Ng'ombe yamphongo ndi nyama ya banja la nswala kapena Cervidae, yomwe imaphatikizapo nswala, elk, ndi wapiti. Mofanana ndi ena onse m’banja lawo, mphalapala zili ndi miyendo yaitali, ziboda, ndi nyanga. Anthu amapezeka ku Arctic Tundra ndi nkhalango zoyandikana ndi Greenland, Scandinavia, Russia, Alaska ndi Canada. Pali mitundu iwiri kapena zachilengedwe: tundra deer ndi nkhalango. Mphalapala za Tundra zimasunthira pakati pa tundra ndi nkhalango m'magulu akulu a anthu pafupifupi theka miliyoni miliyoni kuzungulira pachaka, pafupifupi dera la 5,000 km. Gwape wa nkhalango ndi wocheperako.
Ku North America, agwape amatchedwa caribou, ku Europe - mphalapala.
Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti mphalapala inali imodzi mwa ziweto zoyambirira. Malinga ndi a Smithsonian, idasinthidwa koyamba zaka 2,000 zapitazo. Anthu ambiri aku Arctic amagwiritsabe ntchito nyama iyi ngati chakudya, zovala ndi pogona nyengo.
Maonekedwe ndi magawo
Mbawalayo amakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, thupi lokhalitsa, khosi lalitali ndi miyendo. Amuna amakula kuchokera 70 mpaka 135 cm atafota, pomwe kutalika konse kumatha kutalika kuchokera pa 180 mpaka 210 cm, pomwe kulemera kwake kumakhala pakati pa 65 mpaka 240 kg. Zazimayi ndizocheperako komanso zokongola kwambiri, kutalika kwake kumasintha m'chigawo cha 170-190 masentimita, ndipo kulemera kwake kuli pakati pa 55-140 kg.
Ubweya wake ndi wandiweyani, muluwo ndi wopanda pake, womwe umapereka chitetezo chowonjezera munthawi yozizira. Mtundu umasintha malinga ndi nyengo. M'nyengo yotentha, agwape amakhala amtundu woyera, ndipo nthawi yozizira amasanduka bulauni.
Mphalapala ndi nyama yokhayo yomwe ili ndi nyerere za amuna ndi akazi. Ndipo ngakhale mwa akazi amangofika masentimita 50 okha, amuna amatha kukula, malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, kuyambira 100 mpaka 140 cm, pomwe akulemera makilogalamu 15. Nyama zamphongo sizimangokongoletsa chabe, komanso ngati njira yodzitetezera.
Kuswana kwa mphalapala
Ng'ombe yamphongo nthawi zambiri imatha msinkhu mchaka cha 4 cha moyo. Pakadali pano amakhala okonzeka kuswana. Nyengo yakukhwimitsa imayamba mu Okutobala ndipo imatenga masiku 11 okha. Amuna a Tundra, olumikizidwa ndi akazi m'magulu zikwizikwi, ali ndi mwayi wopeza mnzawo wokha ndikupewa ndewu zazikulu ndi omwe akupikisana nawo pakugwa. Nkhandwe zakutchire ndizofunitsitsa kumenyera mkazi. Mulimonsemo, ana ang'onoang'ono amabadwa patatha miyezi 7.5 atatenga bere mu Meyi kapena Juni chaka chotsatira. Ng'ombe zimayamba kunenepa, chifukwa mkaka wa nyama izi ndi wonenepa komanso wathanzi kuposa wa ena osatulutsidwa. Patatha mwezi umodzi, amatha kuyamba kudya yekha, koma nthawi yayitali yoyamwitsa imatha miyezi 5-6.
Tsoka ilo, theka la ana ang'onoang'ono obadwa kumene amafa, chifukwa ndi nyama zosavuta mimbulu, ziphuphu ndi zimbalangondo. Zaka zamoyo zimakhala pafupifupi zaka 15 kuthengo, 20 mu ukapolo.
Malo ndi zizolowezi
Kumtchire, agwape amapezeka ku Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Northern Europe ndi North Asia m'malo amitunda, mapiri ndi nkhalango. Malinga ndi Encyclopedia Britannica, malo okhala amakhala 500 km2. Mbawala yamtundu wa Tundra imabisala m'nkhalango ndikubwerera kumtunda kumapeto kwa masika. M'dzinja, amasamukira kunkhalango.
Mbawala ndi zolengedwa zambiri. Chifukwa chake, amakhala m'magulu akulu kuyambira zaka 6 mpaka 13, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ziweto kumatha kuyambira mazana mpaka mitu 50,000. M'chaka, chiwerengero chawo chikuwonjezeka. Kusamukira kumwera kukafunafuna chakudya m'nyengo yozizira kumachitikanso mogwirizana.
Masiku ano padziko lapansi pali nyama zamphongo pafupifupi 4.5 miliyoni. Ambiri aiwo ali ku North America, ndipo gawo limodzi lokha ndi lomwe limagwera ku gawo la Eurasia. Izi makamaka kumpoto kwa Russia. Koma kumpoto kwa Europe, pafupifupi mamiliyoni atatu a ziweto zoweta amakhala. Mpaka pano, ndi nyama zofunikira kwambiri kwa abusa achikhalidwe aku Scandinavia ndi taiga Russia.
Mkaka ndi nyama zawo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, ndipo zikopa zawo zotentha amazipangira zovala ndi pogona. Nyanga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zabodza ndi totem.
Zakudya zabwino
Zinyama zotchedwa reindeer ndizodyetsa nyama, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amadyetsa zokhazokha zakudya zazomera. Zakudya za mphalapala za chilimwe zimakhala ndi udzu, sedge, masamba obiriwira a tchire ndi mphukira zazing'ono zamitengo. Pakugwa, amasamukira ku bowa ndi masamba. Munthawi imeneyi, nswala wamkulu, malinga ndi San Diego Zoo, amadya pafupifupi 4-8 makilogalamu azomera patsiku.
M'nyengo yozizira, chakudyacho chimakhala chochepa kwambiri, ndipo chimaphatikizapo ziphuphu zam'madzi zam'madzi ndi mosses, zomwe amakolola pansi pa chivundikiro cha chisanu. Chilengedwe chimaonetsetsa kuti zazikazi zimatsanula nyanga zawo mochedwa kuposa zamphongo. Chifukwa chake, amateteza chakudya chochepera kuti chisalowerere kunja.
Zosangalatsa
- Amphongo amphongo amataya nyanga zawo mu Novembala, pomwe akazi amawasunga kwakanthawi.
- Mbawala zimamangidwa kuti zipirire chisanu choopsa. Mphuno zawo zimatenthetsa mpweya usanafike pamapapu awo, ndipo thupi lawo lonse, kuphatikizapo ziboda, limakutidwa ndi tsitsi.
- Mbawala imatha kufikira liwiro la 80 km / h.
