Dera lankhalango lokongola limakhala ndi gawo lalikulu la Eurasia ndi North America. Kwenikweni, nkhalangoyi ili m'malo otenthedwa bwino ndikutsitsa madzi m'zigwa. M'nkhalangoyi mumakhala mitengo ya thundu, bebe, nyanga za phulusa ndi mitengo ya phulusa, lindens ndi mapulo, mitundu yambiri yazitsamba ndi zitsamba. Zomera zonsezi zimamera panthaka wamba yaimvi ndi dothi la podzolic, bulauni komanso mdima wakuda. Nthawi zina nkhalango zimakhala ndi ma chernozems achonde kwambiri.
Burozems
Nthaka za Brown za m'nkhalango zimapangidwa pamene humus imadzikundikira ndikubzala zowola. Chofunika kwambiri ndi masamba akugwa. Nthaka imadzaza ndi ma humic acid. Kukula kwadothi kumadzaza ndi michere yachiwiri yomwe imapangidwa chifukwa cha mankhwala ndi kapangidwe kake. Dziko lamtunduwu ladzaza kwambiri ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Zolemba za burozem ndi izi:
- mulingo woyamba ndi zinyalala;
- wachiwiri - humus, amagona masentimita 20-40, ali ndi utoto wofiirira;
- gawo lachitatu silowoneka bwino, la bulauni wonyezimira, lagona pafupifupi masentimita 120;
- chachinayi ndi mulingo wamiyala ya makolo.
Nthaka za Brown za m'nkhalango zimakhala ndi chonde chokwanira. Amatha kumera mitengo yamitundumitundu, zitsamba ndi udzu.
Dothi lakuda
Nkhalangoyi imakhala ndi dothi lakuda. Amabwera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono angapo:
- imvi yoyera - imakhala ndi 1.5-5% ya humus ambiri, imadzaza ndi mavutowa;
- nkhalango imvi - yolemera mokwanira mu humus mpaka 8% ndipo nthaka imakhala ndi humic acid;
- mdima wakuda - dothi lokhala ndi mulingo wokwanira wa humus - 3.5-9%, wokhala ndi ma asidi a fulvic ndi zotupa za calcium.
Kwa dothi loyera, miyala yomwe imapangika ndi yolimba, miyala ya moraine, loesses, ndi dongo. Malinga ndi akatswiri, dothi laimvi lidapangidwa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ma chernozems. Nthaka zimapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi sod njira ndikukula pang'ono kwa podzolic. Kapangidwe ka nthaka yakuda kumaimiridwa motere:
- zinyalala wosanjikiza - mpaka 5 masentimita;
- humus wosanjikiza - 15-30 masentimita, ali ndi utoto;
- humus-eluvial kuwala mthunzi;
- utoto wofiirira wofiirira;
- kuwala kopanda tanthauzo, bulauni bulauni;
- kusintha kosanjikiza;
- thanthwe la makolo.
M'nkhalango zowirira, pali dothi lokwanira lachonde - burozems ndi sulfure, komanso mitundu ina. Amadzipindulitsanso chimodzimodzi mu humus ndi acid, ndipo amapangidwa pamiyala yosiyanasiyana.
