Kufufuza kwa Antarctica

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Antarctica mwina ndi kontinenti yodabwitsa kwambiri padziko lathu lapansi. Ngakhale pano, anthu akakhala ndi chidziwitso chokwanira komanso mwayi wopita kumadera akutali kwambiri, ku Antarctica sikuphunziridwa bwino.

Mpaka zaka za zana la 19 AD, kontrakitala sinadziwike konse. Panali ngakhale nthano zonena kuti kumwera kwa Australia kuli malo osadziwika, omwe ali ndi chipale chofewa ndi ayezi. Ndipo zaka 100 zokha pambuyo pake, maulendo oyambawo adayamba, koma popeza zida zotere sizinalipo panthawiyo, panali kafukufuku wopanda tanthauzo.

Mbiri yakufufuza

Ngakhale kuti panali chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi komwe kuli malowa kumwera kwa Australia, kafukufuku wadzikoli kwa nthawi yayitali sanawonetsedwe bwino. Kufufuza kopindulitsa kontinenti kunayamba paulendo wa James Cook padziko lonse lapansi mu 1772-1775. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ichi ndiye chifukwa chake dziko lapansi lidapezeka mochedwa.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti pomwe adakhala koyamba m'chigawo cha Antarctic, Cook adakumana ndi chotchinga chachikulu, chomwe sanathe kuchigonjetsa ndikubwerera. Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, woyendetsa ndegeyo adabwerera kumayikonso, koma sanapeze kontrakitala ya Antarctic, chifukwa chake adaganiza kuti malo omwe ali m'derali alibe ntchito kwa anthu.

Zinali izi zomwe a James Cook adachedwetsa pakufufuza kwina m'derali - kwa theka la zana, ulendowu sunatumizidwenso kuno. Komabe, osaka nyama zam'madzi anapeza zisindikizo zambiri ku zilumba za Antarctic ndipo anapitilizabe kuyenda m'malo amenewa. Koma, kuwonjezera pa kuti chidwi chawo chinali chongogulitsa mafakitale, mwa sayansi sikunali kupita patsogolo.

Magawo ofufuzira

Mbiri ya kafukufuku wadziko lino ili ndi magawo angapo. Palibe mgwirizano pano, koma pali magawano amalingaliro motere:

  • gawo loyambirira, zaka za zana la 19 - kupezeka kwa zilumba zapafupi, kufunafuna kumtunda komwe;
  • gawo lachiwiri - kupezeka kwa kontinenti komweko, maulendo oyamba opambana asayansi (19th century);
  • gawo lachitatu - kufufuza pagombe ndi mkati mwa dziko (koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20);
  • gawo lachinayi - maphunziro apadziko lonse lapansi (zaka za zana la 20 mpaka lero).

M'malo mwake, kupezeka kwa Antarctica ndikuwunika malowa ndi koyenera kwa asayansi aku Russia, popeza ndi omwe adayambitsanso maulendo opita kudera lino.

Kufufuza kwa Antarctica ndi asayansi aku Russia

Anali oyendetsa sitima aku Russia omwe adakayikira zomwe Cook adasankha ndikuganiza zoyambiranso kuphunzira ku Antarctica. Asayansi aku Russia Golovnin, Sarychev ndi Kruzenshtern nawonso afotokoza malingaliro oti dziko lapansi lilipo, ndikuti a James Cook adalakwitsa kwambiri pazomveka zake.

Kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala 1819, Alesandro Woyamba adavomereza kafukufukuyu, ndipo zokonzekera zoyambira maulendo akumayiko akumwera zinayamba.

Maulendo oyamba pa Disembala 22 ndi 23, 1819, adapeza zilumba zazing'ono zitatu zophulika, ndipo izi zidakhala umboni wosatsutsika kuti nthawi ina James Cook anali wolakwitsa pakufufuza kwake.

Popitiliza kafukufuku wawo ndikusunthira kumwera, gulu la asayansi lidafika ku "Sandwich Land", yomwe idapezeka kale ndi Cook, koma idasandulika chisumbu. Komabe, ofufuzawo adasankha kuti asasinthe dzinali kwathunthu, chifukwa chake malowo adatchedwa zilumba za South Sandwich.

Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti anali ofufuza aku Russia omwe, paulendo womwewo, adakhazikitsa kulumikizana pakati pazilumba izi ndi miyala yakumwera chakumadzulo kwa Antarctica, komanso adatsimikiza kuti pali kulumikizana pakati pawo ngati mawonekedwe am'madzi.

Ulendowu sunamalizidwe pa izi - m'masiku 60 otsatira, asayansi oyenda panyanja adayandikira m'mphepete mwa Antarctica, ndipo pa Ogasiti 5, 1821, ofufuzawo adabwerera ku Kronstadt. Zotsatira zoterezi zidatsutsa zomwe Cook adakhulupirira kale zomwe zimakhulupirira kuti ndizowona, ndipo amadziwika ndi akatswiri onse azigawo aku Western Europe.

Pambuyo pake, kuyambira mu 1838 mpaka 1842, panali kuyambika kwamtunduwu pakuphunzira mayiko awa - maulendo atatu omwe anafika kumtunda nthawi yomweyo. Pakadali pano pamakampeniwa, kafukufuku wasayansi wamkulu kwambiri panthawiyo adachitika.

Ndizachidziwikire kuti kafukufuku akupitilizabe munthawi yathu ino. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mapulojekiti omwe, malinga ndi momwe adzagwiritsire ntchito, amalola asayansi kuti azikhala ku Antarctica nthawi zonse - akukonzekera kupanga maziko omwe angakhale oyenera kukhala anthu okhazikika.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti osati asayansi okha, komanso alendo omwe amapita kudera la Antarctic posachedwa. Koma, mwatsoka, izi sizikhala ndi zotsatira zabwino mdziko la kontinentiyo, zomwe, mwanjira, sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa kuwononga kwa munthu kuli ndi mbiri padziko lonse lapansi.

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Onerani kanemayo: Over The Antarctic Ice Wall A Film Crew Disappears Forever (November 2024).