Mitengo yosiyanasiyana imamera m'nkhalango zosakanikirana. Mitundu yomwe imapanga nkhalango imakhala yotakata (mapulo, maolivi, ma lindens, ma birches, ma hornbeams) ndi ma conifers (mapini, larch, fir, spruce). M'madera oterewa, dothi la sod-podzolic, bulauni ndi imvi limapangidwa. Amakhala ndi humus wokwanira, chifukwa cha kukula kwa udzu wambiri m'nkhalangozi. Zitsulo zachitsulo ndi dongo zimatsukidwa.
Dothi la Sod-podzolic
M'nkhalango zowoneka bwino, nthaka ya mtundu wa sod-podzolic imapangidwa kwambiri. Pansi pa nkhalango, mawonekedwe apamwamba a humus-accumulative amapangidwa, ndipo sod wosanjikiza siyabwino kwambiri. Phulusa ndi nitrojeni, magnesium ndi calcium, iron ndi potaziyamu, aluminium ndi hydrogen, komanso zinthu zina, zimakhudzidwa pakupanga nthaka. Mulingo wachonde wa nthaka yotere siwokwera, popeza chilengedwe chimakhala ndi oxidized. Dziko la Sod-podzolic lili ndi 3 mpaka 7% humus. Amapindulitsanso silika komanso osauka mu phosphorous ndi nayitrogeni. Nthaka yamtunduwu imakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri.
Dothi lakuda ndi ma burozems
Nthaka za Brown ndi imvi zimapangidwa m'nkhalango momwe mitengo ya coniferous komanso yolimba imakula nthawi imodzi. Mtundu waimvi umasintha pakati pa dothi la podzolic ndi chernozems. Nthaka yakuda imakhazikika nyengo yotentha komanso mitundu yazomera. Izi zimathandizira kuti chomera chomera, chimbudzi cha nyama chifukwa chazinthu zazing'ono zimasakanikirana, ndipo gawo lalikulu la humus lolimbikitsidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana limapezeka. Yogona kwambiri ndipo imakhala ndi mdima wakuda. Komabe, masika aliwonse, chipale chofewa chikasungunuka, dothi limakumana ndi chinyezi chachikulu ndikutuluka.
Zosangalatsa
Nthaka zofiirira m'nkhalango zimapangidwa m'malo otentha kuposa nkhalango. Kwa mapangidwe awo, chilimwe chiyenera kukhala chotentha pang'ono, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira sipayenera kukhala chipale chofewa chokhazikika. Nthaka imakonzedwa mofanana chaka chonse. Pansi pa izi, humus imakhala yofiirira.
M'nkhalango zosakanikirana, mutha kupeza mitundu ingapo ya dothi: ma burozems, imvi nkhalango ndi dothi la sod-podzolic. Zomwe akupanga ndizofanana. Kukhalapo kwa udzu wandiweyani komanso zinyalala m'nkhalango kumathandizira kuti nthaka ikhale yodzaza ndi humus, koma kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kumathandizira kutayika kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimachepetsa chonde m'nthaka.
