Limodzi mwa zipululu zazikulu komanso zotchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi Sahara, lomwe limakhudza mayiko khumi aku Africa. M'mabuku akale, chipululu chimatchedwa "chachikulu." Awa ndi malo opanda mchenga, dongo, miyala, pomwe moyo umangopezeka m'mapiri osowa kwambiri. Mtsinje umodzi wokha umayenda pano, koma pali nyanja zing'onozing'ono m'mapiri ndi nkhokwe zazikulu zamadzi apansi panthaka. Gawo la chipululu limakhala ndi ma mita opitilira 7700 zikwi zikwi. km, yocheperako pang'ono kuposa Brazil ndi yokulirapo kuposa Australia.
Sahara si chipululu chimodzi, koma kuphatikiza kwa zipululu zingapo zomwe zili pamalo amodzi ndipo zimakhala ndi nyengo yofananira. Zipululu zotsatirazi zitha kusiyanitsidwa:
Waku Libya
Arabiya
Nubian
Palinso zipululu zing'onozing'ono, komanso mapiri ndi kuphulika kwa mapiri. Muthanso kupeza malo angapo okhala ku Sahara, komwe Qatar imatha kusiyanitsidwa, mamita 150 pansi pamadzi.
Nyengo m'chipululu
Sahara ili ndi nyengo yowuma kwambiri, ndiye kuti, youma komanso yotentha, koma kumpoto kwenikweni ndi kotentha. M'chipululu, kutentha kokwanira padziko lapansi ndi +58 madigiri Celsius. Ponena za mvula, samakhala pano kwa zaka zingapo, ndipo akagwa, alibe nthawi yofikira pansi. Zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri mchipululu ndi mphepo, yomwe imadzutsa mphepo yamkuntho. Kuthamanga kwa mphepo kumatha kufikira 50 mita pamphindikati.
Pali kusintha kwamphamvu kwamasiku otentha: ngati kutentha kwamasana kwatha + madigiri 30, zomwe sizingatheke kupuma kapena kusuntha, ndiye usiku kumazizira ndipo kutentha kumatsikira ku 0. Ngakhale miyala yolimba kwambiri singathe kupirira kusinthasintha uku, komwe kumang'ambika ndikusandulika mchenga.
Kumpoto kwa chipululu kuli mapiri a Atlas, omwe amalepheretsa kulowa kwa mpweya waku Mediterranean kulowa ku Sahara. Mvula yam'mlengalenga imachoka kumwera kuchokera ku Gulf of Guinea. Nyengo yam'chipululu imakhudza madera oyandikana ndi nyengo.
Zomera za m'chipululu cha Sahara
Zomera zimafalikira mosiyanasiyana ku Sahara. Mitundu yoposa 30 yazomera zopezeka paliponse imapezeka m'chipululu. Flora imayimilidwa kwambiri kumapiri a Ahaggar ndi Tibesti, komanso kumpoto kwa chipululu.
Zina mwa zomerazi ndi izi:
Fern
Ficus
Cypress
Xerophytes
Mbewu
Mtengo
Ziziphus
Cactus
Bokosi la nkhonya
Nthenga udzu
Mtengo wa kanjedza
Nyama m'chipululu cha Sahara
Nyama zikuyimiriridwa ndi nyama, mbalame ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Mwa iwo, ku Sahara, pali ma jerboas ndi hamsters, ma gerbils ndi antelopes, nkhosa zamphongo zamphongo ndi ma chanterelles ang'onoang'ono, mimbulu ndi mongooses, amphaka amchenga ndi ngamila.
Jerboa
Hamster
Gerbil
Antelope
Nkhosa yamphongo
Chanterelles zazing'ono
Nkhandwe
Mongooses
Amphaka a Dune
Ngamila
Pali abuluzi ndi njoka pano: kuyang'anira abuluzi, agamas, njoka zamphongo, fes mchenga.
Varan
Agam
Njoka yaminyanga
Sandy Efa
Chipululu cha Sahara ndi dziko lapadera lokhala ndi nyengo yowuma kwambiri. Awa ndi malo otentha kwambiri padziko lapansi, koma pali moyo pano. Izi ndi nyama, mbalame, tizilombo, zomera ndi anthu osamukasamuka.
Malo amchipululu
Chipululu cha Sahara chili kumpoto kwa Africa. Imakhala yayikulu kuchokera kumadzulo kwa kontrakitala mpaka kum'mawa kwamakilomita zikwi 4.8, komanso kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera makilomita chikwi 0.8-1.2. Chigawo chonse cha Sahara chili pafupifupi ma 8.6 miliyoni ma kilomita. Kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, chipululu chimadutsa pazinthu izi:
- kumpoto - mapiri a Atlas ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean;
- kum'mwera - Sahel, zone yopitilira ku savanna;
- kumadzulo - Nyanja ya Atlantic;
- kum'mawa - Nyanja Yofiira.
Zambiri za Sahara zimakhala ndi malo amtchire komanso opanda anthu, pomwe nthawi zina mumakumana ndi anthu osamukasamuka. Chipululu chidagawika pakati pa mayiko monga Egypt ndi Niger, Algeria ndi Sudan, Chad ndi Western Sahara, Libya ndi Morocco, Tunisia ndi Mauritania.
Mapu Achipululu cha Sahara
Mpumulo
M'malo mwake, mchenga umangokhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a Sahara, pomwe gawo lonselo limakhala ndimiyala ndi mapiri omwe amaphulika. Mwambiri, zinthu zotsatirazi zitha kusiyanitsidwa mchipululu:
- Western Sahara - zigwa, mapiri ndi madera otsika;
- Ahaggar - mapiri;
- Tibesti - chigwa;
- Tenere - malo amchenga;
- Chipululu cha Libya;
- Mpweya - chigwa;
- Talak ndi chipululu;
- Ennedy - chigwa;
- Chipululu cha Algeria;
- Adrar-Ifhoras - chigwa;
- Chipululu cha Arabia;
- El Hamra;
- Chipululu cha Nubian.
Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamchenga ili m'nyanja zamchenga monga Igidi ndi Bolshoi East Erg, Tenenre ndi Idekhan-Marzuk, Shesh ndi Aubari, Bolshoi West Erg ndi Erg Shebbi. Palinso milu ndi milu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. M'malo ena, pamakhala zochitika zosuntha, komanso mchenga woimba.
Kutha kwa chipululu
Ngati tingalankhule mwatsatanetsatane za kupumula, mchenga komanso komwe chipululu chimayambira, ndiye kuti asayansi amati Sahara kale inali nyanja. Pali ngakhale Chipululu Choyera, momwe miyala yoyera ndi zotsalira za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono takale, ndipo pakufukula, akatswiri ofufuza zakale amapeza mafupa a nyama zosiyanasiyana zomwe zidakhala zaka mamiliyoni zapitazo.
Tsopano mchenga umaphimba madera ena a chipululu, ndipo m'malo ena kuya kwake kumafika 200 mita. Mchenga umanyamulidwa nthawi zonse ndi mphepo, ndikupanga mawonekedwe atsopano. Pansi pa milu ndi mchenga, pamakhala miyala ndi miyala yambiri. Anthu atazindikira madontho a mafuta ndi gasi, adayamba kuzitenga pano, ngakhale ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa m'malo ena padziko lapansi.
Zida zamadzi ku Sahara
Gwero lalikulu la Chipululu cha Sahara ndi mitsinje ya Nile ndi Niger, komanso Nyanja ya Chad. Mitsinje inayambira kunja kwa chipululu, imadyetsa pamwamba ndi pansi panthaka. Mitsinje yayikulu mumtsinje wa Nailo ndi White ndi Blue Nile, yomwe imalumikizana kumwera chakum'mawa kwa chipululu. Niger imayenda kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Sahara, kudera lomwe kuli nyanja zingapo. Kumpoto, kuli wadis ndi mitsinje yomwe imapanga mvula yamphamvu kwambiri, komanso imayenda kuchokera kumapiri. Mkati mwa chipululu momwemo, pali netiweki yomwe idapangidwa kalekale. Dziwani kuti pansi pa mchenga wa Sahara pali nthaka yomwe imadyetsa madzi ena. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza njira zothirira.
Mtsinje wa Nailo
Zambiri zosangalatsa za Sahara
Mwa zina zosangalatsa za Sahara, ziyenera kudziwika kuti sizowona konse. Mitundu yoposa 500 ya zinyama ndi mitundu mazana angapo yazinyama zimapezeka pano. Kusiyanasiyana kwa zinyama ndi zinyama zimapanga zachilengedwe zapadera padziko lapansi.
M'matumbo a dziko lapansi pansi pa nyanja zamchenga zam'chipululu pali magwero amadzi a artesian. Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa ndikuti gawo la Sahara limasintha nthawi zonse. Zithunzi za satellite zikusonyeza kuti dera la chipululu likuwonjezeka ndikuchepa. Ngati Sahara isanali savanna, tsopano chipululu, ndizosangalatsa kuti zaka masauzande ochepa zizichita ndi chiyani komanso zachilengedwezi.
