India ndi dziko la Asia lomwe limakhala madera ambiri aku India, komanso zilumba zingapo m'nyanja ya Indian. Dera lokongolali lili ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo nthaka yachonde, nkhalango, mchere ndi madzi. Izi zimagawidwa mosagwirizana kudera lonse. Tidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane pansipa.
Zothandizira nthaka
India ili ndi malo ambiri achonde. M'nthaka yomwe ili kumpoto kwa zigwa zakumpoto za chigwa cha Satle Ganga ndi chigwa cha Brahmaputra, mpunga, chimanga, nzimbe, jute, thonje, ogwiriridwa, mpiru, nthangala za zitsamba, fulakesi, ndi zina zambiri, zimapereka zokolola zambiri.
Thonje ndi nzimbe zimabzalidwa m'nthaka yakuda ya Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarati.
Mchere
India ili ndi mchere wambiri monga:
- chitsulo;
- malasha;
- mafuta;
- manganese;
- bauxite;
- ma chromite;
- mkuwa;
- tungsten;
- gypsum;
- miyala yamwala;
- mica, ndi zina.
Mgodi wamakala ku India udayamba mu 1774 pambuyo pa East India Company ku Raniganja basin basin m'mbali mwa gombe lakumadzulo kwa Damadar River m'boma la India ku West Bengal. Kukula kwa migodi yamalasha ku India kudayamba pomwe oyendetsa sitima amoto adayambitsidwa mu 1853. Kupanga kuchuluka matani miliyoni. Kupanga kunafika matani 30 miliyoni mu 1946. Pambuyo pa ufulu, National Coal Development Corporation idapangidwa, ndipo migodi idakhala eni njanji. India imagwiritsa ntchito malasha makamaka pantchito yamagetsi.
Kuyambira Epulo 2014, India idali ndi mafuta osungidwa pafupifupi 5.62 biliyoni, motero adadzikhazikitsa ngati lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri ku Asia-Pacific pambuyo pa China. Malo ambiri osungira mafuta ku India amapezeka pagombe lakumadzulo (ku Mumbai Hai) komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo, ngakhale nkhokwe zazikulu zimapezekanso kumtunda kwa Bengal Gulf komanso m'boma la Rajasthan. Kuphatikiza kwa mafuta omwe akukulirakulira komanso mopanda kusunthika pakupanga kumasiya India makamaka kudalira zogulitsa kunja kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zake.
India ili ndi 1437 biliyoni m3 ya mafuta osungidwa kutsimikiziridwa kuyambira Epulo 2010, malinga ndi ziwerengero zaboma. Gasi wambiri wopangidwa ku India amachokera kumadera akumadzulo kwa nyanja, makamaka ku Mumbai. Minda yakunyanja ku:
- Assam;
- Tripura;
- Andhra Pradesh;
- Telangane;
- Gujarat.
Mabungwe angapo monga Geological Survey of India, Indian Bureau of Mines, ndi ena, akuchita nawo kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha michere ku India.
Zothandizira nkhalango
Chifukwa cha malo osiyanasiyana komanso nyengo, India ili ndi zomera ndi zinyama zambiri. Pali malo angapo osungirako zachilengedwe komanso mazana a malo osungira nyama zamtchire.
Nkhalango zimatchedwa "golide wobiriwira". Izi ndi zongowonjezwdwa. Amaonetsetsa kuti chilengedwe chili ndi chilengedwe: amatenga CO2, ziphe zakukwera kwamakampani ndi kutukuka kwamakampani, amawongolera nyengo, popeza amakhala ngati "siponji" wachilengedwe.
Ntchito yopanga matabwa imathandizira kwambiri pachuma. Tsoka ilo, kutukuka kumawononga kuchuluka kwa nkhalango, ndikucheperachepera. Pankhaniyi, boma la India lakhazikitsa malamulo angapo oteteza nkhalango.
Forest Research Institute idakhazikitsidwa ku Dehradun kuti iphunzire za chitukuko cha nkhalango. Adapanga ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo lokhazikitsa nkhalango, lomwe limaphatikizapo:
- kusankha kudula nkhuni;
- kubzala mitengo yatsopano;
- kuteteza mbewu.
Zida zamadzi
Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi amchere, India ndi amodzi mwamayiko olemera kwambiri, popeza 4% yamadzi osungira padziko lonse lapansi amakhala mokhazikika m'gawo lake. Ngakhale zili choncho, malinga ndi lipoti la Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on Climate Change, India idasankhidwa kukhala dera lomwe limatha kuchepa kwa madzi. Masiku ano, madzi akumwa ndi 1122 m3 pa munthu aliyense, pomwe malinga ndi mayiko akunja chiwerengerochi chikuyenera kukhala 1700 m3. Ofufuza akuneneratu kuti mtsogolomo, pamlingo wogwiritsa ntchito, India atha kusowa madzi akumwa.
Zovuta zapamtunda, magawidwe, zovuta zaukadaulo ndi kuwongolera koyipa kumalepheretsa India kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi ake.
