Pike perch (Sander) ndi nthumwi za nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray za banja la nsomba (Percidae). Nsomba zopangidwa ndi Ray ndizodziwika bwino posodza nyama zamasewera, zamalonda komanso zamasewera. Kuchokera pamalingaliro amtundu wa taxonomic, pali mitundu ingapo yapafupi kwambiri yomwe imafanana kunja, zizolowezi wamba, nthawi yobala komanso zizolowezi zodyetsa. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba zotere zimatha kukhala mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo okhala komanso zofunikira pamoyo wawo.
Kufotokozera kwa zander
Kafukufuku wamitundu yakale yoimira nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray adatsimikizira kuti nthawi yeniyeni ya pike perchene idawonekera, ndipo kwawo ndi gawo la Siberia. Zakale zakufa zimatsimikiziranso kuti pakusintha kwakutali mawonekedwe a pike sanasinthe, koma malo okhala asintha kwambiri, chifukwa chake nsomba zamadzi amchere zimatha kupezeka padziko lonse lapansi.
Pali zibwano zakuthwa pa nsagwada za mbalame ija, yomwe nsombayo imagwira ndikunyamula molondola nyama... Kukula kwa mayini mwa amuna achikulire a pike perch ndikokulirapo kuposa akazi, ndipo ndichowona chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zogonana. Kuphatikiza pa mayini, nsagwada za ichthyophage wakale zimadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mano ochepa, koma akuthwa.
Maonekedwe
Kutengera mawonekedwe amitundu, mawonekedwe akunja a pike perch amasintha:
- Nthenga yoluka yolimba ali ndi kutalika kwakutali kwa thupi masentimita 107, ndikulemera makilogalamu 11.3. Mtundu uwu uli ndi thupi lopindika, lopindika ngati lokutidwa ndi masikelo a ctenoid, omwe amathandizira kupsinjika kwakanthawi ndi msinkhu. Pakamwa pakamwa pake pamakhala mano owoneka ngati canine pachibwano. Zipsepse ziwiri zakutchire zili pathupi, ndipo kumapeto kwake sikudziwika. Mtundu wa thupi umakhala wofiirira maolivi mpaka bulauni wagolide komanso wachikasu. Mimbayo ndi yoyera kapena yachikaso. Mphepete mwa chala chachikasu ndi choyera;
- Pike wamba ndi nsomba yayikulu kwambiri. Malinga ndi zomwe boma limanena, pali anthu omwe kutalika kwa thupi lawo kumapitilira mita imodzi ndikulemera mpaka 10-15 kg, koma zikuwoneka kuti palinso mitundu yayikulu. Mwa amuna achikulire, mano akuluakulu onga ngati canine amakhala pamisampha kuposa azimayi okhwima ogonana;
- Zander waku Canada ali ndi kutalika kwakutali kwa thupi mpaka 50-76 cm, wokhala ndi misa yotalika makilogalamu 3-4. Mitunduyi imakhala ndi thupi lofanana lopota lopangidwa ndi masikelo a ctenoid ndi zipsepse ziwiri. Zipsepse za m'chiuno zimakhala zamtundu wa thoracic ndipo zili pansi pamiyala. Mapeto a caudal sanatchulidwe. Thupi lalikulu limakhala lakuda, pafupifupi lakuda. Chotsalira chakumbuyo koyamba chimakhala ndi mizere yakuda ya madontho akuda. Pali malo akuda pafupi ndi tsinde la pectoral fin, ndipo palibe chowala pachipilala cha caudal;
- Volzhsky Pike nsomba ali ndi kukula pang'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi la nsomba yayikulu kumafika 40-45 masentimita, ndikulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 1.2-2.9. Mwakuwoneka, phiri la Volga ndi lofanana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina, koma mosiyana ndi iwo, nsomba iyi ilibe mayini. Oimira mitunduyo amapezeka mumtsinje wa Caspian, Black ndi Azov, komanso amapita m'madzi a Caspian Sea. Zotupa zimakonda kusunga mapaketi;
- Nyanja yolowera panyanja ali ndi kutalika kwa thupi pakati pa 50-62 cm, wokhala ndi misa mpaka 1.8-2.0 kg. Thupi limalumikizana ndipo limapanikizika pang'ono. Mkamwa waukulu, koma wocheperako poyerekeza ndi piki wamba. Nsagwada yapamwambayi siyimapitilira mbali yakumbuyo kwakumbuyo kwa ocular. Mano a Canine amapezeka pamisampha. Anthu onse a Caspian amadziwika ndi zipsepse zakumaso zolekanitsidwa ndi kampata kakang'ono.
Kwa oimira Nyanja Yakuda yamtunduwu, kulumikizana kwa zipsepse zakuthambo ndichikhalidwe. Mzere wotsatira umayandikiranso kumapeto kwa caudal. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kuchokera pachimake cha pike ndikulumikiza kwakung'ono kwamaso, komanso kusapezeka kwa masikelo m'masaya mwache ndi cheza chofewa pang'ono pakhosi. Thupi ndi lofiyira. M'mbali mwa nsomba zotere pali mizere 12-13 yakuda yopingasa. Mawanga amdima omwe amatchulidwa amapezeka pamapiko am'miyendo yam'mbali yam'mimbamo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuphatikiza pa maselo owoneka bwino a photoreceptor a diso, pike perch amakhala ndi chilengedwe chokhala ndi mitsempha yapadera - tapetum, yoyimiriridwa ndi ma cell apansi odzaza ndi timibulu tating'onoting'ono tonyezimira.
Moyo, machitidwe
Mwa njira yawo ya moyo, nsomba za pike ndizomwe zimadya nyama. Oimira mitundu yonse amadyetsa makamaka nsomba, koma anthu ocheperako amatha kudya nyama zopanda mafupa zam'madzi. Nsomba zopangidwa ndi Ray za m'banja la nsomba zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mpweya wa oxygen m'madzi am'madzi komanso kupezeka kwa kuyimitsidwa komwe kumapezeka m'malo osungira zachilengedwe.
M'nyengo yotentha ya chaka, nsomba zimasungunuka mozama mamita 2-5. Oimira mtunduwo amakhala otakataka osati masana okha, komanso usiku. Chifukwa chokhala ndi mawonekedwe owala kuseli kwa diso, nsombazo zimatha kusaka bwino ngakhale atakhala otsika kwambiri. Usiku, nthumwi zamtunduwu zimapita kumadzi osaya, komanso zimatha kusaka pafupi ndi madzi. Pakadali pano, zomwe zimatchedwa "nkhondo" zakonzedwa, zimatsagana ndi kuphulika kwamphamvu komanso "phokoso".
Masana, nkhwangwa zimasamukira kumalo ozama kwambiri. Monga lamulo, nsomba zotere zimakonda pansi pamchenga kapena mwala, makamaka ngati m'malo otere muli zinthu zazikulu ngati matabwa ndi miyala. Mahema oterewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kubisalira, komwe amasaka. Pike perch amalimbana kwambiri ndi matenda osiyanasiyana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kukhalapo kwa pike perch in the reservoir yachilengedwe nthawi zonse kumatsimikizira mkhalidwe wapamwamba wamadzi, chifukwa nsomba zotere sizimalola ngakhale kuipitsidwa pang'ono.
Komabe, pali zosiyana pamakhalidwe komanso moyo. Mwachitsanzo, nsomba zaku Canada zodziwika ngati nsomba zam'madzi. Oimira amtunduwu samangokhala ang'onoang'ono, komanso mumitsinje yayikulu kwambiri. Kaŵirikaŵiri, nsomba zosakwanira motere zimapezeka m'madzi a m'nyanja ndi m'madamu. Kwa gawo lalikulu la moyo wawo, mbalame zaku Canada zangokhala moyo wongokhala, koma panthawi yopuma, nsomba zotere zimasamuka kwakutali kuchokera kumalo awo kupita kumalo osungira. Pambuyo pobzala, nsombazo zimabwerera kumadera kwawo.
Kodi zander amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Kutalika kwakutali kwa ma walley ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, koma nthawi zambiri kumakhala zaka khumi ndi zisanu zokha.
Mitundu ya Zander
Pakadali pano, mitundu isanu yokha ya nsomba za pike ndizodziwika:
- Nthenga wonyezimira kapena chingwe chachikaso (Sander vitreus);
- Pike wamba (Sander lucioperca);
- Mchenga wamchenga kapena waku Canada (Sander canadensis);
- Bersh, kapena Volga pike perch (Sander volgensis);
- Nyanja yolowera panyanja (Sander marinus).
M'matupi amadzi ku Russia tsopano pali mitundu iwiri - iyi ndi yofala komanso Volga pike, kapena bersh. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa gombe la Azov ndi pa Don, dzina m'deralo kwa Pike nsomba ndi odziwika - sula.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Pachikopa chowoneka bwino chafalikira ku North America kuchokera ku Quebec mpaka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Canada. Pike perch yamtunduwu tsopano imayambitsidwa m'malo osungira zachilengedwe ku America konse. Pike nsomba wamba ndi woimira nsomba zamadzi am'madzi ku Eastern Europe ndi Asia. Malo oterewa amapezeka m'mitsinje ya Black, Baltic ndi Azov Seas, komanso ku Caspian ndi Aral Sea, Lake Balkhash ndi Issyk-Kul, m'madzi ena am'madzi ndi malo okhala ndi mchere.
Pike-perch yaku Canada ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofala kwambiri ku North America. Oimira amtunduwu amapezeka kuchokera kunyanja-mtsinje wa St. Lawrence ndi malo osungira zachilengedwe zamapiri a Appalachian mpaka kuchigawo chakumadzulo kwa Alberta.
Malo okhala nyanja amatenga ponseponse m'madzi a Nyanja ya Caspian komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Black Sea. Nsomba zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala m'nyanja ya Caspian nthawi zonse zimapewa malo okhala ndi mchere kwambiri. M'madzi a Black Sea, nthumwi zamtunduwu ndizofala mdera la Dnieper-Bug ndi mitsinje.
Pike nsomba zakudya
Nsomba zokhala ndi zopepuka zopepuka ndi nsomba zodya nyama, ndipo mwachangu mitundu iyi imasinthira ku mtundu wakunja wakadyedwe kokhala ndi thupi lokwanira masentimita 0,8-0.9. Poyamba, mwachangu amadyetsa zooplankton zazing'ono, zomwe zimaphatikizapo cladocerans ndi copepods. Thupi laling'ono litafika 10-20 mm, nsombayo imayamba kudya mitundu yonse ya mphutsi za benthic za tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimaphatikizapo chironomids, amphipods ndi mayflies. Pike perch ikukula ndikukula, nsomba zimayamba kupezeka pachakudya cha achinyamata zander.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakusaka nsomba zazing'ono, nsomba za pike ndizosasamala kotero kuti nthawi zina zimatha kuwuluka kuchokera m'madzi kupita kumtunda, komwe zimamwalira.
Maziko azakudya za oimira mitundu Pike nsomba zambiri za nsomba makamaka ndi thupi lopapatiza. Monga lamulo, nsomba za nsomba zoterezi ndizopepuka, zopanda pake kapena tulka, komanso minnows. Chifukwa chachikulu chosankhira chakudyachi ndi khosi locheperako mwachilengedwe. Zander yaku Canada ndiyomwe imadya nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimadyetsa makamaka nsomba zazing'ono. Volga pike perch, komanso piki wamba, nthawi zambiri amadyetsa ana a nsomba, ndipo kukula kwake kwa nyama zitha kukhala pakati pa 0,5-10 masentimita.
Kubereka ndi ana
Zaka zakukhwima zamitundu yonse zimasiyana kutengera mtundu wa mitunduyo. Mwachitsanzo, mdera lakumpoto kwambiri, oimira mtundu wa Light-feathery pike perch amakhala okhwima koyamba azaka 8-12, ndipo mdera lakumwera, anthu amakhala okhwima pogonana ali ndi zaka 2-4. Nsomba zakumwera zimabereka chaka chilichonse masika, madzi atasungunuka, mzaka khumi zapitazi mu Januware ndi February. Kumpoto, kubereka kumachitika mpaka Julayi.
Kupambana kwa kukula kwa ma gonads kumadalira mtundu wina wa kutentha, chifukwa chake, kutentha kwamadzi m'nyengo yozizira sikuyenera kupitilira 10 ° C. Kumalo okhala kumwera, nthawi yachisanu yotentha, opanga amalumpha chaka chobala. Akazi amatulutsa mazira usiku komanso tating'onoting'ono tambiri mphindi zisanu. Zizindikiro zakubala kwachitsulo chokhwima kwambiri ndiimodzi mwazomwe zili pamwamba kwambiri mwa oimira nsomba zam'madzi onse.
Mazira omwe amadziwika ndi pike-perch wamkazi amakhala ochepa kukula kwake, okhala ndi mulifupi mwake a 1.3-2.1 mm. Pambuyo pake, caviar, yomwe imakhala yolimba, imadziphatika mosavuta panthaka yapansi. Izi zimathandizira kuti umuna ukhale wopambana. Pambuyo pothira feteleza, chikhocho chimayamba kuuma, ndipo kunyinyirika kumatayika pakadutsa maola 1-5. Makolo sateteza ana ndi mazira pawokha, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa mazira, komanso ana osakwana chaka chimodzi, sikupitilira gawo limodzi.
Ndizosangalatsa!Pike perch amabwera nthawi yachilimwe, kutentha kwamadzi kukafika madigiri 11-12. M'madera a Nyanja ya Azov, kubereka kumachitika mu Epulo komanso koyambirira kwa Meyi. Madera osaya amasankhidwa ngati malo obalalirako, monga lamulo, ndi tchire lodzaza madzi ndi zitsamba zina, ndi zinyalala zazikulu pansi. Kusamba kumachitika pakuya kwa theka la mita mpaka 5 mpaka 6 mita. Caviar ya pike perch yaying'ono, yachikasu. Anawo amadyetsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe poyamba.
Kukula kwa piki nsomba ikamafika masentimita 8-10, ma juveniles amatha kusinthana ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba, yomwe imapezeka kwambiri chilimwe. Amadyetsa mwachangu, achinyamata amakula mwachangu kwambiri. Mukakhala ndi zakudya zabwino, nsomba zitha kufikira magalamu 500-800 kale mchaka chachiwiri chamoyo. Oimira mitunduyo amabala kale mchaka chachitatu ndi chachinayi cha moyo. M'nyengo yozizira, nsomba zodziwika bwino nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa m'maenje, momwe zimatha kuphatikiza ndi nsomba za carp, kuphatikiza bream ndi carp.
Adani achilengedwe
Omwe amapikisana nawo pachakudya cha pike perch m'malo awo ndi skygazers ndi auha. Wamkulu zander m'madzi achilengedwe, monga lamulo, samakumana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe, kupha nyama mwachangu komanso kupha nsomba. Oimira mitundu yambiri nthawi zonse amakhala mgulu la ziweto kapena zomwe zimatchedwa timagulu tating'ono, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawapulumutsa ku ziweto zina.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Tench nsomba
- Nsomba za pike
- Nsomba za Pollock
- Nsomba zagolide
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso kuchuluka kwa mitunduyo
Sea pike perch ndi mtundu womwe watchulidwa mu Red Book mdera la Ukraine. Mitundu ina yonseyo siili pangozi.
Mtengo wamalonda
Pike nsomba ndi nsomba zamtengo wapatali komanso zamalonda zamalonda, komanso ndichinthu chosakira masewera. Nyama ya Zander imawerengedwa kuti ndi chakudya chokoma komanso chopatsa thanzi chopanda mafuta. M'mayiko ena, masiku ano kuimira nsomba zamitundumitundu ndizochepera.
