Kupambana kwakukulu mu sayansi yachilengedwe kunapangidwa ndi V.I. Vernadsky. Ali ndi ntchito zambiri, ndipo adakhala woyambitsa wa biogeochemistry - malangizo atsopano asayansi. Zimakhazikitsidwa ndi chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe, chomwe chimakhazikitsidwa ndi gawo lazinthu zamoyo munjira za geological.
Chofunika cha chilengedwe
Lero pali malingaliro angapo a biosphere, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri pakati pawo: chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe cha zamoyo zonse. Malowa amakhudza kwambiri mlengalenga ndipo amatha kumapeto kwa ozoni wosanjikiza. Komanso, ma hydrosphere onse ndi gawo lina la lithosphere amaphatikizidwa ndi biosphere. Kumasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki, liwulo limatanthauza "mpira" ndipo ndi mkati mwamlengalenga momwe zamoyo zonse zimakhala.
Wasayansi Vernadsky ankakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe ndi gawo lokonzedwa bwino lomwe limalumikizana ndi moyo. Anali woyamba kupanga chiphunzitso chonse ndikuwulula lingaliro la "biosphere". Ntchito ya wasayansi waku Russia idayamba mu 1919, ndipo kale mu 1926 namatetule adapatsa dziko lapansi buku lake "Biosphere".
Malinga ndi Vernadsky, chilengedwe ndi danga, dera, malo omwe amakhala ndi zamoyo komanso malo awo okhala. Kuphatikiza apo, wasayansiyo adawona kuti chilengedwechi chidachokera. Anatinso ndichinthu chamapulaneti chokhala ndi chilengedwe. Chodziwika bwino cha danga lino ndi "chinthu chamoyo" chomwe chimakhala mumlengalenga komanso chimapereka mawonekedwe apadera padziko lathuli. Mwa zamoyo, wasayansi anamvetsa zamoyo zonse za dziko lapansi. Vernadsky amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zingapo zimakhudza malire ndi chitukuko cha chilengedwe:
- chinthu chamoyo;
- mpweya;
- mpweya woipa;
- madzi amadzimadzi.
Malo awa, momwe moyo umakhazikika, amatha kuchepetsedwa ndi kutentha kwapamwamba komanso kutsika kwa mpweya, mchere komanso madzi amchere kwambiri.
Kapangidwe ka biosphere malinga ndi Vernadsky
Poyamba, Vernadsky ankakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe chimakhala ndi zinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri zosiyana, zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe. Izi zikuphatikiza:
- chinthu chamoyo - chinthu ichi chimakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu yamankhwala, yomwe imapangidwa chifukwa cha kubadwa kopitilira ndi kufa kwa zamoyo;
- bio-inert mankhwala - opangidwa ndikusinthidwa ndi zamoyo. Zinthu izi zikuphatikiza nthaka, mafuta, ndi zina;
- zinthu zopanda pake - amatanthauza chilengedwe chopanda moyo;
- biogenic mankhwala - ya zamoyo Mwachitsanzo, nkhalango, munda, plankton. Chifukwa cha kufa kwawo, miyala ya biogenic imapangidwa;
- mankhwala a nyukiliya;
- zakuthambo - zinthu za fumbi lachilengedwe ndi ma meteorites;
- ma atomu obalalika.
Pambuyo pake, wasayansi uja adazindikira kuti chilengedwechi chimakhazikitsidwa ndi zinthu zamoyo, zomwe zimamveka ngati zinthu zamoyo zomwe zimalumikizana ndi mafupa osakhala amoyo. Komanso biosphere pali biogenic mankhwala amene analengedwa ndi zamoyo, ndipo makamaka miyala ndi mchere. Kuphatikiza apo, chilengedwechi chimaphatikizaponso zinthu zosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe, zomwe zidachitika chifukwa cholumikizana kwa zamoyo komanso njira zosalowerera.
Katundu wa zachilengedwe
Vernadsky adaphunzira mosamala zamoyo za biosphere ndipo adazindikira kuti maziko a magwiridwe antchito ndikufalikira kosatha kwa zinthu ndi mphamvu. Njirazi zimatheka kokha chifukwa cha ntchito ya chamoyo. Zinthu zamoyo (ma autotrophs ndi ma heterotrophs) zimapanga zofunikira pakukhalapo kwawo. Kotero, mothandizidwa ndi autotrophs, mphamvu ya kuwala kwa dzuwa imasandulika kukhala mankhwala a mankhwala. Ma heterotrophs, nawonso, amawononga mphamvu zopangidwazo ndikupangitsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi mankhwala. Zomalizazi ndizo maziko opangira zinthu zatsopano zama autotrophs. Chifukwa chake, kuzungulira kwa zinthu kumachitika.
Ndi chifukwa cha kusinthika kwachilengedwe komwe biosphere ndiyomwe imadzithandizira yokha. Kuzungulira kwa zinthu zamankhwala ndikofunikira zamoyo komanso kukhalapo kwawo mumlengalenga, hydrosphere ndi nthaka.
Zomwe zikuluzikulu za chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe
Zomwe zikuluzikulu za chiphunzitso Vernadsky zafotokozedwa mu "Biosphere", "Area of life", "Biosphere ndi space". Wasayansi adalemba malire a biosphere, kuphatikiza ma hydrosphere onse pamodzi ndi kuzama kwa nyanja, mawonekedwe apadziko lapansi (kumtunda kwa lithosphere) ndi gawo lina lamlengalenga mpaka pamlingo wa troposphere. Chilengedwe ndichinthu chofunikira. Chimodzi mwazinthu zake zikafa, envelopu ya biosphere idzagwa.
Vernadsky anali wasayansi woyamba yemwe anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la "zinthu zamoyo". Adafotokozera moyo ngati gawo lokhalitsa nkhani. Ndi zamoyo zomwe zimayendetsa njira zina zomwe zimachitika padziko lapansi.
Pozindikira chilengedwe, Vernadsky ananena izi:
- chilengedwe ndi dongosolo;
- zamoyo ndizofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo zakhala zikuwumba dziko lathuli;
- Moyo padziko lapansi umakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu zakuthambo
Chifukwa chake, Vernadsky adayala maziko a biogeochemistry ndi chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe. Zambiri zomwe ananena sizikugwira ntchito masiku ano. Asayansi amakono akupitiliza kuphunzira zachilengedwe, komanso amadalira ziphunzitso za Vernadsky. Moyo m'chilengedwe wafalikira kulikonse ndipo kulikonse kuli zamoyo zomwe sizingakhale kunja kwa chilengedwe.
Kutulutsa
Ntchito wotchuka Russian wasayansi kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ntchito masiku ano. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa ziphunzitso za Vernadsky kumawoneka osati mu zachilengedwe zokha, komanso mu geography. Ndiyamika ntchito wasayansi, chitetezo ndi chisamaliro cha umunthu ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri masiku ano. Tsoka ilo, chaka chilichonse pamakhala mavuto achilengedwe ochulukirapo, omwe amaika pachiwopsezo chilengedwe chonse mtsogolo. Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti chitukuko chikukula mosasunthika ndikuchepetsa zovuta zomwe zingakhudze chilengedwe.
