The boletus ndi ya mtundu wa bowa m'banja la Boletaceae. Mbali yayikulu yosiyanitsa thupi la bowa ndizochepa, zolingalira zolimba (zopukutira), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti miyendo izikhala yolimba. Mtundu wa boletus wafalikira, makamaka kumpoto kwa madera otentha, ndipo umakhala ndi mitundu pafupifupi 75.
Osankha bowa amakonda bowa uwu chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, osati kungodziwa kuphika mbale. Amayamikira kachulukidwe ndi mphamvu ya zamkati, otsika chiwopsezo cha nyongolotsi.
Momwe mungazindikire kuti bowa ndi boletus
Mwendo ndi wolimba, thupi la bowa ndilolimba, kapu ndi yofiira. Bowa amakoma bwino, amadya. Bowa zonse pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana sizisintha mawonekedwe awo. Koma zitsanzo zazing'ono ndi zazikulu za boletus ndizosiyana kwambiri. Bowa wachichepere ali ndi kapu, yomwe "imakokedwa" pamiyendo yayitaliyo. Ikuphatikizidwa kwathunthu ndi tsinde. Mu bowa wamkulu, kapu ndi mwendo ndizofanana ndi "bowa" zomwe zimayikidwa m'malo osewerera. Chipewa ndi chachikulu, chimateteza mwendo ku mvula ndi dzuwa.
Mitundu ya chipewa
Pewani ma boletus akale omwe mthunzi wa kapu wasinthiratu. Kapangidwe kakapangidwe kake kamasiyanasiyana ndi konyowa komanso kolimba mpaka mafuta kapena owuma, kuyambira pomwe amamverera mpaka granular mpaka kukhudza. Chipewa ndi chopepuka. Mtundu umasintha, chifukwa bowa ndi zamoyo ndipo samatsatira nthawi zonse ma encyclopedic! Koma kawirikawiri, mtundu wina wa boletus umakhala ndi mitundu yosasintha.
Kapu yomwe ili ndi bowa wathanzi yomwe singatengeke ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda imakhala yofiira lalanje, mpaka 20 cm m'mimba mwake. Zamkati ndi zoyera, malo owonongeka ndi burgundy, kenako amakhala otuwa komanso ofiirira. Pansi pa kapu muli timabowo tating'onoting'ono toyera tomwe timasanduka buluu tikasweka.
Mwendo
Kutalika kwake ndi 10-18 cm, makulidwe a 2-3 cm, pambuyo pakuwonongeka amapeza mtundu wobiriwira wabuluu. Buluus boletus amakhala ndi miyendo yoyera yokhala ndi ziwonetsero zazifupi, zolimba, zomwe zimasanduka zofiirira kapena zakuda ndi ukalamba. Kusintha kwamtundu wotere sikuyenera kukhala kowopsa, izi ndizofala kwa boletus. Chakuda sichikhala ndi hydrocyanic acid kapena ziphe zina, ndizabwino kwa anthu mukakonzekera ndikuphika bwino.
Mwendo umamira pansi, gawo lalikulu lili pamtunda, koma osati onse. Chifukwa chake, posonkhanitsa, dulani mwendo pafupi kwambiri ndi nthaka, kapena kupotoza bowa pamwamba kuti muukweze pamwamba, osayesa kuwononga mycelium.
Ndi mitundu yanji ya boletus yomwe ilipo
Bowa losangalatsa kwambiri la aspen:
- wachikasu bulauni;
- paini;
- chofiira;
- mtengo;
- ojambulidwa-miyendo.
Buluu wofiira (Leccinum versipelle; chikasu-bulauni) boletus
Buluu wachikasu (bulauni yofiirira)
Bowa wambawa amadya mukakonzekera bwino. Nthawi zambiri amakololedwa ku Finland ndi madera oyandikana nawo. Amapezeka pansi pa birches kuyambira Julayi mpaka Novembala, atalandira chithandizo chakutentha kumakhala kwakuda. Uwu ndiye mtundu wakale kwambiri wa bowa, zokolola zimakololedwa koyambirira kwa Juni.
Kapu yokhotakhota ndiyotakata kwambiri, yofiirira-bulauni kapena yofiira njerwa, ikukula mpaka 20 cm m'mimba mwake. Zamkati za bowa wakucha zimachokera zoyera mpaka pinki, zimasanduka zobiriwira zikamadulidwa, makamaka pa tsinde. Mbewuzo ndi zofiirira. Tsinde loyera la bowa ndilitali komanso lowongoka, lokutidwa ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono akuda.
Boletus wachikaso wachikaso ndi poizoni pang'ono (amayambitsa nseru ndi kusanza) ngati sanakonzedwe bwino motentha: kukazinga kapena kuwira kwa mphindi 15-20 ndikofunikira. Monga tanenera, bowa umasanduka wakuda ukatenthedwa.
Pore boletus (foxy bolete)
Pore boletus
Bowa ameneyu samakumana ndi omwe samazindikira bowa. Alenje odziwa zambiri amapeza ndi mawonekedwe awo ndipo samasokonezedwa ndi mitundu ina ya bowa.
Chipewa chapamwamba ndi njerwa kapena mabokosi okhala ndi mthunzi wofiira, mpaka 10 cm m'mimba mwake. Mitsempha ndi pores ndi zoyera; pambuyo pa kuwonongeka zimakhala zotuwa. Mwendo wokutidwa ndi masikelo oyera mpaka 4 cm m'mimba mwake. Amasandulika ofiira kapena ofiira akuda akawululidwa.
Zamkati ndi zoyera. Pa kapu, ikakanikizidwa, malo owonongeka pang'onopang'ono amasandulika ofiira, m'munsi mwake amapeza utoto wobiriwira, pakatikati pa tsinde ndi wofiira vinyo.
Chipewa cha Pine Boletus
Pore boletus imapezeka pansi pa mitengo ya paini m'mitengo ya coniferous komanso yosakanikirana. Boletus sikumera pansi pa mitengo ya aspen. Mycelium ndi yachonde kwambiri pamaso pa madera okutidwa ndi moss.
Pore boletus imakololedwa kuyambira Julayi mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala. Kutha kwa Seputembala, koyambirira kwa Okutobala ndiye nthawi yopatsa zipatso kwambiri.
Palibe ma boletus owopsa, abodza, owopsa a paini. Anthu mwachangu ndi kuwiritsa izi bowa, marinate achinyamata boletus.
Red Boletus (Leccinum aurantiacum)
Boletus wofiira
Amapezeka m'nkhalango za Europe, North America ndi Asia ndipo ali ndi thupi lalikulu lofanana ndi boletus boletus.
Kapu ndi yofiira lalanje, mpaka 20 cm m'mimba mwake. Zamkati ndi zoyera, burgundy m'malo owonongeka, kenako imvi, yakuda-yakuda. Pansi pa kapu muli timabowo tating'onoting'ono toyera tomwe timasanduka buluu tikadulidwa. Mwendowo ndi woyeretsedwa, masentimita 10-18 mu msinkhu, masentimita 2-3 makulidwe, mukawonekera amakhala ndi utoto wabuluu. Mafupipafupi, okhwima okhwima amasanduka abulauni kapena akuda ndi zaka.
Leccinum aurantiacum imabala zipatso chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira m'nkhalango ku Europe ndi North America. Kulumikizana pakati pa bowa ndi mtengo wolandiridwa ndi mycorrhizal. Pachikhalidwe, bowa umalumikizidwa ndi misondodzi, koma boletus imapezekanso pakati pa mitengo ikuluikulu ndi mitengo ina yovuta, kuphatikiza beech, birch, chestnut, msondodzi.
Bowa uwu umaphikidwa monga ma boletus ena odyera. Mnofu wa boletus wofiira umadetsa mukaphika. Monga mitundu ina yambiri ya Boletaceae, bowa wochulukirapo amakonda tizilombo ndipo amayala mphutsi mkati mwake. Ngati simukuphika mogwirizana ndi ukadaulo, mutatha kudya boletus wofiira, mavuto akusanza komanso kugaya amachitika.
Boletus wa Oak (Leccinum quercinum)
Bowa uwu umabala zipatso pafupi ndi mitengo ya thundu kuyambira Juni mpaka koyambirira kwa Okutobala m'mabanja ang'onoang'ono.
Zitsanzo zazing'ono zimakhala ndi kapu yofiira kapena yofiirira ya 5-15 cm masentimita, yomwe ndi mawonekedwe a mpira, "wotambasulidwa" pa mwendo. Ndi ukalamba, kapu ya Leccinum quercinum imakhala ngati pilo, ndikakalamba kamakhala kofewa. Pewani bowa wakale wokhala ndi kapu yathyathyathya. Munthu samwaza puloteni yomwe imapangidwa mthupi la oak boletus.
Pamwamba pa kapuyo pamakhala chinyezi m'malo otentha, ming'alu masiku otentha. Thupi loyera laimvi loyera ndilolimba, mawanga akuda amdima amawoneka akathyoledwa. Posakhalitsa malo ovulalawa amatembenukira kubuluu, kenako kukhala wakuda.
Mamba ofiira ofiyira amaphimba pamwamba pa tsinde. Mawonekedwe ake ndi olimba. Mwendo umakula mpaka 15 cm, m'mimba mwake mpaka 5 cm, umakulira pansi, umakhuthala pansi.
Boletus boletus (Harrya chromapes)
Boletus wofiira
Amapezeka m'nkhalango, momwe amapangira kulumikizana kwachinyengo ndi mitengo yazipatso zokongola.
Zipatso zimakhala ndi zisoti zosalala muubwana, ndi msinkhu amakhala ndi bulauni kapena pinki. Poyamba, zisoti zimakhala zotsekemera, kenako zimadzikongoletsa, mpaka kufika masentimita 3 mpaka 15. Pamwambapa pamakhala pouma kapena povutirapo. Pakukhwima, gawo la kapu limapindika m'mwamba. Mnofu wake ndi woyera ndipo sumasanduka wabuluu ukawonongeka. Ma boletus a mtundu wachikuda alibe fungo kapena kukoma kosiyanako.
Mabowo omwe ali pansi pamunsi pa kapu ndi oyera, osandulika pinki ikamakula. Ma pores aliwonse amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena okhota, nambala yawo ndi iwiri kapena itatu pa millimeter.
Mwendo wakuda uli ndi timadontho tating'onoting'ono ta pinki kapena pabuka, kuyambira yoyera mpaka pinki, pansi pake pali chikasu chowala. Mwendowo ndi wa masentimita 4 mpaka 14, mulitali wa 1-22.5 masentimita.Ulitali mwake mofanana m'litali mwake lonse kapena umachepa pang'ono pa kapu kapena pafupi ndi nthaka. Pamwamba pa miyendo pamakhala poyipa.
Bowa amadya, koma tizilombo timakonda kuwadyetsa ndi mphutsi.
Kodi pali boletus wabodza
Mwachilengedwe, ma boletus abodza sapezeka. Nthawi zina amasokoneza boletus wamba kapena bowa wowawasa (bowa wa ndulu) ndi bowa. Kusiyana pakati pa mitunduyi ndikuti mitengo ya birch simachita mdima pamalo owonongeka. Zomwe boletus imakhala ndi zisoti zofiira zachikaso kapena zofiirira, osati zofiira kapena njerwa ngati boletus boletus.
Kodi boletus imakula kuti komanso nyengo yanji
Bowa amapezeka kubala zipatso nthawi yotentha komanso yophukira m'nkhalango ku Europe ndi North America. Kulumikizana pakati pa bowa wa boletus ndi mtengo wolandiridwa ndi mycorrhizal. Ku Europe, bowa wamtunduwu amadziwika kuti ndi zipatso za msondodzi. Boletus amapezekanso pakati pa mitengo ikuluikulu ndi mitengo ina yovuta, kuphatikiza beech, birch, chestnut, willow, aspen. Boletus samakula pansi pa ma conifers ku Europe. M'madera ozizira a Russia ndi North America, bowa wa aspen umakula m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri.
Dzinalo la bowa likuwonetsa kuti bowa ameneyu amakonda kukhazikitsa kulumikizana kwa mycorrhizal ndi aspens. Koma sizili choncho. Inde, amapezeka pafupipafupi pansi pa mitengoyi, koma mitundu yambiri ya mitundu ya boletus imati mitunduyo yazolowera zikhalidwe zina.
Boletus wachikasu-bulauni sagwirizana ndi aspen, imakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi birches. Bokosi lamutu wofiira limakula mchigawo cha aspen komanso pafupi ndi mitundu ina ya mitengo. Bowa silosankha za msinkhu wa nkhalango. Amakula m'minda yaing'ono ndi nkhalango zakale zokhazikika. Boletus nthawi zambiri amapezeka pakati pa ferns ndi udzu wosowa kwambiri wa holly.
Poyamba, ankakhulupirira kuti nyengo ya kukula ya boletus imagwera chilimwe-nthawi yophukira. Kusintha kwanyengo kwasintha tchati chakukula. Posachedwa, bowa apezeka kumapeto kwa Meyi.
Ogasiti amadziwika kuti ndi nthawi yabwino kusankha ma boletus ku Russia. Pakadali pano, otola bowa amatenga mitundu yofala kwambiri - boletus yofiira mutu. Bowa uwu amatsegula nyengo ya boletus "kusaka". Mtsinje wachitatu komanso womaliza wokolola umachitika koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira. Pakutha kwa nyengo - koyambirira kwa Novembala, zimakhala zovuta kupeza bowa wachichepere, ndipo mitundu yakale imakhala ndi mphutsi ndipo ndi yolimba kwambiri posankha ndi mchere.
Mtengo wophikira wa boletus
Umenewu ndi mtundu wokondedwa wa bowa wophika kunyumba. Akatswiri azakudya zodyera amakonza ma boletus, monga bowa wina. Kwa thupi la munthu, potengera mtundu wa zakudya ndi zakudya, awa ndi achiwiri pambuyo pa bowa wa porcini. Mnofu wa boletus umasanduka mdima ukaphika.
Chifukwa cha poyizoni angapo komanso zovuta zakudziwika kwa mitundu, mitundu ina ya boletus ku Europe imawerengedwa kuti ndiyabwino kudya. Ku Russia, bowa sizimayambitsa nkhawa zilizonse, ndizokazinga, zophika, zamchere, zouma zophika nthawi yozizira. Zoyipa zosaphika kapena zotsalira zimayambitsa kusanza kapena zovuta zina pazimbudzi. Boletus boletus amayambitsa nseru akamadyedwa yaiwisi.
Bowa wachinyamata wa aspen amakonzedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zitsanzo zakale zouma, zoswedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokometsera ngati zokolola zili zochepa.
Bowawa sioyenera kuphikira limodzi ndi mitundu ina ya bowa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zamkati. Aspen saphika pamene bowa wina ali kale wokonzeka kudya.
Ubwino ndi zovuta za boletus zathanzi
The boletus muli wambirimbiri mapuloteni ndi CHIKWANGWANI, yaying'ono ndi zazikulu zinthu, iwo ndi othandiza ndipo mofulumira kukhuta. Tsoka ilo, mapuloteni azinyama amatengeredwa mwachangu, koma aspen bowa amakhala ndi amino acid ofunikira, ndipo amapezeka kwaulere, muyenera kungopeza nthawi mumlengalenga kuti mukolole, zomwe mwa izo zokha ndizabwino thupi.
Mavitamini A, E, C, PP, gulu B ali mu mawonekedwe omwe sapezeka mu bowa wa boletus. Mchere, potaziyamu, chitsulo ndi manganese ndizofunikira kwa ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe amthupi la munthu.
Mukasankha bowa kutali ndi nyumba zamakampani, ndiye kuti bowa sizimavulaza munthu wathanzi. Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la impso, kugaya chakudya komanso chiwindi amagwiritsa ntchito mosamala, monga chakudya china chilichonse chokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri.
Ngati pali mavuto azaumoyo, ndiye kuti sagwiritsa ntchito bowa womwewo, koma msuzi wa boletus. Kunja, zimawoneka ngati potion ya mfiti, yakuda komanso mitambo, koma nthawi yomweyo imathandizira pamimba, siyimakhumudwitsa m'mimba ndi m'matumbo.
