha imayamba kuyambira Meyi mpaka Juni ndi Julayi-Ogasiti; Ma subspecies akumwera amapezeka mu Seputembara.
Swallowtail ndi zolengedwa zoyenda kwambiri. Ngakhale akamadya timadzi tokoma, samapinda mapiko awo kuti akaulukire patali. Anthu omwe amakonda kusamukira kumayiko ena amathawira m'mizinda ndikukhala m'mapaki, minda yamaluwa, paudzu wokhala ndi maluwa.
Pofuna kupeza malo okhala bwino komanso malo okhala ndi chakudya, njenjete zakonzeka kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Anthu ambiri amabweretsa mibadwo iwiri pa moyo, kumpoto kwa mndandanda - umodzi, kumwera - mpaka atatu. Akuluakulu amakhudzidwa ndi kuswana ndikuyesera kupeza bwenzi mwachangu.
Chosangalatsa: Mtundu wa mboziwu uli ndi zida zochititsa chidwi pakamwa. Amayamba kudya tsamba kuchokera m'mphepete. Atafika pamitsempha yapakati, amapita kumalo otsatira. Amayamba kunenepa mwachangu kwambiri. Koma, akangomaliza kuphunzira payokha, kukula kumamalizidwa. Njenjete zimafunikira mphamvu zokha kuti ziuluka komanso kubereka.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Machaon Butterfly Caterpillar
Popeza chilengedwe chapangitsa kuti swallowtail ikhale ndi nthawi yochepa kwambiri, ndi agulugufe obadwa okha omwe amayamba kufunafuna mnzake. Mabanja amapezana wina ndi mnzake chifukwa chopanga pheromone, yomwe imatulutsa chilengedwe.
Kwa moyo wake waufupi, mkazi amatha kuyikira mazira 100-200. Panjira iliyonse, amaikira mazira 2-3 obiriwira ngati chikasu pansi pa masamba kapena zimayambira za zomera. Pakatha pafupifupi sabata, mazirawo amada mdima ndikusintha mtundu wawo kukhala wakuda.
Zazikazi zimaikira dala dzira limodzi pamasamba osiyanasiyana azomera kuti ipatse chakudya cha mbozi zomwe zangobadwa kumene. Pambuyo masiku 8-10, mphutsi zimaswa, zomwe zimayamba kudya. Ali ndi zaka pafupifupi zisanu ndi ziwiri, mbozi imamangiriridwa ndi ulusi wa silika ku tsinde la chomeracho, molt womaliza umachitika komanso mwana aliyense payekha.
Buluzi amakhalabe wosakhazikika kwa milungu iwiri, kenako amakhala gulugufe wamkulu. Mu koko, ziwalo zambiri za mbozi zimawonongeka, ndikusandulika ziwalo za munthu wamkulu. Njirayi imafanana ndi chimbudzi cha thupi lanu mu cocoon.
Ziphuphu zachilimwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zobiriwira, nthawi yachisanu zimakhala zofiirira. Gulugufe amakhalabe pupa mpaka masiku otentha oyamba. Kokoyo akagwa, nyama yokongola imabadwa. Njenjete imakhala padzuwa kwakanthawi ndipo imaumitsa mapiko ake otambalala, kenako imapita kukafunafuna chakudya ndi mnzake.
Adani achilengedwe a butterfly
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wa Swallowtail
Pazigawo zonse za moyo, tizilombo timatsatiridwa ndi zoopsa. Gulugufe wa Swallowtail amatha kukhala chakudya cha arachnids, mbalame, nyerere, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi nyama zazing'ono. Omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndi njenjete zam'mimba kapena mbozi. Tizilombo timatha kupewa zoopsa chifukwa cha utoto wake wobisa.
Ali wamng'ono, mbozi imawoneka ngati zitosi za mbalame. Pambuyo pa molt wotsatira, mawanga akuda ndi owala a lalanje amawonekera mthupi. Maonekedwe okongolawo amawonekeratu kuzilombo kuti tizilomboti ndiosayenera kudya anthu. Mboza ikaona zoopsa, imayamba kutulutsa fungo losasangalatsa ndi nyanga zake, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kukoma kwake ndi konyansa.
Kumapiko akumbuyo kuli mawanga ofiyira buluu wokhala ndi malire akuda, ofanana ndi maso. Mapiko akatambasula, mawanga owonetserako amafooketsa nyama zomwe zimafuna kudya njenjete. Zotsatirazi zimakonzedwa ndi njira zazitali pamapiko a mapiko, ofanana ndi michira.
Zaka 70 zapitazo, njenjete zimawerengedwa ngati tizirombo chifukwa chodya mbewu zomwe anthu amalima. Anthu anawononga agulugufe m'njira iliyonse, kusamalira minda ndi ziphe ndi mankhwala. Chifukwa cha ichi, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kunachepa mwachangu ndipo lidakhala vuto kukumana ndi cholengedwa chomwe chikuphazi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Machaon
Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amawameza ndi ochepa ndipo chimakhudzana mwachindunji ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo awo achilengedwe. M'madera a Russia, anthu amawerengedwa kuti ndi ochepa. Tinyama tomwe timakhala m'malo omwe njanji ndi ngalande zake zimapezeka ndi mankhwala owopsa.
Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kumayambitsidwa ndi kuwotcha kwa udzu wophukira, womwe watenga vuto lalikulu. Mukamawotcha udzu masika, ziphuphu zambiri zimawonongeka, zomwe zimabisala pazomera. Kutentha kwa chilimwe m'misewu ikuluikulu kumayambitsanso kuwonongeka kwakukulu pamanambala.
Gawo la mlanduwo limagwera osonkhanitsa omwe akufuna kupeza mitundu yambiri yazowonongeka zomwe zingachitike pamagulu awo. Amagwira anthu kapena magulu awo, kapena posinthana ndi okonda agulugufe ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana. Koma palibe amene amatenga ziwerengero, monga deta ya kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka.
Mavuto achilengedwe amaphatikizapo nyengo yozizira, kutentha pang'ono, chisanu choyambirira, chifukwa chake munthuyo alibe nthawi yophunzirira, kugwa kwakanthawi, komwe kumabweretsa kugonjetsedwa kwa mphutsi ndi bowa ndi majeremusi. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengeroku kukuwonedwa ku Europe konse. M'mayiko ena, mitunduyo ndi yotetezedwa.
Swallowtail alonda agulugufe
Chithunzi: Gulugufe la Swallowtail lochokera mu Red Book
Mitunduyi idaphatikizidwa mu Red Data Book of Ukraine mu 1994, mu 1998 mu Red Data Book la Chigawo cha Moscow, Red Data Book la Vologda Region, Red Data Book la Lithuania, ndi Red Data Book of Karelia ndipo yapatsidwa gawo lachitatu. Mu Red Book of Germany, yapatsidwa gawo la 4. Mu Red Data Book of Latvia ndi Red Data Book la Smolensk Region, mitunduyo imadziwika ndi magawo awiri owopsa oti zitha.
Akatswiri a zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi akuda nkhawa ndi kuchuluka kwa njenjete ndipo achitapo kanthu pothana ndi chiwopsezo chotha zamoyozi. Ku Tatarstan, ntchito idapangidwa yopanga nyumba yogona yotchedwa "Makhaon Valley". Linapangidwa m'njira yoti isungitse malo okhala ndi nyanja zambiri momwe zingathere.
Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, mu 2013 ku Latvia chithunzi cha tizilombo chinaikidwa pachovala cha Skrudaliena. Mu 2006, swallowtail idakhala chizindikiro cha Germany. M'mayiko omwe atchulidwawa, achitapo kanthu kuti atenge agulugufe akuluakulu ndikuwononga mbozi. Ndizoletsedwa kufalitsa tizirombo ndi kudyetsa ziweto m'malo awo.
Anthu okonda kusamalira dziko lapansi amachita kuswana moth kunyumba. Pachifukwachi, agulugufe ayenera kupatsidwa madzi okwanira malita 10 pa anthu 5, chidebe chokhala ndi madzi, katsabola ndi nthambi, pomwe mbozi zimayembekezera poyembekezera kusintha kwa thupi. Madzi ndi uchi zimafunika kudyetsa agulugufe.
Nyama zofookazi timakondwera nazo ndi kukongola kwawo, kuthauluka kwawo, komanso kusintha kwawo modabwitsa. Ena amayesa kugwira njenjete kuti asangalale, osazindikira kuti moyo wake ndi waufupi kwambiri. Ulemerero wawo umasangalatsidwa kuthengo popanda kuchepetsa moyo wamtsogolo wa agulugufe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 02.06.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 25.09.2019 pa 22:06
