Cholengedwa chosazolowereka, ngati kuti chidachokera kuzama kwazaka zambiri, chimagunda modabwitsa. Kitoglav amafanana ndi mbadwa ya dinosaur kapena mlendo wokhala mlendo. Mlomo waukuluwo umapangitsa mbalameyi kukhala yosamvetseka komanso yochititsa mantha.
Msonkhano wokhala ndi mutu wa chinsomba m'chilengedwe ndizosowa kale; si malo onse osungira nyama omwe angathe kunyadira mlendo wosangalatsa.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mbalame yomwe sitinaphunzire kwenikweni yakum'mawa kwa Africa. Ornithologists atsimikizira ubale wake ndi ziwombankhanga, kuphatikiza pomwe komwe kumayambira kumayanjana ndi mbalame zambiri zamatayala: adokowe, zitsamba, marabou. Banja lomwe lili ndi nyangumi limaphatikizapo nthumwi imodzi - heron wachifumu, monga amatchulidwira kwina nsomba mbalame.
Kukula kwa nzika zaku Africa ndizosangalatsa: kutalika kwake ndi 1.2-1.5 m, kutalika kwa thupi kumafika 1.4 m, kulemera kwa munthuyo ndi 9-15 kg, m'lifupi mwa mapiko atafutukuka ndi 2.3 m. Mutu wokulirapo ndi mlomo waukulu, wofanana ndi ndowa , ndi osafanana kwenikweni ndi kukula kwa thupi - ali ofanana m'lifupi. Kusamvana kumeneku sikofala kwa mbalame zina.
Mlomo wodabwitsa, womwe kukula kwake mpaka 23 cm kutalika komanso pafupifupi 10 cm mulifupi, udafanizidwa ndi nsapato yamatabwa, mutu wa nangumi - mayina a mbalameyi akuwonetsa izi. Mlomo wake umakhala ndi mbedza yosiyana kumapeto kwake kuti athane ndi nyama.
Khosi lalitali limachirikiza mutu wokulirapowo, koma popuma mlomowo umachirikiza pachifuwa cha mbalameyo kuti muchepetse kukhosi kwa minofu yake. Maso achikasu a mphalapala wachifumu, mosiyana ndi abale awo, ali kutsogolo, osati m'mbali mwa chigaza, chifukwa chake masomphenya amapereka chithunzi cha mbali zitatu zadziko lapansi. Mawonekedwe owoneka bwino amaso ozungulira amatulutsa bata komanso chidaliro.
Ndizosatheka kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitu yamphongo yamphongo ndi mawonekedwe awo. Anthu onse ndi otuwa, mlomo wokhawo ndi wachikasu. Kumbuyo kwa mbalame, mutha kuwona ufa pansi, monga azitsamba.
Thupi lalikulu lokhala ndi mchira wawufupi, mbalameyo imagwira mutu waukulu m'miyendo yayitali komanso yopyapyala. Poyenda m'malo athaphwi, zikono ndi zala padera zimakhazikika ku mbalameyo. Chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi nthaka yofewa, kitoglav sigwera m'goli.
Chomwe chimakhala ndi mbalameyi ndimatha kuyimilira kwa nthawi yayitali. Pakadali pano ndikugwa kitoglav pachithunzichi, ngati kuti mwadala. M'mapaki ena ku Europe, cholembedwa chidalembedwa mwanthabwala pachakudya chodziwitsa mutu wa nangumi: akuyendabe.
Pouluka, mbalame zimakoka makosi awo ngati amphamba, zimayenda bwino, zimauluka kwakanthawi pamwamba pa mathithi, nthawi zina mbalame zimangoyenda mwachidule. Mpweya woyendetsa mutu wa nangumi waukulu wa namgumi wokhala pamapiko otambalala umafanana ndi kuwuluka kwa ndege patali.
Chililabombwe mbalame yotsika, koma imatha kupanga mawu osiyanasiyana:
kudumphadumpha ngati abale onga adokowe ali ndi mlomo wofalitsa uthenga kwa abale;
cheza ndi kuitanira kena kake;
pewani pangozi;
"Wokakamira" mukafunika kupempha chakudya.
M'malo osungira nyama, mbalame zodabwitsa zimayamikiridwa kwambiri, koma kupeza ndi kusunga mutu wa nangumi ndi kovuta pazifukwa zingapo:
- malo enieni odyetsera;
- zovuta za kuswana mu ukapolo;
- malo ochepa.
Mtengo wa anthu ali okwera. Anthu akomweko aku East Africa, pofunafuna phindu lozembera nsomba, kugwira, kugulitsa mitu ya nangumi, amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu amtchire, omwe ndi anthu 5-8,000 okha. Malo okhala mbalame zachilendo akuchepa, zisa nthawi zambiri zimawonongeka.
Lero whale glav - mbalame yosawerengeka, chitetezo chomwe chimayambitsa nkhawa osati pakati pa owonera mbalame zokha, komanso mitundu yambiri yazachilengedwe.
Mitundu
Zachifumu heron, kitani, ndi za dongosolo la adokowe. M'banja lokhala ndi nangumi, ndiye yekhayo amene akuyimira.
Mbalame yosawerengeka idapezeka mu 1849, mchaka chotsatira, chinsombacho chidafotokozedwa ndi asayansi. Padziko lonse lapansi zamva za zozizwitsa zamapazi kuchokera m'buku la katswiri wazinyama waku Sweden a Bengt Berg zaulendo wake waku Sudan. Mpaka pano, nsomba za whale zimakhalabe zamoyo zosaphunzira bwino poyerekeza ndi mbalame zina.
Kafukufuku wa chibadwa amawonetsa ubale wa okhala ndi nthenga ku Africa ndi nkhono, ngakhale mwamwambo amadziwika kuti ndi achibale a mbewa ndi adokowe. Mikangano yambiri yokhudza malo amutu wa whale m'malo olamulira ndege yadzetsa ziweruzo zasayansi kuti ziwone ngati kulumikizana komwe kulipo pakati pa malamulo a Copepods ndi Stork.
Funso la "shoebeak", monga aku Britain amalitchulira, likadali pa kafukufuku.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Malo okhala anamgumi amakhala m'madambo otentha m'chigawo chapakati ndi kum'mawa kwa Africa. Pokhala wokhazikika, mbalameyi imakhala m'mphepete mwa Nile, matupi amadzi a Zaire, Congo, Tanzania, Zambia, Uganda, Kenya, South Sudan mpaka kumadzulo kwa Ethiopia. M'malo awa, chakudya chachikulu cha mbalame chimapezeka - nsomba zopumira m'mapapo, kapena zotulutsa.
Khalidwe lokhalitsa komanso losayanjanitsika ndilo khalidwe la zolengedwa zofatsa komanso zamtendere. Mbiri yonse ya mbalame imalumikizidwa ndi maunyolo a gumbwa ndi zotumphukira.
Anthu abalalika ndipo ndi ochepa. Mbalame zambiri zimawonedwa ku South Sudan. Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri nyangayi ndi nkhalango zamabango m'malo achithaphwi, mbalame zimapewa malo otseguka.
Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa zokha, osakhala awiriawiri nthawi yayitali, sizimagwirizana m'magulu. Ndizochepa kuwona mitu yambiri ya nangumi limodzi. Cholengedwa chodabwitsa sichidziwika, sichimafuna kulankhulana ndi anthu amitundu ina.
Zikhalidwe zakale zokhazokha ndizomwe zimakakamiza anthu kuti asinthe. Mbalame zimathera moyo wawo m'nkhalango zowirira, kuti zizidziteteza kwa alendo. Nthawi zina phokoso la milomo limanena za komwe kumakhala anthu osamveka otentha.
Maola ambiri ozizira ndi milomo yosindikizidwa amachititsa kuti mbalameyi isawonekere pakati pa mabango ndi gumbwa. Mutha kudutsa pafupi ndi iyo, mutu wa nangumi suyenda ngakhale, mosiyana ndi mbalame zina sizinganyamuke.
Whale whale mutu samanyamuka nthawi zambiri. Kuuluka ndi mapiko akulu ndikufalikira kwambiri. Mlomo wa mbalameyo umakanikizidwa pachifuwa, sichimasokoneza kuyenda. Pofunafuna chakudya, mbalame zimauluka motsika.
Kukula, monga ziwombankhanga, mitu ya anangumi imagwiritsa ntchito mafunde am'mlengalenga, sichitha mphamvu pakuwuluka mwaulere.
Monga malo owonera, abuluu amasankha zilumba zazomera, koma nthawi ndi nthawi amayenda m'madambo. Mbalame zimatha kulowa m'madambo mpaka kumizere.
Mitu ya anangumi imangowoneka yowopsa, koma iwonso, monga anyani wamba, amatha kugwidwa ndi adani achilengedwe. Kuphatikiza pa ziwopsezo zomwe zimadya nthenga (mphamba, mphamba), ng'ona zimawopsa.
Ma African alligator amakhala m'madambo ambiri. Anapiye akumutu a nangumi, nkhwangwa za mazira zimaopsezedwa ndi ziwopsezo za marten.
Mndende, mbalame zosowa, pokhala otetezeka, zimazolowera anthu msanga, zimayamba kunyengerera. Anthuwa amakhala mwamtendere, amakhala bwino ndi nyama zina.
Zakudya zabwino
Zakudya za nangumi, chakudya cha nyama ndi nyama zam'madzi komanso zapafupi. Kuteteza ku mtundu wa nsomba za lobe - "mbale" yomwe mumakonda mutu wa nangumi, wokhala m'malo osaya a matupi amadzi, m'mitsinje, madera otsetsereka a mitsinje.
Nthawi yodyetsa mbalame nthawi zambiri imacha m'mawa, osachita masana. Kuyendera zilumba zonse zoyandama za zomera zam'madzi kumachitika, kuyenda kumapangidwa pakati pa nkhalango. Ataona nyama yomwe ili pafupi, nyamayi imagwetsa mapiko ake, imathamangira kukakumana nayo kuti igwe pakamwa pake. Mpikisano umasungidwa bwino.
Nthawi zina mbalameyo imadzutsa chisakasa kuti ipeze mollusks, amphibians. Ndi milomo yake yotakata, mfumuyi imatha kugwira ngakhale mwana wakhanda. Ngati mutu wa namgumi utsuka nsomba za zomera, umang'amba mutu usanadye, ndiye kuti makoswe akulu amatha kumeza.
Kusankha malo osakira nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi njovu ndi mvuu. M'madera ochepetsedwa ndi nyama zazikulu, nyama nthawi zonse zimadziunjikira, nsomba zochulukirapo. Ngalande zopangira zimakopa mbalame zambiri.
Ornithologists amakhulupirira kuti mbalame angler yabwino kwambiri ndi mutu wa nangumi Zomwe zimadya chitsamba chachifumu, ngati simungathe kukhutitsa njala yanu ndi zotulutsa?
Kusaka tilapia, polypterus, nsomba zam'madzi, njoka zam'madzi, akamba amachitika kuchokera kokabisalira, ngwazi yachifumu imayembekezera moleza mtima mawonekedwe awo ndi kuyandikira kwawo. Nthawi zina mbalameyi imatsitsa mutu wake m'madzi kuti igwire nsomba yosambira ndi mlomo wake, ngati ukonde wa gulugufe, komanso achule ndi gawo lapansi. Njira yogwirira nyama ikufanana ndi machitidwe amtundu.
Msodzi waluso nthawi zonse amasaka anthu amtundu wake. Mtunda wochepera pakati pa mbalame ndi osachepera 20 mita.
Kuledzera kwa gourmets ku nsomba zopumira kawiri kumafotokozedwa ndi mawonekedwe apakamwa, osinthidwa kukhala "menyu" wina. Kutayika kwa gwero lalikulu la chakudya kumawononga mitu ya anangumi, ngakhale atadyetsedwa ndi anthu ena okhala m'madzi.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Pakutha nyengo yamvula, nyengo yoswana ya mitu ya namgumi imayamba. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zamitala, kukwatirana kumachitika kamodzi kokha mu mphalapala zachifumu. Kusankha bwenzi kumachitika pakuvina mating, kulonjerana ndi mutu, kutambasula khosi, nyimbo zosokosera ndi zogontha, kudina pakamwa.
Chotsatira ndikumanga chisa. Kapangidwe kake ndi pulatifomu yokhala ndi mainchesi a 2.5 mita.Malo amabisika kuti asayang'ane maso ndi nkhalango zowirira. Pofuna kudziteteza ku nyama zolusa, mitu ya anangumi imamanga zisa zawo m'zithaphwi, zilumba zabwino m'malo osadutsa.
Zinthu zomangira zimasonkhanitsidwa ndi mbalame. Pansi pa chisa, zimayambira gumbwa ndi bango zimayikidwa, mkati mwa thireyi mumadzaza udzu wouma, womwe mitu ya nangumi imaphwanya ndi zikopa zawo.
Clutch nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mazira 1-3. Usiku, mkazi amawatenthetsa ndi kutentha kwake, ndipo masana, ngati kuli kotheka, amawaziziritsa ndi madzi omwe amabweretsa mlomo wake ngati choko. Kusunga kutentha koyenera ndikofunikira pakukula kwa ana. Makulitsidwe amakhala kwa mwezi umodzi. Makolo amasinthana pantchito yawo pachisa.
Anapiye aswedwa okhala ndi bulauni yakuda bii pansi, mlomo wolumikizidwa umakhalapo ngakhale mwa ana obadwa kumene. Mkazi amadyetsa ana poyamba mwa kumenyetsa kuchokera ku chotupa. Patatha mwezi umodzi, zinyenyeswazi zatha kale kumeza zidutswa za chakudya chomwe chidabweretsedwacho. Kusambitsa ana obadwa kumene kutentha kumachitika mofanana ndi mazira, obwera ndi madzi mkamwa mwa mkazi.
Monga lamulo, wolowa m'malo m'modzi yekhayo ndi amene amapulumuka, yemwe amalandira chakudya ndi chisamaliro chochuluka. Kupezera chakudya mwana kumathamangitsidwa pogogoda miyendo kapena mulomo wa mkazi. Mpaka miyezi iwiri nsomba mutu ndi osalekanitsidwa ndi makolo, kenako amayamba kuwonetsa zizindikilo zoyambirira zodziyimira pawokha.
Pakadutsa miyezi inayi mutapangidwa mapiko a nangumi pachimake pa phiko, kulekana ndi chisa chake, koma kubwerera kunyumba kumachitikabe.
Kitoglav imapeza ntchito zobereka zaka 3. Nthawi yochepa mbalame imakhala zaka 36. Ziweto zikuchepa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha umbanda, kuchepa kwa malo okhala.
Zochita za anthu zikuwononga nyama zakutchire. Mu ukapolo, kuswana kwa mbalame kumakhala kovuta.
Kitoglav amatha kudabwitsa munthu, komanso kupangitsa munthu kuganiza za chitetezo cha chilengedwe chodabwitsa, momwe zonse zimalumikizirana komanso zogwirizana.
