Forest biocenosis ndizovuta kuzomera zomwe zimapezeka mdziko lina lodziwika bwino, lodziwika ndi gawo lalikulu la mitengo yomwe ikukula kukula, pamodzi ndi nyama komanso zinthu zina zopanda moyo komanso ubale womwe ulipo pakati pawo.
Nkhalango zachilengedwe ndizachilengedwe zovuta kwambiri komanso zosasinthika. Amadziwika ndi stratification ofukula, m'nkhalango yowongoka bwino (wosanjikiza korona, shrub wosanjikiza, wosanjikiza ubweya). Nkhalango imagwira ntchito yofunikira pakuwongolera momwe madzi aliri mderali. Kusefukira kwa madzi kumachitika kaŵirikaŵiri m'malo a nkhalango, ndipo chipale chofeŵa ndi matope zimachitika m'mapiri.
Kutsimikiza kwa nkhalango biocenosis
Nkhalango ndi chomera chokhazikika chomwe chimakhala ndi mitengo yambiri komanso nyama zina. Kutengera nyengo, titha kusiyanitsa mitundu yambiri yamapangidwe awa, omwe amasiyana pamitundu yazomera ndi nyama. Timasiyanitsa pakati pa nkhalango zowirira, zosakanikirana, zosakanikirana, zam'malo otentha, nkhalango zam'mvula, ndi zina. Nkhalango ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi. Oxygen imapangidwa ndi njira ya photosynthesis m'masamba a mitengo, ndipo carbon dioxide, yomwe yasokoneza kutentha kwa dziko posachedwa, ikutha.
Forest biocenosis, monga prof. Zh. Kaspinskiy ndi chilengedwe champhamvu, momwe zimaphatikizidwira mu gawo losagawanika ndi dongosolo la kudalira, kulumikizana komanso kukondana: zomera zapadera zokhala ndi mitundu yambiri yamitengo, nyama zogwirizana ndi gawo lapansi, nthaka, madzi ndi nyengo yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zomera ndi nyama.
The zigawo zikuluzikulu za nkhalango biocenosis
Gawo lalikulu la nkhalango biocenosis ndi zomera zomwe zimapanga zinthu zakuthupi. Amatchedwa opanga. Omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zinthuzi amatchedwa ogula. Izi ndi monga nyama zodya nyama zosadya nyama, mbalame ndi tizilombo. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, bowa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala tambiri tambiri tomwe timabweretsa zinyama timadzi timeneti timatengera timadzi tochepa. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti zomera ndizolumikiza kwambiri zachilengedwe komanso chakudya.
Kapangidwe ka nkhalango biocenosis
Mu mitundu yonse ya nkhalango, nthawi zonse mumatha kusiyanitsa zigawo zosiyana zomwe zimasiyana. Magawo awa amasiyana wina ndi mnzake kutengera komwe kuli:
- gawo lakumunsi, lomwe limaphatikizapo zitsamba zouma, mosses, ndere ndi bowa;
- undergrowth - zitsamba ndi mitengo yaying'ono;
- gawo lakumtunda limapangidwa ndi korona wazomera.
Gawo lililonse limakhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana okhalamo, kotero nyama ndi zomera zomwe zimakhala momwemo zimakhalamo. Mitundu ya nkhalango biocenosis imadziwika ndi mtundu wa nkhalango.
Zinthu zowononga nkhalango biocenosis
Monga mukudziwa, pali zifukwa zingapo za chiwonongeko cha biocenosis. Izi ndi zinthu za anthropogenic komanso zachilengedwe. Njira zoopsa kwambiri zomwe anthu amathandizira zimaphatikizapo mpweya, nthaka, kuipitsa madzi, kudula mitengo mopitirira muyeso, ndi moto.
Zowopsa zachilengedwe zimaphatikizapo matenda, miliri, komanso kukula kwambiri kwa tizirombo.
Gulu lotsatira lachiwopsezo ndi zinthu za abiotic zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndimlengalenga komanso momwe zimakhalira. Komabe, zoopsa zambiri, mwanjira ina, zimakhudzana ndi zochitika za anthu.
Kuoneka kwakukulu kwa tizirombo ta mitengo kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mitundu ya mbalame zomwe zimadyetsa tizilomboti. Nthawi zambiri mbalame sizikhala chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndipo nthawi zambiri zimasaka. Kusintha kwa chilengedwe kumayambitsidwa ndi kutentha kwa nyengo, komwe kumatha kuyambitsidwa ndi anthu chifukwa cha ntchito zawo.
Nkhalango amatchedwa mapapu obiriwira a Dziko lapansi, ndipo tiyenera kuwasamalira. Kupanda kutero, titha kukhumudwitsa kuchepa kwa zovuta zomwe zitha kukhala zowopsa.
