Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) ndi nyama ya m'madzi, mitundu yokhayo yomwe ikupezeka m'banja la walrus (Odobenidae) ndi gulu la Pinnipedia. Ma walrus achikulire amadziwika mosavuta ndi minyanga yawo yayikulu komanso yotchuka, ndipo kukula kwake pakati pa mapini, nyama yotereyi imangokhala yokhayo kuposa zisindikizo za njovu.
Kufotokozera kwa Atlantic walrus
Nyama yayikulu yam'madzi imakhala ndi khungu lakuda kwambiri... Ma canine apamwamba a walruses amapangidwa kwambiri, otalikitsidwa ndikuwongoleredwa pansi. Mphuno yotakata kwambiri imakhala pansi yolimba komanso yolimba, yambiri, yolumikizidwa ndi masharubu (vibrissae). Chiwerengero cha ndevu zotere pakamwa kumtunda nthawi zambiri zimakhala zidutswa 300-700. Makutu akunja kulibiretu, ndipo maso ndi ochepa kukula kwake.
Maonekedwe
Kutalika kwa mayini a walrus nthawi zina kumafika theka la mita. Nkhono zoterezi zimakhala ndi cholinga chenicheni, zimatha kudula mosavuta ayezi, zimatha kuteteza gawolo komanso anthu amtundu wawo kwa adani ambiri. Mwazina, mothandizidwa ndi ndodo zawo, ma walrus amatha kulowa mthupi la zimbalangondo zazikulu kwambiri. Khungu la walrus wamkulu limakwinyika kwambiri ndipo limakhala lakuda, lokhala ndi mafuta okwanira masentimita khumi ndi asanu. Khungu la Atlantic walrus limakutidwa ndi lalifupi komanso loyandikira kwambiri la bulauni kapena la bulauni lachikaso, kuchuluka kwake kumachepa kwambiri ndi msinkhu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Walrus ya Atlantic ndi mtundu wapadera wa madera azachilengedwe a Nyanja ya Barents, olembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation.
Oyimira akale kwambiri a subspecies a Atlantic walrus ali ndi khungu lamaliseche pafupifupi kwathunthu. Miyendo ya nyama imasinthidwa bwino kuti iziyenda pamtunda ndipo ili ndi zidendene, motero ma walrus amatha kukwawa, koma kuyenda. Mchira wa zida zachikale zothina.
Moyo, machitidwe
Oyimilira a Atlantic walrus subspecies amakonda kuphatikiza m'magulu amitundu yosiyana. Ma pinniped omwe amakhala limodzi amayesetsa kuthandizana, komanso kuteteza ofooka komanso ocheperako achibale awo ku kuwukira kwa adani achilengedwe. Nyama zambiri zomwe zili m'gulu lomwelo zikungopuma kapena kugona, chitetezo cha zonse chimatsimikiziridwa ndi omwe amatchedwa alonda. Pakachitika ngozi zilizonse, alonda awa amachititsa kuti dera lonselo ligwedezeke ndi mkokomo waukulu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Malinga ndi asayansi, pakuwona zingapo, zinali zotheka kutsimikizira kuti, ndikumva bwino, mkazi amatha kumva kuyitana kwa mwana wake ngakhale patali makilomita awiri.
Zomwe zimawoneka ngati zolephera komanso zaulesi zimalipira ndikumva bwino, kununkhira bwino, komanso kuwona bwino. Oimira pinnipeds amadziwa kusambira modabwitsa komanso ochezeka, koma ngati kuli kotheka, amatha kumira bwato losodza.
Kodi ma walrus aku Atlantic amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Pafupifupi, nthumwi za Atlantic walrus subspecies zimakhala zaka zosaposa 40-45, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale pang'ono. Nyama yotere imakula pang'onopang'ono. Ma Walruse amatha kuonedwa ngati achikulire, okhwima pogonana komanso okonzeka kubereka zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zokha atabadwa.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amuna a Atlantic walrus amakhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi kwa mamita atatu kapena anayi okhala ndi kulemera pafupifupi matani awiri. Oimira ma subspecies achikazi amakula mpaka 2,5-2.6 mita, ndipo kulemera kwa mkazi sikudutsa, monga lamulo, tani imodzi.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Sizovuta kuwerengera kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa nthumwi za Atlantic walrus subspecies molondola momwe zingathere, koma, mwina, sikupitilira anthu zikwi makumi awiri pakadali pano. Anthu osowa kwambiriwa anafalikira kuchokera ku Arctic Canada, Svalbard, Greenland, komanso madera akumadzulo a Russia Arctic.
Zinali pamaziko a kufalitsa malo komanso chidziwitso cha sayansi pamagulu onse momwe zimatheka kuganiza kuti pali nyama zisanu ndi zitatu zokha, zisanu zomwe zili kumadzulo ndipo zitatu kummawa kwa Greenland. Nthawi zina nyama yoluka ngati imeneyi imalowa m'madzi a Nyanja Yoyera.
Ndizosangalatsa! Muulamuliro wapachaka, ma walrus amatha kusunthira limodzi ndi ayezi wamkulu, chifukwa chake amapita kukayandama madzi oundana, amasambira nawo kupita kumalo omwe angafune, kenako nkupita kumtunda, komwe amakonzekereratu.
M'mbuyomu, oimira subspecies Atlantic walrus amakhala m'malire omwe amafikira kumwera ku Cape Cod. Pafupifupi, nyama yolumikizidwa idapezeka m'madzi a Gulf of St. Lawrence. M'chaka cha 2006, anthu okhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Atlantic adalembedwa pamalamulo aku Canada Threatened Species Act.
Zakudya za walrus ku Atlantic
Njira zodyetsera oimira subspecies Atlantic walrus ndizovuta nthawi zonse. Zakudya zawo zimapangidwa ndi ma benthic molluscs, omwe amapezeka mosavuta ndi pinnipeds. Mawalusi, mothandizidwa ndi ndodo zawo zazitali komanso zamphamvu, amadzaza matope pansi pa dziwe, zomwe zimadzaza madzi ndi zipolopolo zazing'ono mazana ambiri.
Zigoba zomwe amatolera ndi walrus amazigwira m'matumba, kenako amazipaka mothandizidwa ndi mayendedwe amphamvu kwambiri. Zidutswa zotsalira zotsalira zimagwera pansi, pomwe nkhono zam'madzi zimangoyandama pamadzi. Amadyedwa mwachangu ndi ma walrus. Ma crustaceans osiyanasiyana ndi mphutsi amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazakudya.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chakudya chochuluka ndichofunikira kuti ma walrus azithandizira ntchito zofunikira za thupi, komanso kupanga mafuta okwanira ochepa, omwe ndi ofunikira kutetezera ku hypothermia ndi kusambira.
Nsomba sizofunika ndi pinnipeds, chifukwa chake chakudya choterechi chimadyedwa kawirikawiri, kokha munthawi yamavuto akulu okhudzana ndi chakudya. Ma walrus aku Atlantic samanyoza zimphona za khungu lakuda. Asayansi adalemba milandu yakuzunzidwa ndi ma pinniped akulu pamanarwhals ndi zisindikizo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ma walrus a Atlantic amafika pakukula msinkhu azaka zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndipo nyengo yokwanira yokwanira ya pinniped yotere imachitika mu Epulo ndi Meyi.
Ndi munthawi imeneyi pomwe amuna, omwe kale anali amtendere, amakhala amwano kwambiri, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amamenyera akazi, pogwiritsa ntchito zikuluzikulu zazikulu bwino. Zachidziwikire, akazi okhwima pogonana amasankha okha amuna olimba mtima komanso otakasuka okha kuti akhale ogonana nawo.
Nthawi yoberekera ya walrus imatenga masiku osapitirira 340-370, pambuyo pake mwana m'modzi yekha amabadwa, koma wamkulu kukula. Nthawi zambiri, mapasa amabadwa... Kutalika kwa thupi la walrus wakhanda ku Atlantic ndi pafupifupi mita imodzi ndikulemera kwapakati pa 28-30 kg. Kuyambira masiku oyamba okha a moyo wawo, makanda amaphunzira kusambira. M'chaka choyamba, ma walrus amadya mkaka wa mayi wokha, ndipo pokhapokha atakhala ndi mphamvu yodyera zakudya zamakalasi achikulire.
Mwamtheradi ma walrus onse ali ndi chibadwa chokula bwino cha umayi, chifukwa chake amatha kuteteza ana awo mosadzipereka pakagwa ngozi. Malinga ndi zomwe asayansi akuwona, ambiri, azimayi a Atlantic walrus ndi amayi odekha komanso osamala. Mpaka pafupifupi zaka zitatu, ma walrus achichepere atayamba kuluma mano, ma walrus achichepere amakhala pafupi ndi kholo lawo. Ndili ndi zaka zitatu zokha, ndili ndi ma canine okwanira kale, nthumwi za Atlantic walrus subspecies zimayamba moyo wawo wachikulire.
Adani achilengedwe
Kuopseza kwakukulu kwa nyama zambiri, kuphatikizapo Atlantic walrus subspecies, ndiye anthu. Kwa opha nyama mosaka nyama ndi alenje, pinniped zazikulu ndizopangira ndowe zamtengo wapatali, nyama yankhumba ndi nyama yathanzi. Ngakhale zoletsa zazikulu pamsika wamalonda, komanso njira zodzitetezera zachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa ma walrus aku Atlantic ndikucheperachepera, chifukwa chake, nyama zotere zikuopsezedwa kuti zitha.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuphatikiza pa anthu, adani a walrus m'chilengedwe ndi zimbalangondo zakumtunda ndipo mwina ndi nsomba yakupha, ndipo mwazinthu zina, nyama zotere zimavutika kwambiri ndi tiziromboti tomwe timakhala mkati ndi kunja.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kusiyanasiyana kwachitika kwa azungu okha akumpoto, kuphatikiza Chukchi ndi Eskimos. Ndi za iwo kuti kusaka ma pinniped ndichofunikira mwachilengedwe ndipo amaloledwa kugwira anthu owerengeka ochepa. Nyama ya nyama yotere yakhala gawo lofunikira pakudya kwa anthu akumpoto chifukwa chazikhalidwe zawo zakale.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pofuna chilungamo, ziyenera kuzindikirika kuti kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ziweto zamtunduwu kumayambitsidwa osati kokha chifukwa chowombera komanso kugwira ntchito mwachangu pantchito yamafuta. Mabizinesi amakampaniwa ndi njira zowonongera chilengedwe cha Red Book walruses.
Akatswiri ambiri ali ndi nkhawa ndi kuchepa kwachidziwitso chokhudzana ndi momwe zinthu ziliri pakadali pano pa walrus.... Pakadali pano, ndi nyama zowerengeka zokha zomwe zimadziwika m'madzi a Nyanja ya Pechora komanso m'malo ena ogulitsa nyama. Komanso mayendedwe a walruses chaka chonse komanso ubale wamagulu osiyanasiyana wina ndi mzake sizikudziwika. Kukula kwa njira zofunikira kuti anthu ambiri azikhala ndi walrus kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kafukufuku wowonjezera.
