Chaka chilichonse vuto la kusowa kwa madzi abwino likukula kwambiri. Asayansi akulosera kuti zaka za zana la 21 zidzakhala zovuta pankhaniyi, chifukwa chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu 80 miliyoni pachaka, pofika 2030, madzi oyenera kumwa sadzakwanira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu padziko lapansi ... Chifukwa chake, polumikizana ndi tsoka lomwe likubwera padziko lonse lapansi, vuto lopeza magwero atsopano amadzi ayenera kuthetsedwa tsopano. Masiku ano, madzi oyenera kumwa amapezeka ndi matenthedwe a madzi, kusungunula matalala ndi chipale chofewa cha nsonga zamapiri, koma chodalirika kwambiri, komabe, ndiyo njira yokometsera madzi am'nyanja.
Njira zoperekera mchere m'madzi
Nthawi zambiri, 1 kilogalamu yamadzi am'nyanja ndi nyanja, kuchuluka kwake padziko lapansi ndi 70%, kumakhala pafupifupi magalamu 36 amchere osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisakhale zoyenera kudya anthu komanso kuthirira nthaka yolimapo. Njira yokometsera madzi oterewa ndikuti mchere womwe umakhala nawo umachokeramo m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Pakadali pano, njira zotsatirazi zamchere zamadzi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito:
- mankhwala;
- kusanthula kwamagetsi;
- kuwombera;
- chimbudzi;
- kuzizira.
Kanema wotsutsa nyukiliya
Njira zothetsera madzi am'nyanja ndi nyanja
Mankhwala amchere - amaphatikizapo kulekanitsa mchere powonjezera ma reagents kutengera barium ndi siliva m'madzi amchere. Pochita ndi mcherewo, zinthuzi zimapangitsa kuti usasungunuke, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kutulutsa timibulu timeneti. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kawirikawiri chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo komanso poizoni wa reagents.
Electrodialysis ndiyo njira yoyeretsera madzi mumchere pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi. Kuti muchite izi, madzi amcherewa amayikidwa mu chida chapadera chochita zinthu zonse, ogawa magawo atatu ndi magawo apadera, ena mwa nembanemba iyi amatchera ayoni, ndi ena - ma cations. Kusunthira mosalekeza pakati pa magawowo, madzi amayeretsedwa, ndipo amchere amachotsedwa pamadzi pang'onopang'ono.
Ultrafiltration, kapena momwe amatchulidwanso, reverse osmosis, ndi njira yomwe madzi amchere amathiridwa mu chimodzi mwazipangizo za chidebe chapadera, chopatulidwa ndi anti-cellulose membrane. Madzi amatengera pisitoni yamphamvu kwambiri, yomwe ikaponderezedwa, imalowerera m'mimbamo, ndikusiya zigawo zikuluzikulu zamchere m'chipinda choyamba. Njirayi ndiyokwera mtengo kwambiri motero siyothandiza.
Kuzizira ndiyo njira yofala kwambiri, potengera kuti madzi amchere akazizira, kapangidwe koyamba ka madzi oundana kumachitika ndi gawo lake latsopano, ndipo gawo lamchere lamadzi limazizira pang'onopang'ono komanso kutentha pang'ono. Pambuyo pake, madzi oundana amatenthedwa mpaka madigiri 20, ndikuwakakamiza kuti asungunuke, ndipo madzi amakhala opanda mchere. Vuto la kuzizira ndikuti kuti muzipereka, muyenera zida zapadera, zodula kwambiri komanso akatswiri.
Distillation, kapena momwe amatchulidwira, njira yotenthetsera, ndiyo njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yothira mchere, womwe umakhala wofewa pang'ono, ndiye kuti, madzi amchere amawiritsa, ndipo madzi abwino amapezeka kuchokera ku nthunzi utakhazikika.
Mavuto otsegula m'madzi
Vuto la kutsuka kwa madzi a m'nyanja ndilo, choyamba, chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo komwe kumakhudzana ndi njirayi. Nthawi zambiri, mtengo wochotsera mchere m'madzi salipira, chifukwa chake sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri. Komanso, chaka chilichonse kumakhala kovuta kuyeretsa madzi a m'nyanja ndi nyanja - ndizovuta kuzimitsa, chifukwa zotsalira zamchere zamadzi oyera kale sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito, koma zimabwereranso m'malo amadzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mcherewo ukhale wochulukirapo kangapo. Kutengera izi, titha kunena kuti anthu sanagwirebe ntchito kuti apeze njira zatsopano, zothandiza kwambiri zokometsera madzi amchere.
